ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ: ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ
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No edit summary ⵉⵔⵛⵓⵎⵏ: ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⴱⴰⵢⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴱⴰⵢⵍ |
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| (22 ⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵏ ⵏ 6 ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴻⵏ). | |||
| ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ 1: | ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ 1: | ||
{{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |
{{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}} |
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{{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |
{{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |
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|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ |
|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ |
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|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Klepsydra-pt.svg |
|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Klepsydra-pt.svg |
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}} |
}} |
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{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |
{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |
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|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |
|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |
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|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = |
|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 45% |
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|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |
|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |
||
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |
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|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ = |
|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |
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|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ |
|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |
{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |
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|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ |
|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |
||
|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = |
|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |
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|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |
|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |
||
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |
||
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |
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|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ = |
|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |
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|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ |
|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |
{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |
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|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |
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|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |
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|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |
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|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |
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|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} |
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}} |
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{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |
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|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |
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|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 65% |
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|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |
|||
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |
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|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |
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|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} |
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}} |
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{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |
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|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |
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|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |
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|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |
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|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |
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|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?}} |
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}} |
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{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |
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|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |
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|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 40% |
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|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |
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|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |
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|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} |
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}} |
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{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |
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|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |
|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |
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|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |
|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |
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|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = |
|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |
||
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffff |
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffff |
||
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |
||
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |
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|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ = |
|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |
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|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ |
|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |
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__NOTOC__ |
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|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |
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[[fr:portail:Histoire]] |
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|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |
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|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffff |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |
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|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |
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|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} |
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}} |
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{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |
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|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |
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|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |
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|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |
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|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |
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|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |
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|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} |
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}} |
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[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ]] |
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ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ 22:56, 14 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2024
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ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳ ⵣⵔⵢ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ. ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵥⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⴽⴽⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⵓⴼⵜ, ⴰⴳⵔⵓ, ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ.
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⵏⵓ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⴷⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ "ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ" ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⵔ), ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ "ⵓⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 5 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ "ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ", ⴷ, ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵔ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ 722 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2 ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ
ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ (ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵙ: ⴰⵏⴷⵍⵓⵙ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵜ, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ: ⵍⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵥ, ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵕⵉⵇ.
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ (ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵢⵏ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙ, ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ, ⵉⵎⵡⴰⵃⴷⵉⵏ), ⵎⴰⵛ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵔⵙ, ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵓⴷ, ⵏⵖⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⴰ ⵢⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ.
ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ...
ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Lalla Aicha al-Alami) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵃⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 16.
ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵡⵏ (ⵛⴼⵛⴰⵡⵏ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1485 ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1561. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⵟⵟⴰⵙ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴱⵏ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔⵏⴰⵟⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵎ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴹⴹⵕ ⵍ'ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1492. ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⴹⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⴹⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵟⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉ ⵃⵉⵔⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⵓⵙ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⴱⵜⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⵉⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵓⵏ ⴳⵔ 1515-1542. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵕⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵜⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵛⴼⵛⴰⵡⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ.
ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ
ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?
ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ
ⴰⴷⵔ ⵉ (
)ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ.ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
- ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ
ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵣⵔⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵏⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ, ⵥⵕ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵙⵇⵙⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ 2 438 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ, ⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ. ⵉⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵏⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ (ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ) ⵏⵖ ⵓⵀⵓ, ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ, ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕⵜ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ.
ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ:
-
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⵏⵣ
ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ -
ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ
ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⴽⵉⵜⵏ -
ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ
ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ -
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ
ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ -
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ
ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ -
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ
ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ -
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ
ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ -
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ
ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ -
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ
ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ -
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ
ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ -
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ
ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ -
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ
ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
