非洲大蝸牛科
外观
瑪瑙螺科 化石时期:
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非洲大蝸牛 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
纲: | 腹足纲 Gastropoda |
亚群: | 泛有肺亞群 Panpulmonata |
总目: | 真有肺總目 Eupulmonata |
目: | 柄眼目 Stylommatophora |
亚目: | 瑪瑙螺亞目 Achatinina |
总科: | 瑪瑙螺總科 Achatinoidea |
科: | 瑪瑙螺科 Achatinidae Swainson, 1840[2] |
屬 | |
非洲大蝸牛科(學名:Achatinidae),又名瑪瑙螺科,包括超過100个属,都是原生于非洲的大型和中型陆生蜗牛,成蝸每年可以產3-6次卵,每次產卵因體形不同,每次產卵約50-500顆。
分佈
解剖學
分類學
該科分類在非正式群體弯尿道亚目下,屬於柄眼亞目、真肺目,下領四個亞科[4]。
2017年,根據《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》,原來柄眼目之下的四大分類重組,本科成為了瑪瑙螺亞目的成員之餘,下領八個亞科的鑽頭螺科亦被併入本科[5]。因此,非洲大蝸牛科成為了一個下領12個亞科的龐大分類,而不少亞科之下又再細分為多個族。
以下為非洲大蝸牛科之下的12個亞科:
- 瑪瑙螺亞科 Achatininae Swainson, 1840:異名包括Urceidae Chaper, 1884及Ampullidae Winckworth, 1945
- Coeliaxinae Pilsbry, 1907
- Cryptelasminae Germain, 1916
- 珀色螺亚科 Glessulinae Godwin-Austin, 1920
- 鑽螺亞科 Opeatinae Thiele, 1931
- Petriolinae Schileyko, 1999
- Pyrgininae Germain, 1916
- 锡金螺亚科 Rishetiinae Schileyko, 1999
- 刍螺亞科 Rumininae Wenz, 1923
- 窄圆螺亚科 Stenogyrinae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
- 鑽頭螺亞科 Subulininae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
- Thyrophorellinae Girard, 1895
各个亚科包含的属如下:
玛瑙螺亚科 Achatininae Swainson, 1840
- 族 Achatinini Swainson, 1840
- 玛瑙螺属 Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Archachatina Albers, 1850
- Atopocochlis Crosse & P. Fischer, 1888
- Bequaertina Mead, 1994
- Brownisca Mead, 2004
- Bruggenina Mead, 2004
- Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889
- Cochlitoma A. Férussac, 1821
- Leptocalina Bequaert, 1950
- Leptocallista Pilsbry, 1904
- Lignus Gray, 1834
- Metachatina Pilsbry, 1904
- Pseudachatina Albers, 1850
- Achatinus Montfort, 1810,接受名为:Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Achatium Link, 1807,接受名为:Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Agathina J. Férussac, 1807,接受名为:Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Burtopsis Bourguignat, 1889,接受名为: Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889
- Euaethiops Clench & Archer, 1930,接受名为:Achatina (Euaethiopina) Bequaert, 1950
- Eutaxis Ancey, 1888,接受名为:Atopocochlis Crosse & P. Fischer, 1888
- Geodes Gistel, 1848,接受名为:Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Livinhacia Crosse, 1889,接受名为:Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889
- Megachatina Bequaert & Clench, 1936,接受名为:Archachatina (Calachatina) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Archachatina Albers, 1850
- Oncaea Gistel, 1848 ,接受名为:Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Parachatina Bourguignat, 1889,接受名为:Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Pseudotrochus Mörch, 1852,接受名为:Lignus Gray, 1834
- Serpaea Bourguignat, 1889,接受名为:Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Urceus Mörch, 1857,接受名为:Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- 族 Callistoplepini Mead, 1994
- Callistoplepa Ancey, 1888
- Leptocala Ancey, 1888
- Ganomidos d'Ailly, 1896,接受名为:Callistoplepa Ancey, 1888
- Petitia Jousseaume, 1884,接受名为:Leptocala Ancey, 1888
- 族 Limicolariini Schileyko, 1999
- Columna Perry, 1811
- Limicolaria Schumacher, 1817
- Limicolariopsis d'Ailly, 1910
- Perideriopsis Putzeys, 1898,接受名为:Limicolaria Schumacher, 1817
- Rebmanniella Preston, 1911,接受名为:Limicolariopsis d'Ailly, 1910
- † Arabicolaria Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2016
亚科 Coeliaxinae Pilsbry, 1907
- Coeliaxis H. Adams & Angas, 1865
- Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907
- Neosubulina E.A. Smith, 1898
- Bathyaxis Ancey, 1887,接受名为:Coeliaxis H. Adams & Angas, 1865
- Microbeliscus Weyrauch, 1964,接受名为:Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907
- Nannobeliscus Weyrauch, 1967,接受名为:Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907
- Sphalerostoma Girard, 1892,接受名为:Coeliaxis H. Adams & Angas, 1865
亚科 Cryptelasminae Germain, 1916
- Cryptelasmus Pilsbry, 1907
- Thomea Girard, 1893
珀色螺亚科 Glessulinae Godwin-Austin, 1920
- 珀色螺属 Glessula E. von Martens, 1860
- Electra Albers, 1850,接受名为:Glessula E. von Martens, 1860
- Jadukamia Godwin-Austen, 1920,接受名为:Glessula E. von Martens, 1860
- 滑胚玛瑙螺属 Lissachatina Bequaert, 1950
钻螺亚科 Opeatinae Thiele, 1931
- Eremopeas Pilsbry, 1906
- 钻螺属 Opeas Albers, 1850
- † Pacaudiella Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2016
亚科 Petriolinae Schileyko, 1999
- Bocageia Girard, 1893
- Ceras Dupuis & Putzeys, 1901
- Chilonopsis Fischer von Waldheim, 1848
- Cleostyla Dall, 1896
- Comoropeas Pilsbry, 1906
- Dictyoglessula Pilsbry, 1919
- Homorus Albers, 1850
- Ischnoglessula Pilsbry, 1919
- Itiopiana Preston, 1910
- Kempioconcha Preston, 1913
- Liobocageia Pilsbry, 1919
- Mabilliella Ancey, 1886
- Nothapalinus Connolly, 1923
- Nothapalus E. von Martens, 1897
- Oleata L. Ortiz de Zarate & R. Ortiz de Zarate, 1959
- Oreohomorus Pilsbry, 1919
- Petriola Dall, 1905
- Subuliniscus Pilsbry, 1919
- Subulona E. von Martens, 1889
- Kempia Preston, 1913,接受名为:Kempioconcha Preston, 1913
- Kenia Preston, 1911,接受名为:Nothapalus E. von Martens, 1897
- Pileata L. Ortiz de Zarate & R. Ortiz de Zarate, 1959,接受名为:Subulona E. von Martens, 1889
- Pseudocerastus Germain, 1918,接受名为:Kempioconcha Preston, 1913
- Trichodina Ancey, 1888,接受名为:Petriola Dall, 1905
亚科 Pyrgininae Germain, 1916
- Pseudobalea Shuttleworth, 1854
- Pyrgina Greef, 1882
锡金螺亚科 Rishetiinae Schileyko, 1999
- 杆状螺属 Bacillum Theobald, 1870
- Eutomopeas Pilsbry, 1946
- 锡金螺属 Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920
- 卷轴螺属 Tortaxis Pilsbry, 1906
- Dikrangia Godwin-Austen, 1920,接受名为:Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920
- Ranibania Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1996,接受名为:Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920 (objective synonym)
- Tomopeas Pilsbry, 1906,接受名为:Eutomopeas Pilsbry, 1946
刍螺亚科 Rumininae Wenz, 1923
- Balfouria Crosse, 1885
- Krapfiella Preston, 1911
- Lubricetta F. Haas, 1928
- Namibiella Zilch, 1954
- Riebeckia E. von Martens, 1883
- 刍螺属 Rumina Risso, 1826
- Xerocerastus Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1902
- Cylindrina Schlüter, 1838,接受名为:Rumina Risso, 1826
- Eburnea Mousson, 1888,接受名为:Xerocerastus Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1902
- Orbitina Risso, 1826,接受名为:Rumina Risso, 1826
- Sira A. Schmidt, 1855,接受名为:Rumina Risso, 1826
窄圆螺亚科 Stenogyrinae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
- Chryserpes Pilsbry, 1906
- Cupulella Aguayo & Jaume, 1948
- Dolicholestes Pilsbry, 1906
- Lyobasis Pilsbry, 1903
- Neobeliscus Pilsbry, 1896
- Obeliscus H. Beck, 1837
- Ochroderma Ancey, 1885
- Ochrodermatina Thiele, 1931
- Ochrodermella Pilsbry, 1907
- Plicaxis Sykes, 1903
- Promoussonius Pilsbry, 1906
- Protobeliscus Pilsbry, 1906
- Rhodea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
- 窄圆螺属 Stenogyra Shuttleworth, 1854
- Synapterpes Pilsbry, 1896
- Zoniferella Pilsbry, 1906
- Oxycheilus Albers, 1850,接受名为:Synapterpes Pilsbry, 1896
- Rhodina de Morgan, 1885,接受名为:Plicaxis Sykes, 1903
钻头螺亚科 Subulininae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
- 錐蝸牛屬 Allopeas H.B. Baker, 1935,异钻螺属
- Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961
- 曲钻螺属 Curvella Chaper, 1885
- Dysopeas H.B. Baker, 1927
- Euonyma Melvill & Ponsonby, 1896
- Fortuna Schlickum & Strauch, 1972
- Hypolysia Melvill & Ponsonby, 1901
- Lamellaxis Strebel & Pfeffer, 1882
- Leptinaria H. Beck, 1837
- Leptopeas H.B. Baker, 1927
- Micropeas Connolly, 1923
- Neoglessula Pilsbry, 1909
- 侧钻螺属 Paropeas Pilsbry, 1906
- Pelatrinia Pilsbry, 1907
- 近钻螺属 Prosopeas Mörch, 1876
- Pseudoglessula O. Boettger, 1892
- Pseudopeas Putzeys, 1899
- Striosubulina Thiele, 1933
- 钻头螺属 Subulina H. Beck, 1837
- Vegrandinia Salvador, Cunha & Simone, 2013
- Zootecus Westerlund, 1887
- Chilogymnus Ehrenberg, 1831 (taxon inquirendum)
- Beccaria Bourguignat, 1883,接受名为:Pseudopeas Putzeys, 1899
- Chilogymnus Jousseaume, 1894,接受名为:Zootecus Westerlund, 1887 (junior synonym)
- Diaopeas F. Haas, 1962,接受名为:Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961
- Hapalus Albers, 1850,接受名为:曲钻螺属(Curvella Chaper, 1885)
- Nothus Albers, 1850,接受名为:Leptinaria H. Beck, 1837
- Obeliscella Jousseaume, 1889,接受名为:Zootecus Westerlund, 1887 (junior synonym)
- Synopeas Jousseaume, 1889,接受名为:Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961
Thyrophorellinae Girard, 1895
- Thyrophorella Greeff, 1882
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 "Family summary for Achatinidae". AnimalBase, last change 24-11-2007, accessed 3 August 2010
- ^ Swainson W. J. (1840). A treatise on malacology161: 334.
- ^ Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
- ^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.
- ^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.
外部链接
- Lots of African Snail Pictures
- Achatinoidea pictures
- Excellent site (in German) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Achatinidae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Extensive information on Achatina and Archachatina in captivity with a helpful forum. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- US Dept of Agriculture (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
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