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药物分类：修订间差异

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* {{le|贝特类药物|Fibrate}}<ref name="pmid18158710">{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner G | title = Atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: a role for fibrate therapy? | journal = Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 368–74 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18158710 | doi = 10.3132/dvdr.2007.067 | s2cid = 31624928 }}</ref>
* {{le|贝特类药物|Fibrate}}<ref name="pmid18158710">{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner G | title = Atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: a role for fibrate therapy? | journal = Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 368–74 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18158710 | doi = 10.3132/dvdr.2007.067 | s2cid = 31624928 }}</ref>
* [[甾体]]<ref name = "IUPAC_steroids">{{cite journal | journal = [[Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure Appl. Chem.]] | volume = 61 | issue = 10 | pages = 1783–1822 | year = 1989 | title = Nomenclature of steroids, recommendations 1989 | vauthors = Moss GP, ((the Working Party of the IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature)) | doi = 10.1351/pac198961101783 | s2cid = 97612891 | url = http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1989/pdf/6110x1783.pdf | access-date = 2023-06-14 | archive-date = 2012-11-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121130182412/http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1989/pdf/6110x1783.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>
* [[甾体]]<ref name = "IUPAC_steroids">{{cite journal | journal = [[Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure Appl. Chem.]] | volume = 61 | issue = 10 | pages = 1783–1822 | year = 1989 | title = Nomenclature of steroids, recommendations 1989 | vauthors = Moss GP, ((the Working Party of the IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature)) | doi = 10.1351/pac198961101783 | s2cid = 97612891 | url = http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1989/pdf/6110x1783.pdf | access-date = 2023-06-14 | archive-date = 2012-11-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121130182412/http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1989/pdf/6110x1783.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>
* [[噻嗪类利尿剂]]<ref name="Chlorothiazide p.222">{{cite journal|vauthors=Beyer KH|date=September 1993|title=Chlorothiazide. How the thiazides evolved as antihypertensive therapy|journal=Hypertension|volume=22|issue=3|pages=388–91|doi=10.1161/01.hyp.22.3.388|pmid=8349332|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[噻嗪类利尿剂]]<ref name="Chlorothiazide p.222">{{cite journal|vauthors=Beyer KH|date=September 1993|title=Chlorothiazide. How the thiazides evolved as antihypertensive therapy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypertension_1993-09_22_3/page/n129|journal=Hypertension|volume=22|issue=3|pages=388–91|doi=10.1161/01.hyp.22.3.388|pmid=8349332|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* {{le|曲坦类药物|Triptan}}<ref name="Green 2015">{{Cite book|title=Headache and Migraine Biology and Management|last=Green|first=Mark W.|publisher=Academic Press|year=2015|isbn=9780128009017|editor-last=Diamond|editor-first=Seymour|pages=44|chapter=Overview of Migraine: Recognition, Diagnosis, and Pathophysiology|editor-last2=Cady|editor-first2=Roger K.|editor-last3=Diamond|editor-first3=Merle L.|editor-last4=Green|editor-first4=Mark W.|editor-last5=Martin|editor-first5=Vincent T.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-acBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|via=GoogleBooks|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506021431/https://books.google.com/books?id=h-acBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|archive-date=2018-05-06}}</ref>
* {{le|曲坦类药物|Triptan}}<ref name="Green 2015">{{Cite book|title=Headache and Migraine Biology and Management|last=Green|first=Mark W.|publisher=Academic Press|year=2015|isbn=9780128009017|editor-last=Diamond|editor-first=Seymour|pages=44|chapter=Overview of Migraine: Recognition, Diagnosis, and Pathophysiology|editor-last2=Cady|editor-first2=Roger K.|editor-last3=Diamond|editor-first3=Merle L.|editor-last4=Green|editor-first4=Mark W.|editor-last5=Martin|editor-first5=Vincent T.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-acBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|via=GoogleBooks|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506021431/https://books.google.com/books?id=h-acBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|archive-date=2018-05-06}}</ref>
* [[Β-内酰胺抗生素]]<ref name="pmid10950216">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holten KB, Onusko EM |title=Appropriate prescribing of oral beta-lactam antibiotics |journal=American Family Physician |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=611–20 |date=August 2000 |pmid=10950216 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000801/611.html |access-date=2008-11-08 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606012743/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000801/611.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Β-内酰胺抗生素]]<ref name="pmid10950216">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holten KB, Onusko EM |title=Appropriate prescribing of oral beta-lactam antibiotics |journal=American Family Physician |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=611–20 |date=August 2000 |pmid=10950216 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000801/611.html |access-date=2008-11-08 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606012743/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000801/611.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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== 按作用机制 ==
== 按作用机制 ==
可基于[[药理学]]按作用机制对药物进行分类，作用机制通常依据生物学[[靶标]]的种类进行分类。分子[[作用机制]]相同的一类药物，可调节特定的[[靶点 (生物学)|生物靶标]]活性。<ref name="pmid17016423">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A |date=Oct 2006 |title=Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets |journal=Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery |volume=5 |issue=10 |page=821–34 |doi=10.1038/nrd2132 |pmid=17016423 |s2cid=8872470}}</ref>作用机制还包括针对生物靶标的活性类型，如对于[[受体 (生物化学)|受体]]而言，这些活性包括：[[激动剂]]、[[受体拮抗剂|拮抗剂]]、[[反向激动剂]]或{{le|调节剂|Selective receptor modulator}}。酶的靶向机制包括[[酶激活剂|激活剂]]和[[酶抑制剂|抑制剂]]。[[离子通道]]调节剂包括[[通道開放劑|开放剂]]和{{le|阻滞剂|Channel blocker}}。以下是基于特定作用机制的药物类别示例：
可基于[[药理学]]按作用机制对药物进行分类，作用机制通常依据生物学[[靶点 (生物学)|靶标]]的种类进行分类。分子[[作用机制]]相同的一类药物，可调节特定的[[靶点 (生物学)|生物靶标]]活性。<ref name="pmid17016423">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A |date=Oct 2006 |title=Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets |journal=Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery |volume=5 |issue=10 |page=821–34 |doi=10.1038/nrd2132 |pmid=17016423 |s2cid=8872470}}</ref>作用机制还包括针对生物靶标的活性类型，如对于[[受体 (生物化学)|受体]]而言，这些活性包括：[[激动剂]]、[[受体拮抗剂|拮抗剂]]、[[反向激动剂]]或{{le|调节剂|Selective receptor modulator}}。酶的靶向机制包括[[酶激活剂|激活剂]]和[[酶抑制剂|抑制剂]]。[[离子通道]]调节剂包括[[通道開放劑|开放剂]]和{{le|阻滞剂|Channel blocker}}。以下是基于特定作用机制的药物类别示例：
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* {{le|5-alpha-还原酶抑制剂|5-alpha-reductase inhibitor}}<ref name="pmid28159148">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wesp LM, Deutsch MB | title = Hormonal and Surgical Treatment Options for Transgender Women and Transfeminine Spectrum Persons | journal = Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–111 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28159148 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2016.10.006 }}</ref>
* {{le|5-alpha-还原酶抑制剂|5-alpha-reductase inhibitor}}<ref name="pmid28159148">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wesp LM, Deutsch MB | title = Hormonal and Surgical Treatment Options for Transgender Women and Transfeminine Spectrum Persons | journal = Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–111 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28159148 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2016.10.006 }}</ref>
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* {{le|多巴胺能|Dopaminergic}}<ref name="urlParkinsons Disease: Glossary of Terms">{{cite web | vauthors = Melinosky C | date = 2022-11-27 | url = http://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-glossary?page=2 | title = Parkinson's Disease: Glossary of Terms | work = WebMD | access-date = 2023-06-14 | archive-date = 2022-08-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220815071300/https://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-glossary?page=2 | dead-url = no }}</ref>
* {{le|多巴胺能|Dopaminergic}}<ref name="urlParkinsons Disease: Glossary of Terms">{{cite web | vauthors = Melinosky C | date = 2022-11-27 | url = http://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-glossary?page=2 | title = Parkinson's Disease: Glossary of Terms | work = WebMD | access-date = 2023-06-14 | archive-date = 2022-08-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220815071300/https://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-glossary?page=2 | dead-url = no }}</ref>
* {{le|氨基丁酸能|GABAergic}}<ref name="Froestl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Froestl|first1=Wolfgang|title=An historical perspective on GABAergic drugs|journal=Future Medicinal Chemistry|volume=3|issue=2|year=2011|pages=163–175|issn=1756-8919|doi=10.4155/fmc.10.285|pmid=21428811}}</ref>
* {{le|氨基丁酸能|GABAergic}}<ref name="Froestl2011">{{cite journal|last1=Froestl|first1=Wolfgang|title=An historical perspective on GABAergic drugs|journal=Future Medicinal Chemistry|volume=3|issue=2|year=2011|pages=163–175|issn=1756-8919|doi=10.4155/fmc.10.285|pmid=21428811}}</ref>
* [[胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂|肠促胰岛素拟似物]]<ref name="Baggio_2008">{{cite web |author=Baggio |first=LL |last2=Drucker |first2=DJ |author-link2=Daniel J. Drucker |name-list-style=vanc |year=2008 |title=Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogs Other Than Exenatide |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/578304 |access-date=2023-06-01 |work=Medscape Diabetes & Endocrinology}}</ref>
* [[胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂|肠促胰岛素拟似物]]<ref name="Baggio_2008">{{cite web |author=Baggio |first=LL |last2=Drucker |first2=DJ |author-link2=Daniel J. Drucker |name-list-style=vanc |year=2008 |title=Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogs Other Than Exenatide |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/578304 |access-date=2023-06-01 |work=Medscape Diabetes & Endocrinology |archive-date=2023-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724065441/https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/578304 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* [[非甾体抗炎药]] − [[环氧合酶]]抑制剂<ref name="pmid8121489">{{PDB|1CQE}}; {{cite journal | vauthors = Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM | title = The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1 | journal = Nature | volume = 367 | issue = 6460 | pages = 243–9 | date = January 1994 | pmid = 8121489 | doi = 10.1038/367243a0 | bibcode = 1994Natur.367..243P | s2cid = 4340064 }}</ref>
* [[非甾体抗炎药]] − [[环氧合酶]]抑制剂<ref name="pmid8121489">{{PDB|1CQE}}; {{cite journal | vauthors = Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM | title = The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1 | journal = Nature | volume = 367 | issue = 6460 | pages = 243–9 | date = January 1994 | pmid = 8121489 | doi = 10.1038/367243a0 | bibcode = 1994Natur.367..243P | s2cid = 4340064 }}</ref>
* [[质子泵抑制剂]]<ref name="pmid16700898">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sachs G, Shin JM, Howden CW | title = Review article: the clinical pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors | journal = Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 23 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 2–8 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16700898 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02943.x | s2cid = 30413194 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[质子泵抑制剂]]<ref name="pmid16700898">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sachs G, Shin JM, Howden CW | title = Review article: the clinical pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors | journal = Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 23 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 2–8 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16700898 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02943.x | s2cid = 30413194 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
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* {{le|选择性糖皮质激素受体调节剂|Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator}}<ref name="Biggadike">{{cite journal | vauthors = Biggadike K, Boudjelal M, Clackers M, Coe DM, Demaine DA, Hardy GW, Humphreys D, Inglis GG, Johnston MJ, Jones HT, House D, Loiseau R, Needham D, Skone PA, Uings I, Veitch G, Weingarten GG, McLay IM, Macdonald SJ | title = Nonsteroidal glucocorticoid agonists: tetrahydronaphthalenes with alternative steroidal A-ring mimetics possessing dissociated (transrepression/transactivation) efficacy selectivity | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 50 | issue = 26 | pages = 6519–34 | date = Dec 2007 | pmid = 18038970 | doi = 10.1021/jm070778w }}</ref>
* {{le|选择性糖皮质激素受体调节剂|Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator}}<ref name="Biggadike">{{cite journal | vauthors = Biggadike K, Boudjelal M, Clackers M, Coe DM, Demaine DA, Hardy GW, Humphreys D, Inglis GG, Johnston MJ, Jones HT, House D, Loiseau R, Needham D, Skone PA, Uings I, Veitch G, Weingarten GG, McLay IM, Macdonald SJ | title = Nonsteroidal glucocorticoid agonists: tetrahydronaphthalenes with alternative steroidal A-ring mimetics possessing dissociated (transrepression/transactivation) efficacy selectivity | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 50 | issue = 26 | pages = 6519–34 | date = Dec 2007 | pmid = 18038970 | doi = 10.1021/jm070778w }}</ref>
* [[血清素|血清素能]]<ref name="pmid18043762">{{cite journal | vauthors = Young SN | title = How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs | journal = Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience | volume = 32 | issue = 6 | pages = 394–399 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 18043762 | pmc = 2077351 }}</ref>
* [[血清素|血清素能]]<ref name="pmid18043762">{{cite journal | vauthors = Young SN | title = How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs | journal = Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience | volume = 32 | issue = 6 | pages = 394–399 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 18043762 | pmc = 2077351 }}</ref>
* {{le|他汀类药物|Statin}} – [[羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶]]抑制剂<ref name="Cardiovascular Media">{{cite web | title=Cholesterol Drugs | website=American Heart Association | url=https://watchlearnlive.heart.org/?moduleSelect=chldrg | access-date=2019-12-24 | archive-date=2020-08-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812143713/https://watchlearnlive.heart.org/?moduleSelect=chldrg | dead-url=no }}</ref>
* [[他汀类药物]] – [[羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶]]抑制剂<ref name="Cardiovascular Media">{{cite web | title=Cholesterol Drugs | website=American Heart Association | url=https://watchlearnlive.heart.org/?moduleSelect=chldrg | access-date=2019-12-24 | archive-date=2020-08-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812143713/https://watchlearnlive.heart.org/?moduleSelect=chldrg | dead-url=no }}</ref>
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* {{le|变时性药物|Chronotrope}}（正向或负向）<ref name="pmid9236443">{{cite journal|last=Alboni|first=P.|author2=Menozzi, C. |author3=Brignole, M. |author4=Paparella, N. |author5=Gaggioli, G. |author6=Lolli, G. |author7= Cappato, R. |title=Effects of Permanent Pacemaker and Oral Theophylline in Sick Sinus Syndrome: The THEOPACE Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial|journal=Circulation|year=1997|volume=96|issue=1|pages=260–266|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.260|pmid=9236443}}</ref>
* {{le|变时性药物|Chronotrope}}（正向或负向）<ref name="pmid9236443">{{cite journal|last=Alboni|first=P.|author2=Menozzi, C. |author3=Brignole, M. |author4=Paparella, N. |author5=Gaggioli, G. |author6=Lolli, G. |author7= Cappato, R. |title=Effects of Permanent Pacemaker and Oral Theophylline in Sick Sinus Syndrome: The THEOPACE Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial|journal=Circulation|year=1997|volume=96|issue=1|pages=260–266|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.260|pmid=9236443}}</ref>
* {{le|解充血药|Decongestant}}<ref name="Ficalora2013">{{cite book|author=Robert D. Ficalora|title=Mayo Clinic Internal Medicine Board Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UH5pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA579|date=2013-05-28|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-998589-0|pages=579–}}</ref>
* {{le|解充血药|Decongestant}}<ref name="Ficalora2013">{{cite book|author=Robert D. Ficalora|title=Mayo Clinic Internal Medicine Board Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UH5pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA579|date=2013-05-28|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-998589-0|pages=579–}}</ref>
* [[利尿剂]]或{{le|抗利尿剂|Antidiuretic}}<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/0002-8703(78)90303-4 |title=Mechanism of antihypertensive effect of thiazide diuretics |year=1978 |last1=Shah |first1=Shaukat |last2=Khatri |first2=Ibrahim |last3=Freis |first3=Edward D. |journal=American Heart Journal |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=611–618 |pmid=637001 }}</ref>
* [[利尿剂]]或{{le|抗利尿剂|Antidiuretic}}<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/0002-8703(78)90303-4 |title=Mechanism of antihypertensive effect of thiazide diuretics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-heart-journal_1978-05_95_5/page/n104 |year=1978 |last1=Shah |first1=Shaukat |last2=Khatri |first2=Ibrahim |last3=Freis |first3=Edward D. |journal=American Heart Journal |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=611–618 |pmid=637001 }}</ref>
* {{le|强心剂|Inotrope}}（正向或负向）<ref name="AHD">{{cite web | title = Inotrope | work = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | url = https://ahdictionary.com/ | access-date = 2023-06-14 | archive-date = 2015-09-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925104737/https://ahdictionary.com/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>
* {{le|强心剂|Inotrope}}（正向或负向）<ref name="AHD">{{cite web | title = Inotrope | work = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | url = https://ahdictionary.com/ | access-date = 2023-06-14 | archive-date = 2015-09-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925104737/https://ahdictionary.com/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>
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* [[抗凝剂]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=Overview: Anticoagulant medicines |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anticoagulants/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Health A to Z |publisher=[[National Health Service|NHS]] |archive-date=2020-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413084851/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anticoagulants/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* [[抗凝剂]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=Overview: Anticoagulant medicines |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anticoagulants/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Health A to Z |publisher=[[National Health Service|NHS]] |archive-date=2020-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413084851/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anticoagulants/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* [[抗抑郁药]]<ref name="Jennings2018">{{cite book|title=Clinical psychopharmacology for neurologists: a practical guide| vauthors = Jennings L |date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-74602-9| veditors = Grossberg GT, Kinsella LJ |pages=45–71|chapter=Chapter 4: Antidepressants|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-74604-3_4}}</ref>
* [[抗抑郁药]]<ref name="Jennings2018">{{cite book|title=Clinical psychopharmacology for neurologists: a practical guide| vauthors = Jennings L |date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-74602-9| veditors = Grossberg GT, Kinsella LJ |pages=45–71|chapter=Chapter 4: Antidepressants|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-74604-3_4}}</ref>
* [[降糖药]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Powers AC | veditors = Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J |editor2-link=Anthony Fauci |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0071748896 |edition=18th |chapter=Diabetes Mellitus}}</ref>
* [[降糖药]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Powers AC | veditors = Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J |editor2-link=Anthony Fauci |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | url = https://archive.org/details/harrisonsprincip0001unse_q3d3 |date=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0071748896 |edition=18th |chapter=Diabetes Mellitus}}</ref>
* {{le|抗癫痫药|Antiepileptic}}<ref name="Al-Otaibi pp. 321–344">{{cite journal | last=Al-Otaibi | first=Faisal | title=An overview of structurally diversified anticonvulsant agents | journal=Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) | publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH | volume=69 | issue=3 | date=2019-09-01 | issn=1846-9558 | pmid=31259739 | doi=10.2478/acph-2019-0023 | pages=321–344| doi-access=free }}</ref>
* {{le|抗癫痫药|Antiepileptic}}<ref name="Al-Otaibi pp. 321–344">{{cite journal | last=Al-Otaibi | first=Faisal | title=An overview of structurally diversified anticonvulsant agents | journal=Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) | publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH | volume=69 | issue=3 | date=2019-09-01 | issn=1846-9558 | pmid=31259739 | doi=10.2478/acph-2019-0023 | pages=321–344| doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[抗精神病药]]<ref name=Fin2009>{{cite book| vauthors = Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title= Pharmacology |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=9780781771559 |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |language=en |url-status = live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |archive-date=2017-04-01}}</ref>
* [[抗精神病药]]<ref name=Fin2009>{{cite book| vauthors = Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title= Pharmacology |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=9780781771559 |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |language=en |url-status = live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |archive-date=2017-04-01}}</ref>
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* [[抗病毒药]]<ref name="Broad-spectrum antiviral review">{{cite journal | title = Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent | journal = Antiviral Res. | volume = 110 | pages = 94–103 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25108173 | doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.014 | doi-access = free | author = Rossignol JF | pmc = 7113776 }}</ref>
* [[抗病毒药]]<ref name="Broad-spectrum antiviral review">{{cite journal | title = Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent | journal = Antiviral Res. | volume = 110 | pages = 94–103 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25108173 | doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.014 | doi-access = free | author = Rossignol JF | pmc = 7113776 }}</ref>
* [[循环系统|心血管药物]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/forssmann-lecture.html|title=The Role of Heart Catheterization and Angiocardiography in the Development of Modern Medicine|access-date=2017-10-08|archive-date=2017-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009042039/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/forssmann-lecture.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[循环系统|心血管药物]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/forssmann-lecture.html|title=The Role of Heart Catheterization and Angiocardiography in the Development of Modern Medicine|access-date=2017-10-08|archive-date=2017-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009042039/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/forssmann-lecture.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[镇定剂]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |dictionary=Princeton WordNet |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=depressant |title=Depressant – Definition |access-date=2013-12-28}}</ref>
* [[镇定剂]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |dictionary=Princeton WordNet |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=depressant |title=Depressant – Definition |access-date=2013-12-28 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194341/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=depressant |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* [[镇静剂]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/sedatives|title=Sedatives {{!}} Psychology Today|website=Psychology Today|language=en|access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref>
* [[镇静剂]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/sedatives|title=Sedatives {{!}} Psychology Today|website=Psychology Today|language=en|access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref>
* [[兴奋剂]]<ref name=NBK64328>{{cite book|author1=Center for Substance Abuse Treatment |title=Chapter 2—How Stimulants Affect the Brain and Behavior|publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64328/|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219042946/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64328/|archive-date=2017-02-19|year=1999}}</ref>
* [[兴奋剂]]<ref name=NBK64328>{{cite book|author1=Center for Substance Abuse Treatment |title=Chapter 2—How Stimulants Affect the Brain and Behavior|publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64328/|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219042946/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64328/|archive-date=2017-02-19|year=1999}}</ref>
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== 按法律法规分类 ==
== 按法律法规分类 ==


* 对于加拿大的法律分类，可参阅[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/index.html 《受管制药物和物质法》。]
* 对于加拿大的法律分类，可参阅对于加拿大的法律分类和《受管制药物和物质法》<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/index.html |title=《受管制药物和物质法》 |access-date=2023-06-14 |archive-date=2021-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027191621/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/index.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
* 对于英国法律分类，可参阅英国滥用药物法中的管制药物。<ref name="nutt's paper">{{cite journal | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = The Lancet | date = 2010-11-06 | first = David J | last = Nutt | author2 = Leslie A King | author3 = Lawrence D Phillips | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/abstract | access-date = 2012-02-08 | quote = Alcohol, heroin and crack were found to be most harmful, while LSD, Buprenorphine and psilocybin mushrooms were found to be least harmful. | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | pmid = 21036393 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 | s2cid = 5667719 | archive-date = 2018-09-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180910132959/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/abstract | dead-url = no }}</ref>
* 对于英国法律分类，可参阅《{{le|英国滥用药物法中的管制药物|Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act}}》。<ref name="nutt's paper">{{cite journal | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = The Lancet | date = 2010-11-06 | first = David J | last = Nutt | author2 = Leslie A King | author3 = Lawrence D Phillips | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/abstract | access-date = 2012-02-08 | quote = Alcohol, heroin and crack were found to be most harmful, while LSD, Buprenorphine and psilocybin mushrooms were found to be least harmful. | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | pmid = 21036393 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 | s2cid = 5667719 | archive-date = 2018-09-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180910132959/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/abstract | dead-url = no }}</ref>
* 对于美国法律的药物分类，可参阅《美国受管制药物和物质法案》。<ref name=schedules>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/812 21 U.S.C. § 812 {{ndash}} Schedules of controlled substances] {{Wayback|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/812 |date=20191012131640 }}.</ref>
* 对于美国法律的药物分类，可参阅《[[受管制物质法案]]》。<ref name=schedules>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/812 21 U.S.C. § 812 {{ndash}} Schedules of controlled substances] {{Wayback|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/812 |date=20191012131640 }}.</ref>
* 由于[[妊娠期]]的特殊性，不同司法管辖区使用不同的系统进行药物的[[怀孕分级]]。<ref>{{cite book |title=British National Formulary |chapter=Appendix 4: Pregnancy |edition=55 |date=March 2008}}</ref>
* 由于[[妊娠期]]的特殊性，不同司法管辖区使用不同的系统进行药物的[[怀孕分级]]。<ref>{{cite book |title=British National Formulary |chapter=Appendix 4: Pregnancy |edition=55 |date=March 2008}}</ref>

== 参见 ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[生药学]]
* {{link-en|临床前研究|Preclinical development}}
* [[临床研究]]
* [[临床研究分期]]
}}


== 参考资料 ==
== 参考资料 ==
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== 外部链接 ==
== 外部链接 ==


* {{Cite web|title=Drug names and classes|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/drug-names-and-classes/|access-date=2015-11-07|website=PubMed Health|publisher=United States National Library of Medicine}}
* {{Cite web|title=Drug names and classes|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/drug-names-and-classes/|access-date=2015-11-07|website=PubMed Health|publisher=United States National Library of Medicine|archive-date=2014-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323210525/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/drug-names-and-classes/|dead-url=no}}
* {{Cite web|title=Information by Drug Class|url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/|access-date=2015-11-07|website=Drug Safety and Availability|publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration}}
* {{Cite web|title=Information by Drug Class|url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/|access-date=2015-11-07|website=Drug Safety and Availability|publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration|archive-date=2017-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120213544/http://www.fda.gov/drugs/DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |title=Drug Classes|website = A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes. |url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-classes.html |url=https://www.drugs.com |accessdate=2023-06-14}}
* {{cite web|title=Drug Classes|website=A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.|url=https://www.drugs.com/|accessdate=2023-06-14|archive-date=2011-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902032326/http://www.drugs.com/|dead-url=no}}
{{药物化学}}
{{药物化学}}
{{药理学}}
{{药理学}}

2023年12月8日 (五) 12:52的最新版本

药物分类，或称药物类别是药物的某种分类方式，这种方式可以基于相似的化学结构、或相同的作用机制（如可与同一生物靶标结合）、或相似的作用模式，或用于治疗相似的疾病。[1][2]

药物可从多种角度进行分类，在主流的药物分类系统中，以上四种分类模式形成了一种层次结构。例如，贝特类药物（英语：Fibrate）具有相似的化学结构（两亲性羧酸），具有相同的作用机制（PPAR激动剂（英语：PPAR agonist））和相同的作用方式（降低血液中的甘油三酯），均可用于预防和治疗相同的疾病（动脉粥样硬化）。[3][4]然而，并非所有PPAR激动剂都是贝特类药物，并非所有降甘油三酯药物都是PPAR激动剂，并非所有治疗动脉粥样硬化药物均是降甘油三酯药物。

药物类别通常由原型药物（英语：Prototype drug）定义，原型药物是该分类中的典型药物且通常为首个成药化合物，开发同类型的其他同药物通常参考原型药物或与之比较。[5][6] 如抗疟疾药物的原型药物是氯喹，非甾体抗炎药物的原型药物是阿司匹林。[7][8]

按综合系统分类

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按化学性质

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药物可基于化学性质进行分类，如根据药化学结构分类。基于化学结构进行分类的药物类别包括：

按作用机制

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可基于药理学按作用机制对药物进行分类，作用机制通常依据生物学靶标的种类进行分类。分子作用机制相同的一类药物，可调节特定的生物靶标活性。[21]作用机制还包括针对生物靶标的活性类型，如对于受体而言，这些活性包括：激动剂、拮抗剂、反向激动剂或调节剂（英语：Selective receptor modulator）。酶的靶向机制包括激活剂和抑制剂。离子通道调节剂包括开放剂和阻滞剂（英语：Channel blocker）。以下是基于特定作用机制的药物类别示例：

按作用方式

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按作用方式分类是基于生物学的角度出发，并根据药物引起的解剖学或药物引起的功能改变进行分类。基于常用的作用方式定义的药物类别包括：

按临床用途

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药物分类还可从医学临床用途角度出发，根据药物用于治疗的病理学进行分类。

合并分类

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某些药物类别会兼顾多种分类标准以满足实际的分类需要。如非甾体类抗炎药（Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory durg，NSAID）就是其中一例。[59]历史上对于抗炎药的定义，除了非甾体抗炎药，还包括皮質類固醇药物即甾体类抗炎药物。在非甾体抗炎药这个类别出现之前的十年间，甾体类皮质类固醇类抗炎药一直是抗炎药物中的主流。[60]由于1950年代皮质类固醇药物的不良反应事件，非甾体抗炎药这种新型抗炎药物迅速在临床领域开展应用。 [59]因此，非甾体抗炎药的药物类别由作用机制——抗炎，与其化学结构——非甾体一起组成了新的药物分类。

按其他系统分类

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其他药物分类系统，如基于药物的溶解度和胃肠道渗透性，对药物进行分类的生物药剂学分类系统（英语：Biopharmaceutics Classification System）（Biopharmaceutics Classification System，BCS）。[62]

BCS分类

按生物药剂学分类系统（BCS分类）可以将药物基于不同的溶解性和渗透性，分为四类：[62]

按法律法规分类

[编辑]

参见

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参考资料

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外部链接

[编辑]
  • Drug names and classes. PubMed Health. United States National Library of Medicine. [2015-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-23）. 
  • Information by Drug Class. Drug Safety and Availability. United States Food and Drug Administration. [2015-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-20）. 
  • Drug Classes. A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes. [2023-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-02）. 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=药物分类&oldid=80041115”