[go: nahoru, domu]
Jump to content

Archetype

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Archetypes)

For other uses, see Archetype (disambiguation).

The concept of an archetype (/ˈɑːrkɪtaɪp/ AR-ki-type; from Ancient Greek ἄρχω árkhō 'to begin' and τύπος túpos 'sort, type') appears in areas relating to behavior, historical psychology, philosophy and literary analysis.

An archetype can be any of the following:

  1. a statement, pattern of behavior, prototype, "first" form, or a main model that other statements, patterns of behavior, and objects copy, emulate, or "merge" into. Informal synonyms frequently used for this definition include "standard example", "basic example", and the longer-form "archetypal example"; mathematical archetypes often appear as "canonical examples".
  2. the Platonic concept of pure form, believed to embody the fundamental characteristics of a thing.
  3. the Jungian psychology concept of an inherited unconscious predisposition, behavioral trait or tendency ("instinct") shared among the members of the species; as any behavioral trait the tendency comes to being by way of patterns of thought, images, affects or pulsions characterized by its qualitative likeness to distinct narrative constructs; unlike personality traits, many of the archetype's fundamental characteristics are shared in common with the collective & are not predominantly defined by the individual's representation of them; and the tendency to utilize archetypal representations is postulated to arise from the evolutionary drive to establish specific cues corresponding with the historical evolutionary environment to better adapt to it. Such evolutionary drives are: survival and thriving in the physical environment, the relating function, acquiring knowledge, etc. It is communicated graphically as archetypal "figures".
  4. a constantly-recurring symbol or motif in literature, painting, or mythology. This definition refers to the recurrence of characters or ideas sharing similar traits throughout various, seemingly unrelated cases in classic storytelling, media, etc. This usage of the term draws from both comparative anthropology and from Jungian archetypal theory.

Archetypes are also very close analogies to instincts, in that, long before any consciousness develops, it is the impersonal and inherited traits of human beings that present and motivate human behavior.[1] They also continue to influence feelings and behavior even after some degree of consciousness developed later on.[1]

Etymology

[edit]

The word archetype, "original pattern from which copies are made," first entered into English usage in the 1540s.[2] It derives from the Latin noun archetypum, latinization of the Greek noun ἀρχέτυπον (archétypon), whose adjective form is ἀρχέτυπος (archétypos), which means "first-molded",[3] which is a compound of ἀρχή archḗ, "beginning, origin",[4] and τύπος týpos, which can mean, among other things, "pattern", "model", or "type".[5] It, thus, referred to the beginning or origin of the pattern, model or type.[6]

Archetypes in literature

[edit]

Function

[edit]

Usage of archetypes in specific pieces of writing is a holistic approach, which can help the writing win universal acceptance. This is because readers can relate to and identify with the characters and the situation, both socially and culturally. By deploying common archetypes contextually, a writer aims to impart realism to their work.[7] According to many literary critics, archetypes have a standard and recurring depiction in a particular human culture or the whole human race that ultimately lays concrete pillars and can shape the whole structure in a literary work.[citation needed]

Story archetypes

[edit]

Christopher Booker, author of The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories, argues that the following basic archetypes underlie all stories:[8]

  1. Overcoming the Monster
  2. Rags to Riches
  3. The Quest
  4. Voyage and Return
  5. Comedy
  6. Tragedy
  7. Rebirth

These themes coincide with the characters of Jung's archetypes.

Literary criticism

[edit]
Main article: Archetypal literary criticism

Archetypal literary criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works and that a text's meaning is shaped by cultural and psychological myths. Cultural archetypes are the unknowable basic forms personified or made concrete by recurring images, symbols, or patterns (which may include motifs such as the "quest" or the "heavenly ascent"; recognizable character types such as the "trickster", "saint", "martyr" or the "hero"; symbols such as the apple or the snake; and imagery) and that have all been laden with meaning prior to their inclusion in any particular work.[citation needed]

The archetypes reveal shared roles universal among societies, such as the role of the mother in her natural relations with all members of the family. These archetypes create a shared imagery which is defined by many stereotypes that have not separated themselves from the traditional, biological, religious, and mythical framework.[9]

Platonic archetypes

[edit]
Main article: Theory of Forms

The origins of the archetypal hypothesis date as far back as Plato. Plato's eidos, or ideas, were pure mental forms that were said to be imprinted in the soul before it was born into the world. Some philosophers also translate the archetype as "essence" in order to avoid confusion with respect to Plato's conceptualization of Forms.[10] While it is tempting to think of Forms as mental entities (ideas) that exist only in our mind, the philosopher insisted that they are independent of any minds (real).[10] Eidos were collective in the sense that they embodied the fundamental characteristics of a thing rather than its specific peculiarities. In the seventeenth century, Sir Thomas Browne and Francis Bacon both employ the word archetype in their writings; Browne in The Garden of Cyrus (1658) attempted to depict archetypes in his usage of symbolic proper-names.[citation needed]

Jungian archetypes

[edit]
Main article: Jungian archetypes
For broader coverage of this topic, see Signified and signifier and Schema (Kant).

The concept of psychological archetypes was advanced by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, c. 1919. Jung has acknowledged that his conceptualization of archetype is influenced by Plato's eidos, which he described as "the formulated meaning of a primordial image by which it was represented symbolically."[11] According to Jung, the term archetype is an explanatory paraphrase of the Platonic eidos, also believed to represent the word form.[11] He maintained that Platonic archetypes are metaphysical ideas, paradigms, or models, and that real things are held to be only copies of these model ideas.[11] However, archetypes are not easily recognizable in Plato's works in the way in which Jung meant them.[12]

In Jung's psychological framework, archetypes are innate, libidinally collective schemas, universal prototypes for idea-sensory impression images and may be used to interpret observations.[13][6] A group of memories and interpretations associated with an archetype is a complex (e.g. a mother complex associated with the mother archetype). Jung treated the archetypes as psychological organs, analogous to physical ones in that both are morphological constructs that arose through evolution.[14] At the same time, it has also been observed that evolution can itself be considered an archetypal construct.[15]

Jung states in part one of Man And His Symbols that:

My views about the 'archaic remnants', which I call 'archetypes' or 'primordial images,' have been constantly criticized by people who lack sufficient knowledge of the psychology of dreams and of mythology. The term 'archetype' is often misunderstood as meaning certain definite mythological images or motifs, but these are nothing more than conscious representations. Such variable representations cannot be inherited. The archetype is a tendency to form such representations of a motif—representations that can vary a great deal in detail without losing their basic pattern.

While there are a variety of categorizations of archetypes, Jung's configuration is perhaps the most well known and serves as the foundation for many other models. The four major archetypes to emerge from his work, which Jung originally terms primordial images, include the anima/animus, the self, the shadow, and the persona. Additionally, Jung referred to images of the wise old man, the child, the mother, and the maiden.[16] He believed that each human mind retains these basic unconscious understandings of the human condition and the collective knowledge of our species in the construct of the collective unconscious.

Neo-Jungian concepts

[edit]

Other authors, such as Carol Pearson and Margaret Mark, have attributed 12 different archetypes to Jung, organized in three overarching categories, based on a fundamental driving force. These include:[17]

  • Ego types:
    1. Innocent
    2. Orphan/regular guy or gal
    3. Hero
    4. Caregiver
  • Soul types:
    1. Explorer
    2. Rebel
    3. Lover
    4. Creator
  • Self types:
    1. Jester
    2. Sage
    3. Magician
    4. Ruler

Other authors, such as Margaret Hartwell and Joshua Chen, go further to give these 12 archetypes families 5 archetypes each. They are as follows:[18]

  • Innocent Family:
    1. Innocent
    2. Child
    3. Dreamer
    4. Idealist
    5. Muse
  • Citizen Family:
    1. Citizen
    2. Advocate
    3. Everyman
    4. Networker
    5. Servant
  • Hero Family:
    1. Hero
    2. Athlete
    3. Liberator
    4. Rescuer
    5. Warrior
  • Caregiver family:
    1. Caregiver
    2. Angel
    3. Guardian
    4. Healer
    5. Samaritan
  • Explorer Family:
    1. Explorer
    2. Adventurer
    3. Pioneer
    4. Generalist
    5. Seeker
  • Rebel Family:
    1. Rebel
    2. Activist
    3. Gambler
    4. Maverick
    5. Reformer
  • Lover Family:
    1. Lover
    2. Companion
    3. Hedonist
    4. Matchmaker
    5. Romantic
  • Creator Family:
    1. Creator
    2. Artist
    3. Entrepreneur
    4. Storyteller
    5. Visionary
  • Jester Family:
    1. Jester
    2. Clown
    3. Entertainer
    4. Provocateur
    5. Shapeshifter
  • Sage Family:
    1. Sage
    2. Detective
    3. Mentor
    4. Shaman
    5. Translator
  • Magician Family:
    1. Magician
    2. Alchemist
    3. Engineer
    4. Innovator
    5. Scientist
  • Sovereign Family:
    1. Sovereign
    2. Ambassador
    3. Judge
    4. Patriarch
    5. Ruler

Other uses of archetypes

[edit]

There is also the position that the use of archetypes in different ways is possible because every archetype has multiple manifestations, with each one featuring different attributes.[19] For instance, there is the position that the function of the archetype must be approached according to the context of biological sciences and is accomplished through the concept of the ultimate function.[20] This pertains to the organism's response to those pressures in terms of biological trait.[20]

Dichter's application of archetypes

[edit]

Later in the 1900s, a Viennese psychologist named Dr. Ernest Dichter took these psychological constructs and applied them to marketing. Dichter moved to New York around 1939 and sent every ad agency on Madison Avenue a letter boasting of his new discovery. He found that applying these universal themes to products promoted easier discovery and stronger loyalty for brands.[21]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Holzinger, Andreas; Ziefle, Martina; Hitz, Martin; Debevc, Matjaz (2013-06-26). Human Factors in Computing and Informatics: First International Conference, SouthCHI 2013, Maribor, Slovenia, July 1-3, 2013, Proceedings. Heidelberg: Springer. p. 18. ISBN 9783642390616.
  2. ^ Douglas Harper. "Online Etymology Dictionary - Archetype".
  3. ^ ἀρχέτυπος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  4. ^ ἀρχή, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  5. ^ τύπος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  6. ^ a b Celikel, Mehmet; Taniyan, Baysar (2015). English Studies: New Perspectives. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-1443877275.
  7. ^ "Online Literary Device - Archetype Function". 2013-08-19.
  8. ^ Christopher., Booker (2004). The seven basic plots : why we tell stories. London: Continuum. ISBN 978-0826452092. OCLC 57131450.
  9. ^ Sbaihat, Ahlam. 2012. "La imagen de la madre en el refranero español y jordano. Estudio de Paremiología comparada." España: Sociedad Española de Estudios Literarios de Cultura Popular, Oceanide 5.
  10. ^ a b Soccio, Douglas J. (2009). Archetypes of Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy, Seventh edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 128. ISBN 9780495603825.
  11. ^ a b c Knox, Jean (2003). Archetype, Attachment, Analysis: Jungian Psychology and the Emergent Mind. New York: Brunner-Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 978-1583911280.
  12. ^ Nagy, Marilyn (1991). Philosophical Issues in the Psychology of C. G. Jung: Portraits, Policies, Programs, and Practices. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0791404515.
  13. ^ Hogenson, George B. (2004). "Archetypes: emergence and the psyche's deep structure". In Cambray, Joseph; Carter, Linda (eds.). Analytical Psychology: Contemporary Perspectives in Jungian Analysis. Advancing Theory in Therapy. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-58391-999-6. 'The archetypes are sources of energy [...] collective ideas [...] records of reactions to subjective sense-images' (Jung[).]
  14. ^ Boeree, C. George. "Carl Jung". Archived from the original on 6 February 2006. Retrieved 2006-03-09.
  15. ^ Brown, R. S. 2013. "Beyond the Evolutionary Paradigm in Consciousness Studies." Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 45(2):159–71.
  16. ^ Hull, R. F.C, ed. (2014), "Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious", Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 9 (Part 1): Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Princeton University Press, pp. 3–41, doi:10.1515/9781400850969.3, ISBN 9781400850969
  17. ^ "Archetypes – 12 Jungian types of human". mainform.net. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
  18. ^ Mumfrey, W. H. (2009). Archetypes in Branding : a Toolkit for Creatives and Strategists. Adams Media Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4403-0788-1. OCLC 1088338691.
  19. ^ Odajnyk, V. Walter (2012). Archetype and Character: Power, Eros, Spirit, and Matter Personality Types. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 9781349349241.
  20. ^ a b Holtkamp, Mark B. (2012-07-10). Biology Of The Archetype. BookBaby. ISBN 9780615665337.
  21. ^ "Retail therapy. How Ernest Dichter, an acolyte of Sigmund Freud, revolutionised marketing". The Economist. December 17, 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-01. In 1939 he wrote to six big American companies, introducing himself as 'a young psychologist ...
[edit]
  • The dictionary definition of archetype at Wiktionary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archetype&oldid=1248736050"