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Universal Dependency Relations
The following table lists the 37 universal syntactic relations used in UD v2. It is a revised version of the relations
originally described in Universal Stanford Dependencies: A cross-linguistic typology (de Marneffe et al. 2014).
The upper part of the table follows the main organizing principles of the UD taxonomy such that rows correspond to functional categories in relation to the head (core arguments of clausal predicates, non-core dependents of clausal predicates, and dependents of nominals) while columns correspond to structural categories of the dependent
(nominals, clauses, modifier words, function words).
The lower part of the table lists relations that are not dependency relations in the narrow sense.
* The advmod
relation is used for modifiers not only of predicates but also of other modifier words.
Individual languages may define more specific relations as subtypes of the universal types defined here.
A subtyped relation always starts with the basic type, followed by a colon and the subtype string.
In general, subtypes are language-specific and optional. However, some subtypes are assumed to apply
to many languages and they should be considered semi-mandatory: If the language has the phenomenon that
the subtype focuses on, then the subtype should be used. The following subtypes currently have the
semi-mandatory status:
- acl:relcl for relative adnominal clauses
- advcl:relcl for relative clauses whose antecedent is a clause
- aux:pass for the passive auxiliary
- csubj:outer for outer clausal subjects of predicates that are clauses
- csubj:pass for clausal subjects of passive clauses
- expl:impers for reflexive markers of impersonal clauses
- expl:pass for reflexive markers of middle or passive clauses
- expl:pv for reflexive clitics with inherently reflexive verbs
- nsubj:outer for outer nominal subjects of predicates that are clauses
- nsubj:pass for nominal subjects of passive clauses
- obl:agent for demoted agents in passive clauses
The enhanced dependency representation defines further extensions
of the dependency types.
Alphabetical listing