蓝纹魟:修订间差异
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{{全局僻字|𫚉|⿰鱼工|魟}}
{{NoteTA|G1=U|G2=TO|1=zh-hans:兼捕;zh-tw:混獲}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = 蓝纹魟
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| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Jabado, R.W. |author2=Chartrain, E. |author3=De Bruyne, G. |author4=Derrick, D. |author5=Dia, M. |author6=Diop, M. |author7=Doherty, P. |author8=Leurs, G.H.L. |author9=Metcalfe, K. |author10=Pacoureau, N. |author11=Pires, J.D. |author12=Ratão, S. |author13=Seidu, I. |author14=Serena, F. |author15=Soares, A.-L. |author16=Tamo, A. |author17=VanderWright, W.J. |author18=Williams, A.B. |date=2021 |title=''Dasyatis pastinaca'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T161453A124488102 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T161453A124488102.en |access-date=
| genus = Dasyatis
| species = pastinaca
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蓝纹魟一般以底栖[[甲壳类]]为食,但亦会捕食[[软体动物]]、[[环节动物|蠕虫]]和小型[[硬骨鱼]]。该鱼为[[卵胎生]]物种,胚胎会先后通过卵黄和母体{{link-en|子宫腺|Uterine gland}}所分泌的液体获取营养。雌性蓝纹魟一年怀孕两次,每次孕期约4个月。其一胎有4—9条幼鱼,一般会在浅水区生产。蓝纹魟的毒刺蜇伤可使人痛苦万分,但通常不致命。即便如此,欧洲[[古典时代]]的学者对其威力多夸大其词。虽鲜少有针对蓝纹魟的商业捕鱼,但该鱼常出现于[[兼捕]]中。捕获的蓝纹魟可食用,亦可提取[[鱼肝油]]或制成[[鱼食]]。目前,蓝纹魟种群有明显下降趋势,IUCN将其评为[[易危]]。
==物种命名==
[[File:Stingray belon1553.jpg|thumb|left|最早的蓝纹魟插图,由法国博物学家{{link-fr|皮埃尔·贝隆|Pierre Belon}}于1553年所绘]]
欧洲人早在古典时代便对蓝纹魟有所了解。[[古希腊]]人将其称为“{{lang|gl|τρυγών}}”,罗马人则称为“pastinaca”<ref>{{cite book |title=Food in the Ancient World From A to Z |url=https://archive.org/details/foodinancientwor0000dalb |author=Dalby, A. |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=0-415-23259-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/foodinancientwor0000dalb/page/279 279]}}</ref><ref name="apollodorus">{{cite book |title=The Library |author=Apollodorus |translator= Frazer, J.G.|publisher=Heinemann |year=1921}}</ref>。18世纪之后的英国人则称其为“烈火”(fire-flare)或“燃火”(fiery-fire),这些描述可能源于蓝纹魟的红色鱼肉。<ref>{{cite book |title=The Naturalist's Cabinet (Volume 5) |author=Smith, T. |publisher=J. Cundee |year=1807 |pages=93–97}}</ref><ref name = day>{{Cite book|author=Day, F|year=1884|title=The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland|publisher=Williams and Norgate}}</ref>
瑞典博物学家[[卡尔·林奈]]为首位正式描述蓝纹魟的科学家。他于1758年在第十版[[自然系统]]中将其命名为“Raja pastinaca”。不过,在他之前已有数十次非正式的描述。这些描述多给予该鱼非[[二名法]]的学名,如''Raja corpore glabro''、''aculeo longo anterius serrato in cauda apterygia''、 ''Pastinaca marina prima''和''Pastinaca marina lævis''等。早期对蓝纹魟的描述多包含其他种类魟鱼的信息,故有学者认为需要为该种鱼指定[[正模]]<ref name = cas>{{Cite web|url=https://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp
学界曾认为南非水域的{{link-en|金魟|Blue stingray}}''Dasyatis chrysonota''是蓝纹魟的[[异名]],但1993年{{link-en|莱奥纳德·康帕格诺|Leonard Compagno}}和保罗·考利二人指出金魟形态与蓝纹魟略有不同,且皮肤上可见后者所没有的杂色图案,故将其独立成种<ref name="cowley and compagno">{{cite journal |author1=Cowley, P.D. |author2=Compagno, L.J.V. |title=A taxonomic re-evaluation of the blue stingray from southern Africa (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) |journal=South African Journal of Marine Science |volume=13 |pages=135–149 |year=1993 |doi=10.2989/025776193784287437|doi-access=free }}</ref>。此外,地中海水域的{{link-en|托氏魟|Tortonese's stingray}}与蓝纹魟的区别亦不明,二者可能是同一物种<ref name="serena">{{cite book |title=Field Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea |author=Serena, F. |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2005 |isbn=92-5-105291-3 |page=68}}</ref>。
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根据一项2001年的研究,蓝纹魟是魟属第四基干的物种,仅次于古氏土魟、紫魟和菱魟<ref name= rosenberger>{{cite journal |doi=10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0615:PRWTSG]2.0.CO;2 |author=Rosenberger, L.J. |last2=Schaefer |first2=S. A. |editor1-last=Schaefer |editor1-first=S. A. |title=Phylogenetic Relationships within the Stingray Genus ''Dasyatis'' (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae) |journal=Copeia |volume=2001 |issue=3 |date=2001-08-06|pages=615–627 |jstor=1448284 |publisher=American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists |s2cid=85657403 }}</ref>。然而,目前这三种魟鱼已分别拆至其他属内,故目前蓝纹魟是魟属最为基干的物种<ref name= rosenberger/>。
==物种分布==
蓝纹魟主要分布于[[地中海]]和[[黑海]]水域<ref>{{Cite website|title=Guide of Mediterranean Skates and Rays (''Dasyatis pastinaca'')|author1=Mendez, L.|author2=Bacquet, A.|author3=Briand,F.|url=http://www.ciesm.org/Guide/skatesandrays/Dasyatis-pastinaca}}</ref>。北至[[挪威]]南部、南至[[马德拉群岛]]和[[加那利群岛]]的东北大西洋海域亦有蓝纹魟分布,但其数量远少于黑海和地中海<ref name = iucn/>。
==外貌描述==
[[File:Common stingray tynemouth.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|成年蓝纹魟皮肤光滑,色泽单一]]
蓝纹魟的胸鳍大致呈菱形,前端几乎笔直,仅在靠近吻部的位置有弯曲,后端则为弧形。蓝纹魟的眼睛远小于其后方的{{link-en|喷水孔(脊椎动物)|Spiracle (vertebrates)|喷水孔}}<ref name= lythgoe>{{cite book |author=Lythgoe, J. |author2=G. |name-list-style=amp |title=Fishes of the Sea: The North Atlantic and Mediterranean |url=https://archive.org/details/fishesofseanorth0000lyth |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=1991 |isbn=0-262-12162-X}}</ref>。其尾部纤细如鞭,长度约为胸鳍的一半。蓝纹魟的尾部有一根锯齿状的毒刺,长约35厘米,位于其尾部前三分之一处。由于蓝纹魟无论原先毒刺是否脱落都会持续长出新的毒刺,故有时该鱼尾部会有两根甚至三根毒刺。毒刺之后的尾部上下均有褶皱。该鱼全身光滑,仅在最前端有少量鱼鳞,年迈的个体背部正中还会长出一排棘刺。成年蓝纹魟背部一般为灰色、橄榄色、棕色或红色,无杂色图案,腹部则基本为白色,但其胸鳍边缘颜色较深。幼鱼则会在背部长有白色斑点<ref name= lythgoe/><ref name="smith et al">{{cite book |author=Smith, J.L.B. |author2=Smith, M. |author3=Smith, M.M. |author4=Heemstra, P. |name-list-style=amp |title=Smith's Sea Fishes |publisher=Struik |year=2003 |isbn=1-86872-890-0}}</ref>。蓝纹魟口腔内有五个乳头状凸起,上颚有牙齿28—38颗,下颚则是28—43颗。其牙齿小而钝,牙床平整<ref name="smith et al"/>。已知最大的蓝纹魟为2016年土耳其[[伊兹密尔省]]的一艘拖网渔船所捕获,其宽达2.21米,但由于其尾部已被切除故无法确认长度<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunyanin-en-buyugu-tesadufen-cesmede-bulundu-40228266|title=Dünyanın en büyüğü tesadüfen Çeşme'de bulundu|newspaper=Hürriyet|access-date=2016-09-21|archive-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419025740/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunyanin-en-buyugu-tesadufen-cesmede-bulundu-40228266|dead-url=no}}</ref>。此前所知最长的蓝纹魟长2.5米<ref name = serena/>。
==生态与习性==
===栖息地===
蓝纹魟为底栖物种,虽曾出没于200米深处,但一般生活于水深不超过60米的浅水中。蓝纹魟偏好静水中的沙质或泥质海床,有时亦会栖息于岩礁附近。此外,由于蓝纹魟[[广盐性|可耐受盐度较低的水域]],其可生活于[[河口湾]]附近<ref name = serena/><ref name= lythgoe/>。[[亚速尔群岛]]海域的蓝纹魟在不同季节分布不同,故该鱼可能和其他魟鱼一样有季节性迁徙的习性<ref name = gar>{{Cite thesis|title=Identification of Skates, Rays and Manta-rays Off the Coast of São Miguel, Azores: preliminary study of potential tourist development|author=Garcia,S.A.M|publisher=University of the Azores|year=2008|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/61433455.pdf|access-date=2023-08-28|archive-date=2023-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828113605/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/61433455.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>
===习性===
蓝纹魟一般独居或成小群活动,其鱼群成员多为同一性别。该鱼常在夜间活动,在白天则会将自己埋在海床中<ref name= lythgoe/><ref name = gar/>。
===捕食===
[[File:Common stingray tenerife.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|蓝纹魟以海床上的各类小动物为食]]
蓝纹魟以各类底栖生物为食,包括[[甲壳类]]、[[头足类]]、[[双壳纲|贝类]]、[[环节动物|管虫]]和小型[[硬骨鱼]]。土耳其[[伊斯肯德伦湾]]的蓝纹魟平均99%的猎物都是甲壳类,而硬骨鱼的占比则会随年龄增大而增加<ref name = is>{{cite journal |author=Ismen, A. |title=Age, growth, reproduction and food of common stingray (''Dasyatis pastinaca'' L., 1758) in Iskenderun Bay, the eastern Mediterranean |journal=Fisheries Research |volume=60 |issue=1 |date=2003-01-30|pages=169–176 |doi=10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00058-9}}</ref>。土耳其[[塔尔苏斯]]外海的蓝纹魟最主要的食物则是[[对虾]]''{{link-en|Metapenaeus stebbingi|Metapenaeus stebbingi}}''、[[枪虾]]''{{link-en|Alpheus glaber|Alpheus glaber}}和[[梭子蟹]]{{link-en|Charybdis longicollis|Charybdis longicollis}}。''此外,有研究还指出雄性蓝纹魟会捕食更多的头足类,而雌性则更多食用硬骨鱼<ref name="yeldan et al">{{cite journal |author=Yeldan, H. |author2=D. Avsar |author3=M. Manaşırlı |name-list-style=amp |title=Age, growth and feeding of the common stingray (''Dasyatis pastinaca'', L., 1758) in the Cilician coastal basin, northeastern Mediterranean Sea |journal=Journal of Applied Ichthyology |year=2008 |pages=1–5}}</ref>。
===生命周期===
同其他魟鱼一样,蓝纹魟是[[卵胎生]]动物。胚胎会先在母体内通过卵黄获取营养。卵黄耗尽后母鱼的{{link-en|子宫腺|Uterine gland}}会分泌富含[[蛋白质]]和[[脂肪]]的液体,并通过[[子宫]][[上皮]]的延伸给予幼鱼<ref name = st>{{Cite book|author=Shark Trust|year=2009|title=An Illustrated Compendium of Sharks, Skates, Rays and Chimaera|chapter=The British Isles|url=http://www.sharktrust.org/do_download.asp?did=33236|access-date=2023-08-28|archive-date=2011-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726115415/http://www.sharktrust.org/do_download.asp?did=33236|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。蓝纹魟的孕期约为四个月,一般一胎有4—9条幼鱼。该鱼会在近岸浅水区诞下幼鱼<ref name = serena/>。对于该鱼的繁殖季有5—9月和7—8月等说法<ref name = iucn/><ref name = is/>。此外,[[巴利阿里群岛]]附近海域的成年蓝纹魟会在每年6月中旬至7月中旬群聚,可能是为了繁衍后代<ref name = iucn/>。新生的幼鱼平均宽8厘米,体长20厘米。雄鱼会在体宽22—32厘米时性成熟,雌鱼则是24—38厘米<ref name = iucn/><ref name = is/>。野生环境蓝纹魟的最大寿命为10岁,但在人工饲养环境中曾有蓝纹魟活了21岁<ref name = st/>。
===寄生虫===
蓝纹魟已知的寄生虫共有三种,分别是[[吸虫]]''Heterocotyle pastinacae''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chisholm, L.A. |title=A redescription of ''Heterocotyle pastinacae'' Scott, 1904 (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from ''Dasyatis pastinaca'' (Dasyatididae), with a neotype designation |journal=Systematic Parasitology |volume=30 |issue=3 |date=April 1995 |pages=207–211 |doi=10.1007/BF00010471|s2cid=3143144 }}</ref>和''Entobdella diadema''<ref>{{cite book |title=Leeches, lice and lampreys: A Natural History of Skin and Gill Parasites of Fishes |author=Kearn, G.C. |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |isbn=1-4020-2926-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-1-4020-2926-4 }}</ref>以及[[绦虫]]''Scalithrium minimum''<ref>{{cite journal |title=Description of ''Scalithrium'' n. gen. (Cestoda, Tetraphyllidea) with ''Scalithrium minimum'' (Van Beneden, 1850) n. comb., a parasite of ''Dasyatis pastinaca'' (Elasmobranchii, Dasyatidae), as type species |author=Ball, D. |author2=L. Neifar |author3=L. Euzet |name-list-style=amp |journal=Parasite |date=Mar 2003 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=31–37 |pmid=12669347 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2003101p31|doi-access=free }}</ref>
==与人类的关系==
蓝纹魟性情温顺,如潜水员主动接近一般会留在原地不动或游开<ref>{{Cite website|title=Common Stingray|url=https://www.sharksandrays.com/common-stingray/|website=Sharks and Rays|author=Murch,Andy|access-date=2023-08-29|archive-date=2023-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829025624/https://www.sharksandrays.com/common-stingray/|dead-url=no}}</ref>,但其毒刺仍能使人痛苦万分<ref name= lythgoe/>。
===文化地位===
古希腊与古罗马人多恐惧蓝纹魟的蛰刺。希腊学者[[埃里亚努斯]]称蓝纹魟的刺伤无法痊愈<ref name="apollodorus"/><ref name = day/>,罗马学者[[老普林尼]]更称蓝纹魟的毒刺能毒死树木、腐蚀钢铁以及如箭矢一般刺穿铠甲<ref name = day/><ref name="pliny">{{cite book |title=The Natural History of Pliny |author=Pliny |translator=Bostock, J. |translator2=Riley, H. T.|publisher=H. G. Bohn |year=1890}}</ref>。希腊诗人{{link-en|奥彼安|Oppian}}则宣称蓝纹魟的毒液足以溶解石头<ref name="bingley">{{cite book |title=Natural History of Animals |author=Bingley, W.|edition=third |publisher=Harvey and Darton |year=1880 |page=279 |isbn=1-4367-8824-2}}</ref>。希腊神话中,[[赫拉克勒斯]]据说曾因该鱼啮咬而失去了一根手指。在[[雅典]]剧作家[[索福克勒斯]]的剧作{{link-en|为毒刺所伤的奥德修斯|Odysseus Acanthoplex}}中,[[奥德修斯]]死于一支由蓝纹魟毒刺制成的长矛<ref name = day/><ref name= lythgoe/>。
===商业价值===
英国博物学家{{link-en|弗朗西斯·戴伊|Francis Day}}称蓝纹魟鲜少为人食用,并将其归咎于该鱼“口感糟糕而可厌”的鱼肉<ref name = day/>。不过,在[[法式料理]]中有几道使用蓝纹魟肉的菜肴,如{{lang|fr|beignets de foie de raie}}和{{lang|fr|foie de raie en croute}},做法为油炸或煎烤蓝纹魟的鱼肉<ref>{{cite book |title=Unmentionable Cuisine |title-link=Unmentionable Cuisine |author=Schwabe, C.W. |publisher=University of Virginia Press |year=1979 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unmentionablecui0000schw/page/315 315] |isbn=0-8139-1162-1}}</ref>。蓝纹魟的胸鳍部分是目前其最主要的食用部位,市场上常称为“魟鱼翅”,一般烟熏或腌制处理。此外,蓝纹魟还可制成鱼食,其内脏中亦可提取[[鱼肝油]]<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase |genus=Dasyatis |species=pastinaca |month=February |year=2009}}</ref>。历史上,[[威尔士]]的渔民会用蓝纹魟的鱼肝油治疗烫伤<ref name = day/>。
===保育工作===
[[拖网]]、[[延绳捕鱼|延绳]]、[[流刺网]]、[[围网捕捞|围网]]和三重刺网均会[[兼捕]]蓝纹魟。由于其多生活于靠近海岸的浅水中,比起大规模的商业捕鱼,小规模的沿岸个体捕鱼户对该鱼种群的影响更大。在巴列阿里群岛,蓝纹魟占全部[[软骨鱼]]渔获的40%。目前,蓝纹魟的种群在地中海和东北大西洋均有明显下降,在[[比斯开湾]]甚至可能已[[局部灭绝]]。综上,[[IUCN]]将其评为“[[易危]]”。不过,目前其分布范围内设立有数个海洋保护区,加之欧盟近年禁止在沿岸水域使用拖网,这些政策或有助于蓝纹魟的种群保育<ref name = iucn/>。
==参考资料==
{{reflist|30em}}
[[Category:地中海魚類]]
[[Cat:大西洋鱼类]]
[[Cat:黑海魚類]]
[[Cat:1758年描述的鱼类]]
[[Cat:卡尔·林奈命名的生物分类]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q586594}}
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