By using the correct semantic HTML elements you may be able to meet most or all
of your keyboard access needs. That means less time fiddling with tabindex,
and more happy users!
Keyboard support for free (and better mobile experiences)
There are a number of built-in interactive elements with proper semantics and keyboard support. The ones most developers use are:
In addition, elements with the
contenteditable
attribute are sometimes used for freeform text entry.
It's easy to overlook the built-in keyboard support that these elements offer.
Below are some example elements to explore. Instead of using your
mouse, try using your keyboard to operate them. You can use TAB (or SHIFT +
TAB) to move between controls, and you can use the arrow keys and keys like
ENTER and SPACE to manipulate their values.
If you have a phone handy, you can see that many times these built-in elements have unique interactions on mobile. Attempting to reproduce these mobile interactions yourself is a lot of work! It's another good reason to stick to built-in elements whenever possible.
Use button instead of div
A common accessibility anti-pattern is to treat a non-interactive element, like
a div or a span, as a button by adding a click handler to it.
But to be considered accessible, a button should:
- Be focusable via the keyboard
- Support being disabled
- Support the
ENTERorSPACEkeys to perform an action - Be announced properly by a screen reader
A div button has none of these things. That means you'll need to write
additional code to replicate what the button element gives you for free!
For example, button elements have a neat trick called *synthetic click
activation*. If you add a "click" handler to a button, it will run when the
user presses ENTER or SPACE. A div button doesn't have this feature, so
you'll need to write additional code to listen for the keydown event, check
that the keycode is ENTER or SPACE, and then run your click handler. Ouch!
That's a lot of extra work!
Compare the difference in this example. TAB to either control, and use ENTER
and SPACE to attempt to click on them.
If you have div buttons in your existing site or application, consider
swapping them out for button elements. button is easy to style and full of
accessibility wins!
Links versus buttons
Another common anti-pattern is to treat links as buttons by attaching JavaScript behavior to them.
<a href="#" >
Both buttons and links support some form of synthetic click activation. So which should you choose?
- If clicking on the element will perform an action on the page, use
<button>. - If clicking on the element will navigate the user to a new page then use
<a>. This includes single page web apps that load new content and update the URL using the History API.
The reason for this is that buttons and links are announced differently by screen readers. Using the correct element helps screen reader users know which outcome to expect.
TODO: DevSite - Think and Check assessment
Styling
Some built-in elements, in particular <input>, can be difficult to style.
With a bit of clever CSS you may be able to work around some of these
limitations. The (hilariously named) WTFForms project
contains an example
stylesheet
that demonstrates a number of techniques for styling some of the tougher
built-in elements.
Next steps
Using built-in HTML elements can greatly improve the accessibility of your site, and significantly cut down on your workload. Try tabbing through your site and look for any controls which lack keyboard support. If possible, switch them out for standardized HTML alternatives.
Sometimes you may find an element that doesn't have a counterpart in HTML.
That's okay! Read on to learn how to add keyboard support to custom interactive
controls using tabindex.