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药物分类：修订间差异

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[[藥品|'''药物''']]'''分类'''，或'''药物类别'''，是指一组药物或一组化合物，其具有相似化学结构、相同[[作用机制]]（如可与相同[[靶点 (生物学)|生物靶标]]结合）、相似[[作用方式|作用模式]]和/或用于治疗相似的疾病。<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mahoney A, Evans J |year=2008 |title=Comparing drug classification systems |journal=AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings |page=1039 |pmid=18999016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=World Health espresso Organization|title=Introduction to drug utilization research|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-9241562348|page=33|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s4876e/s4876e.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605205116/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s4876e/s4876e.pdf|archivedate=June 5, 2010}}</ref>
[[藥品|'''药物''']]'''分类'''，或称'''药物类别'''是药物的某种分类方式，这种方式可以基于相似的[[化学结构]]、或相同的[[作用机制]]（如可与同一[[靶点 (生物学)|生物靶标]]结合）、或相似的[[作用方式|作用模式]]，或用于治疗相似的[[疾病]]。<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mahoney A, Evans J |year=2008 |title=Comparing drug classification systems |journal=AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings |page=1039 |pmid=18999016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=World Health espresso Organization|title=Introduction to drug utilization research|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-9241562348|page=33|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s4876e/s4876e.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605205116/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s4876e/s4876e.pdf|archivedate=2010-06-05}}</ref>


在几个主流药物分类系统中，这四种类型的分类形成了一个层次结构。例如，贝特类药物是一类化学药物（两亲性羧酸），具有相同的作用机制（PPAR激动剂）和相同的作用方式（降低血液中的[[三酸甘油酯|甘油三酯]]），均可用于预防和治疗相同的疾病（[[动脉粥样硬化]]）。然而，并非所有PPAR激动剂都是贝特类药物，并非所有降甘油三酯药物都是PPAR激动剂，并非所有治疗动脉粥样硬化药物均是降甘油三酯药物。
药物可从多种角度进行分类，在主流的药物分类系统中，以上四种分类模式形成了一种层次结构。例如，{{le|贝特类药物|Fibrate}}具有相似的化学结构（两亲性[[羧酸]]），具有相同的作用机制（{{le|PPAR激动剂|PPAR agonist}}）和相同的作用方式（降低血液中的[[三酸甘油酯|甘油三酯]]），均可用于预防和治疗相同的疾病（[[动脉粥样硬化]]）。<ref name="pmid15695129">{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.10.012| title=Effectiveness and tolerability of simvastatin plus fenofibrate for combined hyperlipidemia (The SAFARI trial)| year=2005| last1=Grundy| first1=Scott M.| last2=Vega| first2=Gloria L.| last3=Yuan| first3=Zhong| last4=Battisti| first4=Wendy P.| last5=Brady| first5=William E.| last6=Palmisano| first6=Joanne| journal=The American Journal of Cardiology| volume=95| issue=4| pages=462–468| pmid=15695129}}</ref><ref name="Jiabao Liu 2022">{{cite journal |author=Jiabao Liu |display-authors=etal |title=The omega-3 hydroxy fatty acid 7(S)-HDHA is a high-affinity PPARα ligand that regulates brain neuronal morphology. |journal=Science Signaling |volume=15 |issue=741 |year=2022 |pages=eabo1857 |doi=10.1126/scisignal.abo1857 |pmid=35857636 |doi-access=free}}</ref>然而，并非所有PPAR激动剂都是贝特类药物，并非所有降甘油三酯药物都是PPAR激动剂，并非所有治疗动脉粥样硬化药物均是降甘油三酯药物。


药物类别通常由{{le|原型药物|Prototype drug}}定义，原型药物是该分类中的典型药物且通常为首个成药化合物，开发同类型的其他同药物通常参考原型药物或与之比较。<ref name=Brophy>{{cite book|first1=Kathleen Marion |last1=Brophy|first2=Heather |last2=Scarlett-Ferguson|first3=Karen S. |last3=Webber|title=Clinical Drug Therapy for Canadian Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xi8c-EBVkV8C&pg=PA3|date=2010-02-01|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-60547-517-2|page=3}}</ref><ref name=Bryant>{{cite book|author1=Bronwen Jean Bryant|author2=Kathleen Mary Knights|title=Pharmacology for Health Professionals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQV6sLzYsOYC&pg=PA16|year=2011|publisher=Elsevier Australia|isbn=978-0-7295-3929-6|page=16}}</ref>
药物类别通常由原型药物定义，原型药物是该药物分类中最重要且通常是第一个被开发的药物，其他该类型药物通常以此作比较参考。
如[[抗疟疾药物]]的原型药物是[[氯喹]]，[[非甾体抗炎药|非甾体抗炎药物]]的原型药物是[[阿司匹林]]。<ref name="M68002738">{{cite web | title=Chloroquine - MeSH | website=NCBI | date=2018-10-16 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68002738 | access-date=2018-10-16 | archive-date=2018-10-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017001757/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68002738 | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="M68001241">{{cite web | title=Aspirin - MeSH | website=NCBI | date=2018-10-16 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68001241 | access-date=2018-10-16 | archive-date=2022-06-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615125917/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68001241 | dead-url=no }}</ref>


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== 按综合系统分类 ==


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* [[解剖学治疗学及化学分类系统|解剖治疗化学分类系统]]（Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System，ATC）是最广泛使用的药物分类系统。可结合器官系统、治疗属性、药理学属性和化学属性进行分类。<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_methodology/history/|publisher=WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology|title=ATC/DDD Methodology: History|access-date=2023-06-14|archive-date=2010-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314163704/http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_methodology/history/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=WHOCC | title=ATC alterations from 2005-2019 | website=WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (WHOCC) | date=2019-11-28 | url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_alterations__cumulative/atc_alterations/ | access-date=2019-12-27 | archive-date=2013-07-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727070947/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_alterations__cumulative/atc_alterations/ | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=WHOCC | title=DDD alterations from 2005-2019 | website=WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (WHOCC) | date=2018-11-28 | url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_alterations__cumulative/ddd_alterations/ | access-date=2019-12-27 | archive-date=2013-05-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502113946/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_alterations__cumulative/ddd_alterations/ | dead-url=no }}</ref>

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* {{le|医学系统命名法|Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine}}（Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine，SNOMED）：其中部分规则也可用于药物分类。<ref name="NLM-UMLS-add">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/Snomed/snomed_announcement.html |title=SNOMED Clinical Terms To Be Added To UMLS Metathesaurus |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |date=2006-05-24 |accessdate=2015-10-08 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131145/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/Snomed/snomed_announcement.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="NLM-SNOMED-FAQ">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/Snomed/snomed_faq.html |title=FAQs: SNOMED CT in the UMLS |publisher=United States National Library of Medicine |date=2012-05-22 |accessdate=2015-10-08 |archive-date=2023-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113012005/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/Snomed/snomed_faq.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
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== 综合系统分类 ==

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* [[解剖学治疗学及化学分类系统|解剖治疗化学分类系统]]（ATC） ：最广泛使用的药物分类系统。可结合器官系统、治疗、药理学和化学特性进行分类。<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_methodology/history/|publisher=WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology|title=ATC/DDD Methodology: History}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=WHOCC | title=ATC alterations from 2005-2019 | website=WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (WHOCC) | date=28 November 2019 | url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_alterations__cumulative/atc_alterations/ | access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=WHOCC | title=DDD alterations from 2005-2019 | website=WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (WHOCC) | date=28 November 2018 | url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_alterations__cumulative/ddd_alterations/ | access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref>
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* {{le|医学系统命名法|Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine}}（SNOMED）：部分规则也可用于药物分类。<ref name="NLM-UMLS-add">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/Snomed/snomed_announcement.html |title=SNOMED Clinical Terms To Be Added To UMLS Metathesaurus |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |date=24 May 2006 |accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="NLM-SNOMED-FAQ">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/Snomed/snomed_faq.html |title=FAQs: SNOMED CT in the UMLS |publisher=United States National Library of Medicine |date=22 May 2012 |accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref>


== 按化学性质 ==
== 按化学性质 ==
药物可基于[[化学性质]]进行分类，如根据药物的[[化学结构]]分类。基于化学结构的药物类别示例包括：
药物可基于[[化学性质]]进行分类，如根据药[[化学结构]]分类。基于化学结构进行分类的药物类别包括：
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* [[苯二氮䓬类]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Balon R, Starcevic V, Silberman E, Cosci F, Dubovsky S, Fava GA, Nardi AE, Rickels K, Salzman C, Shader RI, Sonino N | display-authors = 6 | title = The rise and fall and rise of benzodiazepines: a return of the stigmatized and repressed | journal = Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 243–244 | date = 2020-03-09 | pmid = 32159714 | pmc = 7236156 | doi = 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0773 }}</ref>
* [[苯二氮䓬类]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Balon R, Starcevic V, Silberman E, Cosci F, Dubovsky S, Fava GA, Nardi AE, Rickels K, Salzman C, Shader RI, Sonino N | display-authors = 6 | title = The rise and fall and rise of benzodiazepines: a return of the stigmatized and repressed | journal = Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 243–244 | date = 2020-03-09 | pmid = 32159714 | pmc = 7236156 | doi = 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0773 }}</ref>
* [[强心苷]]<ref name=Pate2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Patel S | title = Plant-derived cardiac glycosides: Role in heart ailments and cancer management | journal = Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy | volume = 84 | pages = 1036–1041 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27780131 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.030 }}</ref>
* [[强心苷]]<ref name=Pate2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Patel S | title = Plant-derived cardiac glycosides: Role in heart ailments and cancer management | journal = Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy | volume = 84 | pages = 1036–1041 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27780131 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.030 }}</ref>
* {{le|贝特类药物|Fibrate}}<ref name="pmid18158710">{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner G | title = Atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: a role for fibrate therapy? | journal = Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 368–74 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18158710 | doi = 10.3132/dvdr.2007.067 | s2cid = 31624928 }}</ref>
* {{le|贝特类药物|Fibrate}}<ref name="pmid18158710">{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner G | title = Atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: a role for fibrate therapy? | journal = Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 368–74 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18158710 | doi = 10.3132/dvdr.2007.067 | s2cid = 31624928 }}</ref>
* [[甾体]]<ref name = "IUPAC_steroids">{{cite journal | journal = [[Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure Appl. Chem.]] | volume = 61 | issue = 10 | pages = 1783–1822 | year = 1989 | title = Nomenclature of steroids, recommendations 1989 | vauthors = Moss GP, ((the Working Party of the IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature)) | doi = 10.1351/pac198961101783 | s2cid = 97612891 | url=http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1989/pdf/6110x1783.pdf }} </ref>
* [[甾体]]<ref name = "IUPAC_steroids">{{cite journal | journal = [[Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure Appl. Chem.]] | volume = 61 | issue = 10 | pages = 1783–1822 | year = 1989 | title = Nomenclature of steroids, recommendations 1989 | vauthors = Moss GP, ((the Working Party of the IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature)) | doi = 10.1351/pac198961101783 | s2cid = 97612891 | url = http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1989/pdf/6110x1783.pdf | access-date = 2023-06-14 | archive-date = 2012-11-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121130182412/http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1989/pdf/6110x1783.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>
* [[噻嗪类利尿剂]]<ref name="Chlorothiazide p.222">{{cite journal|vauthors=Beyer KH|date=September 1993|title=Chlorothiazide. How the thiazides evolved as antihypertensive therapy|journal=Hypertension|volume=22|issue=3|pages=388–91|doi=10.1161/01.hyp.22.3.388|pmid=8349332|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[噻嗪类利尿剂]]<ref name="Chlorothiazide p.222">{{cite journal|vauthors=Beyer KH|date=September 1993|title=Chlorothiazide. How the thiazides evolved as antihypertensive therapy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypertension_1993-09_22_3/page/n129|journal=Hypertension|volume=22|issue=3|pages=388–91|doi=10.1161/01.hyp.22.3.388|pmid=8349332|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* {{le|曲坦类药物|Triptan}}<ref name="Green 2015">{{Cite book|title=Headache and Migraine Biology and Management|last=Green|first=Mark W.|publisher=Academic Press|year=2015|isbn=9780128009017|editor-last=Diamond|editor-first=Seymour|pages=44|chapter=Overview of Migraine: Recognition, Diagnosis, and Pathophysiology|editor-last2=Cady|editor-first2=Roger K.|editor-last3=Diamond|editor-first3=Merle L.|editor-last4=Green|editor-first4=Mark W.|editor-last5=Martin|editor-first5=Vincent T.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-acBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|via=GoogleBooks|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506021431/https://books.google.com/books?id=h-acBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|archive-date=2018-05-06}}</ref>
* {{le|曲坦类药物|Triptan}}<ref name="Green 2015">{{Cite book|title=Headache and Migraine Biology and Management|last=Green|first=Mark W.|publisher=Academic Press|year=2015|isbn=9780128009017|editor-last=Diamond|editor-first=Seymour|pages=44|chapter=Overview of Migraine: Recognition, Diagnosis, and Pathophysiology|editor-last2=Cady|editor-first2=Roger K.|editor-last3=Diamond|editor-first3=Merle L.|editor-last4=Green|editor-first4=Mark W.|editor-last5=Martin|editor-first5=Vincent T.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-acBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|via=GoogleBooks|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506021431/https://books.google.com/books?id=h-acBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|archive-date=2018-05-06}}</ref>
* [[Β-内酰胺抗生素]]<ref name="pmid10950216">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holten KB, Onusko EM |title=Appropriate prescribing of oral beta-lactam antibiotics |journal=American Family Physician |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=611–20 |date=August 2000 |pmid=10950216 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000801/611.html |access-date=2008-11-08 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606012743/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000801/611.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Β-内酰胺抗生素]]<ref name="pmid10950216">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holten KB, Onusko EM |title=Appropriate prescribing of oral beta-lactam antibiotics |journal=American Family Physician |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=611–20 |date=August 2000 |pmid=10950216 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000801/611.html |access-date=2008-11-08 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606012743/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000801/611.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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== 按作用机制 ==
== 按作用机制 ==
这种类型的分类法基于[[药理学|药理学的]]角度，并根据生物学靶标对药物进行分类。具有共同的分子[[作用机制]]的一类药物，可调节特定一种[[靶点 (生物学)|生物靶标]]活性。<ref name="pmid17016423">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A |date=Oct 2006 |title=Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets |journal=Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery |volume=5 |issue=10 |page=821–34 |doi=10.1038/nrd2132 |pmid=17016423 |s2cid=8872470}}</ref>作用机制还包括针对生物靶标的活性类型。而对于受体，这些活性包括：[[激动剂]]、[[受体拮抗剂|拮抗剂]]、[[反向激动剂]]或调节剂。酶的靶向机制包括[[酶激活剂|激活剂]]和[[酶抑制剂|抑制剂]]。[[离子通道]]调节剂包括[[通道開放劑|开启剂]]和阻滞剂。以下是药物类别的具体示例，其定义基于特定的作用机制：
可基于[[药理学]]按作用机制对药物进行分类，作用机制通常依据生物学[[靶点 (生物学)|靶标]]的种类进行分类。分子[[作用机制]]相同的一类药物，可调节特定的[[靶点 (生物学)|生物靶标]]活性。<ref name="pmid17016423">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A |date=Oct 2006 |title=Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets |journal=Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery |volume=5 |issue=10 |page=821–34 |doi=10.1038/nrd2132 |pmid=17016423 |s2cid=8872470}}</ref>作用机制还包括针对生物靶标的活性类型，如对于[[受体 (生物化学)|受体]]而言，这些活性包括：[[激动剂]]、[[受体拮抗剂|拮抗剂]]、[[反向激动剂]]或{{le|调节剂|Selective receptor modulator}}。酶的靶向机制包括[[酶激活剂|激活剂]]和[[酶抑制剂|抑制剂]]。[[离子通道]]调节剂包括[[通道開放劑|开放剂]]和{{le|阻滞剂|Channel blocker}}。以下是基于特定作用机制的药物类别示例：
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* {{le|5-alpha-还原酶抑制剂|5-alpha-reductase inhibitor}}<ref name="pmid28159148">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wesp LM, Deutsch MB | title = Hormonal and Surgical Treatment Options for Transgender Women and Transfeminine Spectrum Persons | journal = Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–111 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28159148 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2016.10.006 }}</ref>
* {{le|5-alpha-还原酶抑制剂|5-alpha-reductase inhibitor}}<ref name="pmid28159148">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wesp LM, Deutsch MB | title = Hormonal and Surgical Treatment Options for Transgender Women and Transfeminine Spectrum Persons | journal = Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–111 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28159148 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2016.10.006 }}</ref>
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* [[血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂]]<ref name="Mirabito ">{{cite book | last1=Mirabito Colafella | first1=Katrina M. | last2=Uijl | first2=Estrellita | last3=Jan Danser | first3=A.H. | title=Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases | chapter=Interference With the Renin–Angiotensin System (RAS): Classical Inhibitors and Novel Approaches | publisher=Elsevier | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-12-812200-6 | doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.65341-2 | pages=523–530| s2cid=86384280 }}</ref>
* [[血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂]]<ref name="Mirabito ">{{cite book | last1=Mirabito Colafella | first1=Katrina M. | last2=Uijl | first2=Estrellita | last3=Jan Danser | first3=A.H. | title=Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases | chapter=Interference With the Renin–Angiotensin System (RAS): Classical Inhibitors and Novel Approaches | publisher=Elsevier | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-12-812200-6 | doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.65341-2 | pages=523–530| s2cid=86384280 }}</ref>
* [[β受体阻滞剂]]<ref name="pmid10381708">{{cite journal | vauthors = Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J | title = beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 318 | issue = 7200 | pages = 1730–7 | date = June 1999 | pmid = 10381708 | pmc = 31101 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730 }}</ref>
* [[β受体阻滞剂]]<ref name="pmid10381708">{{cite journal | vauthors = Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J | title = beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 318 | issue = 7200 | pages = 1730–7 | date = June 1999 | pmid = 10381708 | pmc = 31101 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730 }}</ref>
* [[胆碱|胆碱能]]<ref name="Vardanyan Hruby 2006 pp. 179–193">{{cite book | last1=Vardanyan | first1=R.S. | last2=Hruby | first2=V.J. | title=Synthesis of Essential Drugs | chapter=Cholinomimetics | publisher=Elsevier | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-444-52166-8 | doi=10.1016/b978-044452166-8/50013-3 | pages=179–193 | quote=Cholinomimetics or cholinergic drugs are those drugs that cause effects similar to those resulting from introduction of acetylcholine, or simulation of ganglions of the parasympathetic nervous system. These drugs imitate action of endogenously released acetylcholine.}}</ref>
* {{le|胆碱能|Cholinergic}}<ref name="Vardanyan Hruby 2006 pp. 179–193">{{cite book | last1=Vardanyan | first1=R.S. | last2=Hruby | first2=V.J. | title=Synthesis of Essential Drugs | chapter=Cholinomimetics | publisher=Elsevier | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-444-52166-8 | doi=10.1016/b978-044452166-8/50013-3 | pages=179–193 | quote=Cholinomimetics or cholinergic drugs are those drugs that cause effects similar to those resulting from introduction of acetylcholine, or simulation of ganglions of the parasympathetic nervous system. These drugs imitate action of endogenously released acetylcholine.}}</ref>
* [[多巴胺|多巴胺能]]<ref name="urlParkinsons Disease: Glossary of Terms">{{cite web | vauthors = Melinosky C | date = 27 November 2022 | url = http://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-glossary?page=2 | title = Parkinson's Disease: Glossary of Terms | work = WebMD }}</ref>
* {{le|多巴胺能|Dopaminergic}}<ref name="urlParkinsons Disease: Glossary of Terms">{{cite web | vauthors = Melinosky C | date = 2022-11-27 | url = http://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-glossary?page=2 | title = Parkinson's Disease: Glossary of Terms | work = WebMD | access-date = 2023-06-14 | archive-date = 2022-08-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220815071300/https://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-glossary?page=2 | dead-url = no }}</ref>
* [[氨基丁酸|氨基丁酸能]]<ref name="Froestl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Froestl|first1=Wolfgang|title=An historical perspective on GABAergic drugs|journal=Future Medicinal Chemistry|volume=3|issue=2|year=2011|pages=163–175|issn=1756-8919|doi=10.4155/fmc.10.285|pmid=21428811}}</ref>
* {{le|氨基丁酸能|GABAergic}}<ref name="Froestl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Froestl|first1=Wolfgang|title=An historical perspective on GABAergic drugs|journal=Future Medicinal Chemistry|volume=3|issue=2|year=2011|pages=163–175|issn=1756-8919|doi=10.4155/fmc.10.285|pmid=21428811}}</ref>
* [[胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂|肠促胰岛素拟似物]]<ref name="Baggio_2008">{{cite web |author=Baggio |first=LL |last2=Drucker |first2=DJ |author-link2=Daniel J. Drucker |name-list-style=vanc |year=2008 |title=Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogs Other Than Exenatide |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/578304 |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=Medscape Diabetes & Endocrinology}}</ref>
* [[胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂|肠促胰岛素拟似物]]<ref name="Baggio_2008">{{cite web |author=Baggio |first=LL |last2=Drucker |first2=DJ |author-link2=Daniel J. Drucker |name-list-style=vanc |year=2008 |title=Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogs Other Than Exenatide |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/578304 |access-date=2023-06-01 |work=Medscape Diabetes & Endocrinology |archive-date=2023-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724065441/https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/578304 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* [[非甾体抗炎药]] − [[环氧合酶]]抑制剂<ref name="pmid8121489">{{PDB|1CQE}}; {{cite journal | vauthors = Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM | title = The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1 | journal = Nature | volume = 367 | issue = 6460 | pages = 243–9 | date = January 1994 | pmid = 8121489 | doi = 10.1038/367243a0 | bibcode = 1994Natur.367..243P | s2cid = 4340064 }}</ref>
* [[非甾体抗炎药]] − [[环氧合酶]]抑制剂<ref name="pmid8121489">{{PDB|1CQE}}; {{cite journal | vauthors = Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM | title = The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1 | journal = Nature | volume = 367 | issue = 6460 | pages = 243–9 | date = January 1994 | pmid = 8121489 | doi = 10.1038/367243a0 | bibcode = 1994Natur.367..243P | s2cid = 4340064 }}</ref>
* [[质子泵抑制剂]]<ref name="pmid16700898">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sachs G, Shin JM, Howden CW | title = Review article: the clinical pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors | journal = Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 23 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 2–8 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16700898 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02943.x | s2cid = 30413194 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[质子泵抑制剂]]<ref name="pmid16700898">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sachs G, Shin JM, Howden CW | title = Review article: the clinical pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors | journal = Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 23 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 2–8 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16700898 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02943.x | s2cid = 30413194 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[肾素|肾素抑制剂]]<ref name="CV Pharmacology">{{cite web | title=Renin Inhibitors | website=CV Pharmacology | url=https://www.cvpharmacology.com/vasodilator/renin | access-date=2020-07-22}}</ref>
* [[肾素|肾素抑制剂]]<ref name="CV Pharmacology">{{cite web | title=Renin Inhibitors | website=CV Pharmacology | url=https://www.cvpharmacology.com/vasodilator/renin | access-date=2020-07-22 | archive-date=2021-08-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814193447/https://cvpharmacology.com/vasodilator/renin | dead-url=no }}</ref>
* {{le|选择性糖皮质激素受体调节剂|Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator}}<ref name="Biggadike">{{cite journal | vauthors = Biggadike K, Boudjelal M, Clackers M, Coe DM, Demaine DA, Hardy GW, Humphreys D, Inglis GG, Johnston MJ, Jones HT, House D, Loiseau R, Needham D, Skone PA, Uings I, Veitch G, Weingarten GG, McLay IM, Macdonald SJ | title = Nonsteroidal glucocorticoid agonists: tetrahydronaphthalenes with alternative steroidal A-ring mimetics possessing dissociated (transrepression/transactivation) efficacy selectivity | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 50 | issue = 26 | pages = 6519–34 | date = Dec 2007 | pmid = 18038970 | doi = 10.1021/jm070778w }}</ref>
* {{le|选择性糖皮质激素受体调节剂|Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator}}<ref name="Biggadike">{{cite journal | vauthors = Biggadike K, Boudjelal M, Clackers M, Coe DM, Demaine DA, Hardy GW, Humphreys D, Inglis GG, Johnston MJ, Jones HT, House D, Loiseau R, Needham D, Skone PA, Uings I, Veitch G, Weingarten GG, McLay IM, Macdonald SJ | title = Nonsteroidal glucocorticoid agonists: tetrahydronaphthalenes with alternative steroidal A-ring mimetics possessing dissociated (transrepression/transactivation) efficacy selectivity | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 50 | issue = 26 | pages = 6519–34 | date = Dec 2007 | pmid = 18038970 | doi = 10.1021/jm070778w }}</ref>
* [[血清素|血清素能]]<ref name="pmid18043762">{{cite journal | vauthors = Young SN | title = How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs | journal = Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience | volume = 32 | issue = 6 | pages = 394–399 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 18043762 | pmc = 2077351 }}</ref>
* [[血清素|血清素能]]<ref name="pmid18043762">{{cite journal | vauthors = Young SN | title = How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs | journal = Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience | volume = 32 | issue = 6 | pages = 394–399 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 18043762 | pmc = 2077351 }}</ref>
* {{le|他汀类药物|Statin}} – [[羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶]]抑制剂<ref name="Cardiovascular Media">{{cite web | title=Cholesterol Drugs | website=American Heart Association | url=https://watchlearnlive.heart.org/?moduleSelect=chldrg | access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref>
* [[他汀类药物]] – [[羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶]]抑制剂<ref name="Cardiovascular Media">{{cite web | title=Cholesterol Drugs | website=American Heart Association | url=https://watchlearnlive.heart.org/?moduleSelect=chldrg | access-date=2019-12-24 | archive-date=2020-08-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812143713/https://watchlearnlive.heart.org/?moduleSelect=chldrg | dead-url=no }}</ref>
{{Div col end}}
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== 按作用方式 ==
== 按作用方式 ==
这种类型的药物分类是从[[生物学|生物学的]]角度出发，并根据它们引起的解剖学或功能变化对它们进行分类。由常见[[作用方式]]（即它们引起的功能或解剖学变化）定义的药物类别包括：
按作用方式分类是基于[[生物学|生物学的]]角度出发，并根据药物引起的[[解剖学]]或药物引起的功能改变进行分类。基于常用的[[作用方式]]定义的药物类别包括：
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* [[抗真菌药]]<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=Matthew C. |last2=Alastruey-Izquierdo |first2=Ana |last3=Berman |first3=Judith |last4=Bicanic |first4=Tihana |last5=Bignell |first5=Elaine M. |last6=Bowyer |first6=Paul |last7=Bromley |first7=Michael |last8=Brüggemann |first8=Roger |last9=Garber |first9=Gary |last10=Cornely |first10=Oliver A. |last11=Gurr |first11=Sarah. J. |last12=Harrison |first12=Thomas S. |last13=Kuijper |first13=Ed |last14=Rhodes |first14=Johanna |last15=Sheppard |first15=Donald C. |date=29 March 2022 |title=Tackling the emerging threat of antifungal resistance to human health |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=9 |pages=557–571 |doi=10.1038/s41579-022-00720-1 |pmid=35352028 |pmc=8962932 |issn=1740-1526}}</ref>
* [[抗真菌药]]<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=Matthew C. |last2=Alastruey-Izquierdo |first2=Ana |last3=Berman |first3=Judith |last4=Bicanic |first4=Tihana |last5=Bignell |first5=Elaine M. |last6=Bowyer |first6=Paul |last7=Bromley |first7=Michael |last8=Brüggemann |first8=Roger |last9=Garber |first9=Gary |last10=Cornely |first10=Oliver A. |last11=Gurr |first11=Sarah. J. |last12=Harrison |first12=Thomas S. |last13=Kuijper |first13=Ed |last14=Rhodes |first14=Johanna |last15=Sheppard |first15=Donald C. |date=2022-03-29 |title=Tackling the emerging threat of antifungal resistance to human health |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=9 |pages=557–571 |doi=10.1038/s41579-022-00720-1 |pmid=35352028 |pmc=8962932 |issn=1740-1526}}</ref>
* [[抗微生物剂]]<ref name="urlAntimicrobial – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary">{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Antimicrobial |title=Antimicrobial |work=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |access-date=2009-05-02| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090424210931/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antimicrobial| archive-date= 24 April 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>
* [[抗微生物剂]]<ref name="urlAntimicrobial – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary">{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Antimicrobial |title=Antimicrobial |work=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |access-date=2009-05-02| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090424210931/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antimicrobial| archive-date= 2009-04-24 | url-status= live}}</ref>
* {{le|抗血栓药物|Antithrombotic}}<ref>{{DorlandsDict|one/000006359|Antithrombotics}}</ref>
* {{le|抗血栓药物|Antithrombotic}}<ref>{{DorlandsDict|one/000006359|Antithrombotics}}</ref>
* [[支气管扩张药]]<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OA37DQAAQBAJ&q=broncholytic+bronchodilator+dictionary&pg=PA320 | title=Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary| isbn=9780803659407| last1=Venes| first1=Donald| date=2017-01-25}}</ref>
* [[支气管扩张药]]<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OA37DQAAQBAJ&q=broncholytic+bronchodilator+dictionary&pg=PA320 | title=Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary| isbn=9780803659407| last1=Venes| first1=Donald| date=2017-01-25}}</ref>
* {{le|变时性药物|Chronotrope}}（正向或负向）<ref name="pmid9236443">{{cite journal|last=Alboni|first=P.|author2=Menozzi, C. |author3=Brignole, M. |author4=Paparella, N. |author5=Gaggioli, G. |author6=Lolli, G. |author7= Cappato, R. |title=Effects of Permanent Pacemaker and Oral Theophylline in Sick Sinus Syndrome: The THEOPACE Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial|journal=Circulation|year=1997|volume=96|issue=1|pages=260–266|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.260|pmid=9236443}}</ref>
* {{le|变时性药物|Chronotrope}}（正向或负向）<ref name="pmid9236443">{{cite journal|last=Alboni|first=P.|author2=Menozzi, C. |author3=Brignole, M. |author4=Paparella, N. |author5=Gaggioli, G. |author6=Lolli, G. |author7= Cappato, R. |title=Effects of Permanent Pacemaker and Oral Theophylline in Sick Sinus Syndrome: The THEOPACE Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial|journal=Circulation|year=1997|volume=96|issue=1|pages=260–266|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.260|pmid=9236443}}</ref>
* {{le|解充血药|Decongestant}}<ref name="Ficalora2013">{{cite book|author=Robert D. Ficalora|title=Mayo Clinic Internal Medicine Board Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UH5pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA579|date=28 May 2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-998589-0|pages=579–}}</ref>
* {{le|解充血药|Decongestant}}<ref name="Ficalora2013">{{cite book|author=Robert D. Ficalora|title=Mayo Clinic Internal Medicine Board Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UH5pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA579|date=2013-05-28|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-998589-0|pages=579–}}</ref>
* [[利尿剂]]或{{le|抗利尿剂|Antidiuretic}}<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/0002-8703(78)90303-4 |title=Mechanism of antihypertensive effect of thiazide diuretics |year=1978 |last1=Shah |first1=Shaukat |last2=Khatri |first2=Ibrahim |last3=Freis |first3=Edward D. |journal=American Heart Journal |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=611–618 |pmid=637001 }}</ref>
* [[利尿剂]]或{{le|抗利尿剂|Antidiuretic}}<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/0002-8703(78)90303-4 |title=Mechanism of antihypertensive effect of thiazide diuretics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-heart-journal_1978-05_95_5/page/n104 |year=1978 |last1=Shah |first1=Shaukat |last2=Khatri |first2=Ibrahim |last3=Freis |first3=Edward D. |journal=American Heart Journal |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=611–618 |pmid=637001 }}</ref>
* {{le|强心剂|Inotrope}}（正向或负向）<ref name="AHD">{{cite web | title = Inotrope | work = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://ahdictionary.com/ }}</ref>
* {{le|强心剂|Inotrope}}（正向或负向）<ref name="AHD">{{cite web | title = Inotrope | work = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | url = https://ahdictionary.com/ | access-date = 2023-06-14 | archive-date = 2015-09-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925104737/https://ahdictionary.com/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>
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== 按临床用途 ==
== 按临床用途 ==
药物的分类可从[[医学]][[临床]]用途的角度出发，根据药物用于治疗的病理学进行分类。按其治疗用途，即药物旨在治疗的病理，以定义的药物分类包括：
药物分类还可从[[医学]][[临床]]用途角度出发，根据药物用于治疗的病理学进行分类。
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* [[镇痛药]]<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url = http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN106.pdf|title = Guideline 106: Control of pain in adults with cancer|author = Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)|publisher = National Health Service (NHS)|location = Scotland|year = 2008|isbn = 9781905813384|chapter = 6.1 and 7.1.1|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101220061154/http://sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN106.pdf|archive-date = 2010-12-20}}</ref>
* [[镇痛药]]<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url = http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN106.pdf|title = Guideline 106: Control of pain in adults with cancer|author = Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)|publisher = National Health Service (NHS)|location = Scotland|year = 2008|isbn = 9781905813384|chapter = 6.1 and 7.1.1|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101220061154/http://sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN106.pdf|archive-date = 2010-12-20}}</ref>
* [[抗生素]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/antibiotics/Pages/factsExperts.aspx |title=Factsheet for experts |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |access-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221183712/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/antibiotics/Pages/factsExperts.aspx |archive-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[抗生素]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/antibiotics/Pages/factsExperts.aspx |title=Factsheet for experts |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |access-date=2014-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221183712/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/antibiotics/Pages/factsExperts.aspx |archive-date=2014-12-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[抗癌药]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/anticarcinogen|title=Anticarcinogen |publisher=Farlex, Inc.|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>
* [[抗癌药]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/anticarcinogen|title=Anticarcinogen|publisher=Farlex, Inc.|access-date=2013-11-11|archive-date=2022-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214183840/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/anticarcinogen|dead-url=no}}</ref>
* [[抗凝剂]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2021 |title=Overview: Anticoagulant medicines |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anticoagulants/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Health A to Z |publisher=[[National Health Service|NHS]]}}</ref>
* [[抗凝剂]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=Overview: Anticoagulant medicines |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anticoagulants/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Health A to Z |publisher=[[National Health Service|NHS]] |archive-date=2020-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413084851/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anticoagulants/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* [[抗抑郁药]]<ref name="Jennings2018">{{cite book|title=Clinical psychopharmacology for neurologists: a practical guide| vauthors = Jennings L |date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-74602-9| veditors = Grossberg GT, Kinsella LJ |pages=45–71|chapter=Chapter 4: Antidepressants|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-74604-3_4}}</ref>
* [[抗抑郁药]]<ref name="Jennings2018">{{cite book|title=Clinical psychopharmacology for neurologists: a practical guide| vauthors = Jennings L |date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-74602-9| veditors = Grossberg GT, Kinsella LJ |pages=45–71|chapter=Chapter 4: Antidepressants|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-74604-3_4}}</ref>
* [[降糖药]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Powers AC | veditors = Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J |editor2-link=Anthony Fauci |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0071748896 |edition=18th |chapter=Diabetes Mellitus}}</ref>
* [[降糖药]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Powers AC | veditors = Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J |editor2-link=Anthony Fauci |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | url = https://archive.org/details/harrisonsprincip0001unse_q3d3 |date=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0071748896 |edition=18th |chapter=Diabetes Mellitus}}</ref>
* {{le|抗癫痫药|Antiepileptic}}<ref name="Al-Otaibi pp. 321–344">{{cite journal | last=Al-Otaibi | first=Faisal | title=An overview of structurally diversified anticonvulsant agents | journal=Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) | publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH | volume=69 | issue=3 | date=2019-09-01 | issn=1846-9558 | pmid=31259739 | doi=10.2478/acph-2019-0023 | pages=321–344| doi-access=free }}</ref>
* {{le|抗癫痫药|Antiepileptic}}<ref name="Al-Otaibi pp. 321–344">{{cite journal | last=Al-Otaibi | first=Faisal | title=An overview of structurally diversified anticonvulsant agents | journal=Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) | publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH | volume=69 | issue=3 | date=2019-09-01 | issn=1846-9558 | pmid=31259739 | doi=10.2478/acph-2019-0023 | pages=321–344| doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[抗精神病药]]<ref name=Fin2009>{{cite book| vauthors = Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title= Pharmacology |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=9780781771559 |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |language=en |url-status = live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |archive-date=1 April 2017}}</ref>
* [[抗精神病药]]<ref name=Fin2009>{{cite book| vauthors = Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title= Pharmacology |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=9780781771559 |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |language=en |url-status = live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |archive-date=2017-04-01}}</ref>
* [[解痉药]]<ref name=thefreedictionary>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/antispasmodic | work = thefreedictionary.com | title = Antispasmodic |access-date=February 1, 2016}}</ref>
* [[解痉药]]<ref name=thefreedictionary>{{cite web | url = http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/antispasmodic | work = thefreedictionary.com | title = Antispasmodic | access-date = 2016-02-01 | archive-date = 2023-05-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230512142744/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/antispasmodic | dead-url = no }}</ref>
* [[抗病毒药]]<ref name="Broad-spectrum antiviral review">{{cite journal | title = Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent | journal = Antiviral Res. | volume = 110 | pages = 94–103 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25108173 | doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.014 | doi-access = free | author = Rossignol JF | pmc = 7113776 }}</ref>
* [[抗病毒药]]<ref name="Broad-spectrum antiviral review">{{cite journal | title = Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent | journal = Antiviral Res. | volume = 110 | pages = 94–103 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25108173 | doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.014 | doi-access = free | author = Rossignol JF | pmc = 7113776 }}</ref>
* [[循环系统|心血管药物]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/forssmann-lecture.html|title=The Role of Heart Catheterization and Angiocardiography in the Development of Modern Medicine|access-date=2017-10-08|archive-date=2017-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009042039/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/forssmann-lecture.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[循环系统|心血管药物]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/forssmann-lecture.html|title=The Role of Heart Catheterization and Angiocardiography in the Development of Modern Medicine|access-date=2017-10-08|archive-date=2017-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009042039/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/forssmann-lecture.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[镇定剂]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |dictionary=Princeton WordNet |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=depressant |title=Depressant – Definition |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref>
* [[镇定剂]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |dictionary=Princeton WordNet |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=depressant |title=Depressant – Definition |access-date=2013-12-28 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194341/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=depressant |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* [[镇静剂]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/sedatives|title=Sedatives {{!}} Psychology Today|website=Psychology Today|language=en|access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref>
* [[镇静剂]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/sedatives|title=Sedatives {{!}} Psychology Today|website=Psychology Today|language=en|access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref>
* [[兴奋剂]]<ref name=NBK64328>{{cite book|author1=Center for Substance Abuse Treatment |title=Chapter 2—How Stimulants Affect the Brain and Behavior|publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64328/|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219042946/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64328/|archive-date=19 February 2017|year=1999}}</ref>
* [[兴奋剂]]<ref name=NBK64328>{{cite book|author1=Center for Substance Abuse Treatment |title=Chapter 2—How Stimulants Affect the Brain and Behavior|publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64328/|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219042946/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64328/|archive-date=2017-02-19|year=1999}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}


== 合并分类 ==
== 合并分类 ==
某些药物类别会兼顾三个原则以满足实际的分类需要。如[[非甾体抗炎药|非甾体类抗炎药]]（Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory durg，NSAID）就是其中一例。<ref name="Buer_2014">{{cite journal|title=Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID'|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264248818_Origins_and_impact_of_the_term_'NSAID'|date=Oct 2014|journal=Inflammopharmacology|issue=5|doi=10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2|volume=22|pages=263–7|pmid=25064056|vauthors=Buer JK|access-date=2015-10-25|archive-date=2019-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610024352/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264248818_Origins_and_impact_of_the_term_'NSAID'|dead-url=no}}</ref>从历史上严格的定义看，更宽泛的抗炎药类别还包括[[皮質類固醇|甾体抗炎药]]。在引入“非甾体抗炎药”一词之前的十年间，甾体类药物实际是主流抗炎药。<ref name="doh">{{cite web |url=http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_p01.aspx?class_no=25&now_fod_list_no=9009&level_no=2&doc_no=7639 |title=腎上腺皮質類固醇 Adrenal corticosteroids |work=[[行政院衛生署]] |date=2002-11-27 |accessdate=2011-06-26 }}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>由于1950年代皮质类固醇药物的不良反应事件，非甾体抗炎药这种新型抗炎药物迅速在临床领域开展应用。 <ref name="Buer_2014"></ref>因此，非甾体抗炎药的药物类别由作用机制——[[抗炎性|抗炎]]，与化学结构——非[[甾体]]一起组成了新的药物分类。
某些药物类别会兼顾多种分类标准以满足实际的分类需要。如[[非甾体抗炎药|非甾体类抗炎药]]（Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory durg，NSAID）就是其中一例。<ref name="Buer_2014">{{cite journal|title=Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID'|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264248818_Origins_and_impact_of_the_term_'NSAID'|date=Oct 2014|journal=Inflammopharmacology|issue=5|doi=10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2|volume=22|pages=263–7|pmid=25064056|vauthors=Buer JK|access-date=2015-10-25|archive-date=2019-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610024352/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264248818_Origins_and_impact_of_the_term_'NSAID'|dead-url=no}}</ref>历史上对于抗炎药的定义，除了非甾体抗炎药，还包括[[皮質類固醇]]药物即甾体类抗炎药物。在非甾体抗炎药这个类别出现之前的十年间，甾体类皮质类固醇类抗炎药一直是抗炎药物中的主流。<ref name="doh">{{cite web |url=http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_p01.aspx?class_no=25&now_fod_list_no=9009&level_no=2&doc_no=7639 |title=腎上腺皮質類固醇 Adrenal corticosteroids |work=[[行政院衛生署]] |date=2002-11-27 |accessdate=2011-06-26 }}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>由于1950年代皮质类固醇药物的不良反应事件，非甾体抗炎药这种新型抗炎药物迅速在临床领域开展应用。 <ref name="Buer_2014"></ref>因此，非甾体抗炎药的药物类别由作用机制——[[抗炎性|抗炎]]，与其化学结构——非[[甾体]]一起组成了新的药物分类。


* 缓解疾病的抗风湿药（DMARD）<ref name="pmid26002695">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buer JK |date=Aug 2015 |title=A history of the term "DMARD" |journal=Inflammopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=4 |page=163–71 |doi=10.1007/s10787-015-0232-5 |pmc=4508364 |pmid=26002695}}</ref>
* {{le|缓解疾病的抗风湿药|Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug}}（DMARD）<ref name="pmid26002695">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buer JK |date=Aug 2015 |title=A history of the term "DMARD" |journal=Inflammopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=4 |page=163–71 |doi=10.1007/s10787-015-0232-5 |pmc=4508364 |pmid=26002695}}</ref>
* [[非甾体抗炎药|非甾体类抗炎药]]（NSAID）<ref name="Buer_2014"></ref>
* [[非甾体抗炎药|非甾体类抗炎药]]（NSAID）<ref name="Buer_2014"></ref>


== 按其他系统分类 ==
== 按其他系统分类 ==
其他药物分类系统，如基于药物[[溶解度]]和[[胃肠道]][[滲透性|渗透性]]，以对药物属性进行分类的{{le|生物药剂学分类系统|Biopharmaceutics Classification System}}（Biopharmaceutics Classification System，BCS）。<ref name = "Mehta_2016">{{cite book | last1 = Mehta | first1 = Mehul | name-list-style = vanc | title = Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS): Development, Implementation, and Growth | date = 2016 | publisher = Wiley | isbn = 978-1-118-47661-1 }}</ref>
其他药物分类系统，如基于药物的[[溶解度]]和[[胃肠道]][[滲透性|渗透性]]，对药物进行分类的{{le|生物药剂学分类系统|Biopharmaceutics Classification System}}（Biopharmaceutics Classification System，BCS）。<ref name = "Mehta_2016">{{cite book | last1 = Mehta | first1 = Mehul | name-list-style = vanc | title = Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS): Development, Implementation, and Growth | date = 2016 | publisher = Wiley | isbn = 978-1-118-47661-1 }}</ref>


[[File:Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS).jpg|thumb|300px|BCS分类]]
[[File:Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS).jpg|thumb|300px|BCS分类]]
按生物药剂学分类系统（BCS分类）可以将药物基于不同的溶解性和渗透性，分为四类：<ref name = "Mehta_2016"/>
按生物药剂学分类系统（BCS分类）可以将药物基于不同的溶解性和渗透性，分为四类：<ref name = "Mehta_2016"/>
*I类 - 高{{le|肠道渗透性|intestinal permeability|渗透性}}，高[[溶解度]]
* '''I类''' - 高{{le|肠道渗透性|intestinal permeability|渗透性}}，高[[溶解度]]
*II类 - 高渗透性，低溶解度
* '''II类''' - 高渗透性，低溶解度
*III类 - 低渗透性，高溶解度
* '''III类''' - 低渗透性，高溶解度
*IV类 - 低渗透性，低溶解度
* '''IV类''' - 低渗透性，低溶解度


== 按法律法规分类 ==
== 按法律法规分类 ==


* 对于加拿大的法律分类，可参阅[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/index.html 《受管制药物和物质法》]
* 对于加拿大的法律分类，可参阅对于加拿大的法律分类和《受管制药物和物质法》<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/index.html |title=《受管制药物和物质法》 |access-date=2023-06-14 |archive-date=2021-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027191621/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/index.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
* 对于英国法律分类，可参阅英国滥用药物法管制的药物<ref name="nutt's paper">{{cite journal | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = The Lancet | date = 6 November 2010 | first = David J | last = Nutt |author2=Leslie A King |author3=Lawrence D Phillips | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565| url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/abstract | access-date = 8 February 2012 | quote = Alcohol, heroin and crack were found to be most harmful, while LSD, Buprenorphine and psilocybin mushrooms were found to be least harmful. | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | pmid=21036393| citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 | s2cid = 5667719 }}</ref>
* 对于英国法律分类，可参阅《{{le|英国滥用药物法中的管制药物|Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act}}》。<ref name="nutt's paper">{{cite journal | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = The Lancet | date = 2010-11-06 | first = David J | last = Nutt | author2 = Leslie A King | author3 = Lawrence D Phillips | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/abstract | access-date = 2012-02-08 | quote = Alcohol, heroin and crack were found to be most harmful, while LSD, Buprenorphine and psilocybin mushrooms were found to be least harmful. | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | pmid = 21036393 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 | s2cid = 5667719 | archive-date = 2018-09-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180910132959/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/abstract | dead-url = no }}</ref>
* 对于美国法律分类，可参阅《美国受管制药物和物质法案》<ref name=schedules>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/812 21 U.S.C. § 812 {{ndash}} Schedules of controlled substances].</ref>
* 对于美国法律的药物分类，可参阅《[[受管制物质法案]]》。<ref name=schedules>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/812 21 U.S.C. § 812 {{ndash}} Schedules of controlled substances] {{Wayback|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/812 |date=20191012131640 }}.</ref>
* 不同司法管辖区使用各种系统定义[[懷孕分級|怀孕类别]]<ref>{{cite book |title=British National Formulary |chapter=Appendix 4: Pregnancy |edition=55 |date=March 2008}}</ref>
* 由于[[妊娠期]]的特殊性，不同司法管辖区使用不同的系统进行药物的[[怀孕分级]]。<ref>{{cite book |title=British National Formulary |chapter=Appendix 4: Pregnancy |edition=55 |date=March 2008}}</ref>

== 参见 ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[生药学]]
* {{link-en|临床前研究|Preclinical development}}
* [[临床研究]]
* [[临床研究分期]]
}}


== 参考资料 ==
== 参考资料 ==
第104行： 第111行：
== 外部链接 ==
== 外部链接 ==


* {{Cite web|title=Drug names and classes|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/drug-names-and-classes/|access-date=2015-11-07|website=PubMed Health|publisher=United States National Library of Medicine}}
* {{Cite web|title=Drug names and classes|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/drug-names-and-classes/|access-date=2015-11-07|website=PubMed Health|publisher=United States National Library of Medicine|archive-date=2014-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323210525/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/drug-names-and-classes/|dead-url=no}}
* {{Cite web|title=Information by Drug Class|url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/|access-date=2015-11-07|website=Drug Safety and Availability|publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration}}
* {{Cite web|title=Information by Drug Class|url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/|access-date=2015-11-07|website=Drug Safety and Availability|publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration|archive-date=2017-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120213544/http://www.fda.gov/drugs/DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |title=Drug Classes|website = A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes. |url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-classes.html |url=https://www.drugs.com |accessdate=2023-06-14}}
* {{cite web|title=Drug Classes|website=A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.|url=https://www.drugs.com/|accessdate=2023-06-14|archive-date=2011-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902032326/http://www.drugs.com/|dead-url=no}}
{{药物化学}}
{{药物化学}}
{{药理学}}
{{藥學相關條目}}
{{醫學}}

[[Category:药物化学]]
[[Category:药物化学]]
[[Category:药效学]]
[[Category:药效学]]

2023年12月8日 (五) 12:52的最新版本

药物分类，或称药物类别是药物的某种分类方式，这种方式可以基于相似的化学结构、或相同的作用机制（如可与同一生物靶标结合）、或相似的作用模式，或用于治疗相似的疾病。[1][2]

药物可从多种角度进行分类，在主流的药物分类系统中，以上四种分类模式形成了一种层次结构。例如，贝特类药物（英语：Fibrate）具有相似的化学结构（两亲性羧酸），具有相同的作用机制（PPAR激动剂（英语：PPAR agonist））和相同的作用方式（降低血液中的甘油三酯），均可用于预防和治疗相同的疾病（动脉粥样硬化）。[3][4]然而，并非所有PPAR激动剂都是贝特类药物，并非所有降甘油三酯药物都是PPAR激动剂，并非所有治疗动脉粥样硬化药物均是降甘油三酯药物。

药物类别通常由原型药物（英语：Prototype drug）定义，原型药物是该分类中的典型药物且通常为首个成药化合物，开发同类型的其他同药物通常参考原型药物或与之比较。[5][6] 如抗疟疾药物的原型药物是氯喹，非甾体抗炎药物的原型药物是阿司匹林。[7][8]

按综合系统分类

[编辑]

按化学性质

[编辑]

药物可基于化学性质进行分类，如根据药化学结构分类。基于化学结构进行分类的药物类别包括：

按作用机制

[编辑]

可基于药理学按作用机制对药物进行分类，作用机制通常依据生物学靶标的种类进行分类。分子作用机制相同的一类药物，可调节特定的生物靶标活性。[21]作用机制还包括针对生物靶标的活性类型，如对于受体而言，这些活性包括：激动剂、拮抗剂、反向激动剂或调节剂（英语：Selective receptor modulator）。酶的靶向机制包括激活剂和抑制剂。离子通道调节剂包括开放剂和阻滞剂（英语：Channel blocker）。以下是基于特定作用机制的药物类别示例：

按作用方式

[编辑]

按作用方式分类是基于生物学的角度出发，并根据药物引起的解剖学或药物引起的功能改变进行分类。基于常用的作用方式定义的药物类别包括：

按临床用途

[编辑]

药物分类还可从医学临床用途角度出发，根据药物用于治疗的病理学进行分类。

合并分类

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某些药物类别会兼顾多种分类标准以满足实际的分类需要。如非甾体类抗炎药（Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory durg，NSAID）就是其中一例。[59]历史上对于抗炎药的定义，除了非甾体抗炎药，还包括皮質類固醇药物即甾体类抗炎药物。在非甾体抗炎药这个类别出现之前的十年间，甾体类皮质类固醇类抗炎药一直是抗炎药物中的主流。[60]由于1950年代皮质类固醇药物的不良反应事件，非甾体抗炎药这种新型抗炎药物迅速在临床领域开展应用。 [59]因此，非甾体抗炎药的药物类别由作用机制——抗炎，与其化学结构——非甾体一起组成了新的药物分类。

按其他系统分类

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其他药物分类系统，如基于药物的溶解度和胃肠道渗透性，对药物进行分类的生物药剂学分类系统（英语：Biopharmaceutics Classification System）（Biopharmaceutics Classification System，BCS）。[62]

BCS分类

按生物药剂学分类系统（BCS分类）可以将药物基于不同的溶解性和渗透性，分为四类：[62]

按法律法规分类

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参见

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参考资料

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外部链接

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  • Drug names and classes. PubMed Health. United States National Library of Medicine. [2015-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-23）. 
  • Information by Drug Class. Drug Safety and Availability. United States Food and Drug Administration. [2015-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-20）. 
  • Drug Classes. A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes. [2023-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-02）. 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=药物分类&oldid=80041115”