僱傭兵：修订间差异

Leonardo da Vinci's Profilo di capitano antico, also known as il Condottiero, 1480. Condottiero meant "leader of mercenaries" in Italy during the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

僱傭兵是一種為了利益而参加戰爭的人，参战的目的只是为了金錢奖励，只要出价够高可以受僱於任何人。

历史

僱傭兵的歷史可以追溯到古希臘時代。當時，古希臘人曾經僱用馬其頓人保衛自己的首都；而羅馬人為保衛自己的帝國也曾使用過日爾曼部落打擊來自東方的敵人；美國南北戰爭中，具有豐富狩獵經驗的德國黑森傭兵也曾被雙方軍隊所雇。

20世紀80年代以前，雇傭兵都是以個人或小團體為單位，受雇于某國或某個利益集團，後來雇傭兵開始以集團公司模式即私營軍事企業或保安公司出現，按照現代商業模式建立公司管理體制，並作為一種新型的「戰爭服務業」對外承攬業務。

法國外籍兵團與傳統僱傭兵差異極大，他們是由法國官方所創立的正規軍隊，為法國利益而戰，雖然也會接受外國委託但絕不會與法國敵對。故嚴格來說不算真正意義上的雇傭兵，只能算是可供外國租借的法國軍隊罷了。

國際公約規範

1949年8月12日日内瓦四公约关于保护国际性武装冲突受难者的附加议定书给出了最广为接受的雇佣兵定义，虽然美国等一些国家并不认同这一定义。条约规定：

第四十七条 外国雇佣兵回复

一、外国雇佣兵不应享有作为战斗员或成为战俘的权利。

二、外国雇佣兵是具有下列情况的任何人：

（一）在当地或外国特别征募以便在武装冲突中作战；

（二）事实上直接参加敌对行动；

（三）主要以获得私利的愿望为参加敌对行动的动机，并在事实上冲突一方允诺给予远超过对该方武装部队内具有类似等级和职责的战斗员所允诺或付给的物质报偿；

（四）既不是冲突一方的国民，又不是冲突一方所控制的领土的居民；

（五）不是冲突一方武装部队的人员；

（六）不是非冲突一方的国家所派遣作为其武装部队人员执行官方职务的人。

根据日内瓦公约，一个战斗员必须满足一至六条中的所有条件，才能被定义为雇佣军。

一般而言，僱佣軍不受國際法或日內瓦公約保护，意味着一旦加入僱佣軍，被俘後被殺的机會較其他正規軍大；但一些受國家保護的僱佣軍，例如法國外籍軍團及美國黑水公司，背後有正規軍和國家的支持，隨便殺害這些僱佣兵俘虜可能直接得罪這些國家。第一次印度支那战争（法越战争）之所以導致後來美國介入（第二次印度支那战争／美越战争）某程度是因北越軍隊殺害當時殖民在越南的法國外藉軍團战俘而造成。一些佣兵如瑞士近衛隊受羅馬教廷支持和保护，攻撃瑞士近衛軍等同攻擊教廷

部分著名的雇佣兵组织

• 瑞士近衛隊（梵蒂岡，是保護天主教教皇的組織）
• 黑森猎师（独立战争时期的德国）
• 啹喀兵（英国）
• 美国黑水公司（美国）
• 根来众（日本战国）
• 杂贺众（日本战国）
• 洋枪队→常胜军（清镇压太平天国时期）
• 南非私营武装公司（EO）
• SI公司
• 军事职业资源公司（MPRI/Military Professional Resources Inc.）
• 蛇紋

參考文獻

• Bernales-Ballesteros, Enrique; UNHCHR: Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on use of mercenaries
• Bodin J; Les Suisses au Service de la France; Editions Albion Michael, 1988. ISBN 2-226-03334-3
• Chartrand, Rene; "Louis XV's Army – Foreign Infantry"; Osprey 1997. ISBN 1-85532-623-X
• Chartrand, Rene; " Spanish Army of the Napoleonic Wars 1793–1808"; Osprey 1998. ISBN 1855327635
• Milliard, Todd S.; Overcoming post-colonial myopia: A call to recognize and regulate private military companies(PDF), in Military Law Review Vol 173, June 2003. At the time of publication Major Milliard was a Judge Advocate in the Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Army
• Anthony Mockler, STORIA DEI MERCENARI. Da Senofonte all'Iraq, Odoya, ISBN 9788862881531.

延伸閱讀

General

• Guy Arnold. Mercenaries: The Scourge of the Third World. Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. ISBN 978-0-312-22203-1
• Doug Brooks & Shawn Lee Rathgeber. "The Industry Role in Regulating Private Security Companies", Canadian Consortium on Human Security – Security Privatization: Challenges and Opportunities, Vol. 6.3, University of British Columbia, March 2008.
• Niccolò Machiavelli. The Prince. 1532. Ch. 12.
• Anthony Mockler. Hired Guns and Coups d'Etat: Mercenaries: Thirty Years 1976-2006. Hunter Mackay, 2007.
• Anthony Mockler. The Mercenaries: The Men Who Fight for Profit—from the Free Companies of Feudal France to the White Adventurers in the Congo. Macmillan, 1969.
• Anthony Mockler. The New Mercenaries: The History of the Mercenary from the Congo to the Seychelles. Paragon House, 1987.
• Robert Young Pelton. Hunter Hammer and Heaven, Journeys to Three World's Gone Mad, ISBN 1-58574-416-6
• Jeremy Scahill. Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army, Nation Books, 2007. ISBN 1-56025-979-5
• Peter J. Woolley. "Soldiers of Fortune," The Common Review, v. 5, no. 4(2007), pp. 46–48. Review essay.

Status in International Law

• Marina Mancini; Private Military and Security Company Employees: Are They the Mercenaries of the Twenty-first Century?, EUI Working Paper AEL 2010/5, European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole, 2010, ISSN 1831-4066.
• Katherine Fallah; Corporate Actors: the Legal Status of Mercenaries in Armed Conflict, International Review of the Red Cross, (2006)
• Eliav Lieblich; "The Status of mercenaries in International Armed Conflict as a case of politicization of International Humanitarian Law", Bucerius Law Journal, (2009)
• Janice E. Thomson, Mercenaries, pirates, and sovereigns: state-building and extraterritorial violence in early modern Europe. Princeton University Press, 1994. ISBN 1-4008-0801-4 Describes the building of the modern state system through the states' "monopolization of extraterritorial violence."
• PMCs Monitor: An international organization which advocates for tighter rules
• United Nations Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the rights of peoples to self-determination

Private Military Companies (PMCs)

• Robert Young Pelton; Licensed to Kill: Hired Guns in the War on Terror, Crown, (2006), ISBN 1-4000-9781-9
• Mercenary / Private Military Companies (PMCs): Links for mercenary related articles
• Corporate Mercenaries: War on Want's report on the threat of private military companies, November 2006
• José Alvear Restrepo Lawyers' Collective; Private Security Transnational Enterprises in Colombia February 2008
• The Security Contracting Network is resource and community of security contracting professionals.

Other

• Military science in western Europe in the sixteenth century. Prologue: The nature of armies in the 16th century (PDF): A given army often included numerous nationalities and languages. The normal Landsknecht regiment included one interpreter per 400 men, and interpreters were commonly budgeted for in the staffs of the field armies of the French, and of German reiter regiments as well. Fluency in multiple languages was a valuable skill for a captain, given that it was not uncommon for armies to consist of a majority of foreign nationals."