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Lyn 15: Lyn 15:


=== Water-versadigde lug ===
=== Water-versadigde lug ===
Lug bevat waterdamp en die hoeveelheid water in 'n gegewe massa droë lug word gemeet in [[massa]] ([[gram]]) water per massa droë lug.<ref>{{cite web |author=Steve Kempler |year=2009 |url=http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/PIP/shtml/atmospheric_water_vapor_or_humidity.shtml |title=Parameter information page |publisher=[[NASA]] [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] |access-date=27 Desember 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812235512/http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/PIP/shtml/atmospheric_water_vapor_or_humidity.shtml |archive-date=12 Augustus 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~stoeling/WH-Ch03.pdf|page=80|accessdate=2010-01-30|date=2005-09-12|author=Mark Stoelinga|title=Atmospheric Thermodynamics|publisher=[[University of Washington]]|archive-date=2010-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602004341/http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~stoeling/WH-Ch03.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die hoeveelheid vog in lug word ook algemeen gegee as [[relatiewe humiditeit]] – die fraksie totale waterdamp wat lug kan bevat by 'n spesifieke [[temperatuur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=relative+humidity&submit=Search|author=Glossary of Meteorology|date=June 2000|accessdate=2010-01-29|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|title=Relative Humidity|archive-date=2011-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707113357/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=relative+humidity&submit=Search|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die hoeveelheid waterdamp wat 'n sekere volume lug kan bevat voor dit versadig is (100% relatiewe humiditeit) en dan 'n wolk vorm ('n groep sigbare en klein water- en ysdeeltjies gesuspendeer bo die aardoppervlakte)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cloud1 |author=Glossary of Meteorology |date=June 2000 |access-date=29 Januarie 2010 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |title=Cloud |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419025154/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cloud1 |archive-date=19 April 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> is temperatuurafhanklik. Warmer lug kan meer water opneem as koeler lug voor dit versadig word. Daarom, een manier waarop 'n volume lug versadig kan word is deur afkoeling. Die [[doupunt]] is die temperatuur tot waarby 'n volume lug afgekoel moet word by die versadigingspunt.<ref>{{cite web |author=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |year=2007 |url=http://www.navmetoccom.navy.mil/pao/Educate/WeatherTalk2/indexatmosp.htm |title=Atmospheric Moisture |publisher=[[United States Navy]] |access-date=27 Desember 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415223327/http://www.navmetoccom.navy.mil/pao/Educate/WeatherTalk2/indexatmosp.htm |archive-date=15 April 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Lug bevat waterdamp en die hoeveelheid water in 'n gegewe massa droë lug word gemeet in [[massa]] ([[gram]]) water per massa droë lug.<ref>{{cite web |author=Steve Kempler |year=2009 |url=http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/PIP/shtml/atmospheric_water_vapor_or_humidity.shtml |title=Parameter information page |publisher=[[NASA]] [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] |access-date=27 Desember 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812235512/http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/PIP/shtml/atmospheric_water_vapor_or_humidity.shtml |archive-date=12 Augustus 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~stoeling/WH-Ch03.pdf| page=80|accessdate=2010-01-30|date=2005-09-12|author=Mark Stoelinga|title=Atmospheric Thermodynamics|publisher=[[University of Washington]]}}</ref> Die hoeveelheid vog in lug word ook algemeen gegee as [[relatiewe humiditeit]] – die fraksie totale waterdamp wat lug kan bevat by 'n spesifieke [[temperatuur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=relative+humidity&submit=Search|author=Glossary of Meteorology|date=June 2000|accessdate=2010-01-29|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|title=Relative Humidity|archive-date=2011-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707113357/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=relative+humidity&submit=Search|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die hoeveelheid waterdamp wat 'n sekere volume lug kan bevat voor dit versadig is (100% relatiewe humiditeit) en dan 'n wolk vorm ('n groep sigbare en klein water- en ysdeeltjies gesuspendeer bo die aardoppervlakte)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cloud1 |author=Glossary of Meteorology |date=June 2000 |access-date=29 Januarie 2010 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |title=Cloud |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419025154/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cloud1 |archive-date=19 April 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> is temperatuurafhanklik. Warmer lug kan meer water opneem as koeler lug voor dit versadig word. Daarom, een manier waarop 'n volume lug versadig kan word is deur afkoeling. Die [[doupunt]] is die temperatuur tot waarby 'n volume lug afgekoel moet word by die versadigingspunt.<ref>{{cite web |author=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |year=2007 |url=http://www.navmetoccom.navy.mil/pao/Educate/WeatherTalk2/indexatmosp.htm |title=Atmospheric Moisture |publisher=[[United States Navy]] |access-date=27 Desember 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415223327/http://www.navmetoccom.navy.mil/pao/Educate/WeatherTalk2/indexatmosp.htm |archive-date=15 April 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


Daar bestaan vier hoofmeganismes vir die afkoeling van lug tot by die doupunt:
Daar bestaan vier hoofmeganismes vir die afkoeling van lug tot by die doupunt:
Lyn 22: Lyn 22:
* stralingsverkoeling en
* stralingsverkoeling en
* verdampingsverkoeling.
* verdampingsverkoeling.
Adiabatiese verkoeling ontstaan wanneer lug styg en uitsit.<ref>{{cite web |author=Glossary of Meteorology |year=2009 |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=adiabatic-process1 |title=Adiabatic Process |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |access-date=27 Desember 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218101106/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=adiabatic-process1 |archive-date=18 Februarie 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Die lug kan styg weens [[konveksie]], grootskaalse atmosferiese bewegings, of 'n fisiese grens soos 'n bergreeks ([[orografiese styging]]). Geleidingsverkoeling vind plaas wanneer die lug in kontak met 'n koue oppervlakte kom,<ref>{{cite web |author=TE Technology, Inc |year=2009 |url=http://www.tetech.com/Cold-Plate-Coolers.html |title=Peltier Cold Plate |access-date=27 Desember 2008 |language=pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221132744/http://www.tetech.com/Cold-Plate-Coolers.html |archive-date=21 Februarie 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> gewoonlik vanaf een oppervlak na 'n ander gewaai, byvoorbeeld vanaf 'n vloeistof wateroppervlakte na 'n kouer landoppervlakte. Stralingsverkoeling vind plaas weens die uitstraling van [[termiese straling|infrarooi straling]], óf deur die lug, óf deur die grondoppervlakte onder die lug.<ref>{{cite web|author=Glossary of Meteorology|year=2009|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=radiational+cooling&submit=Search|title=Radiational cooling|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|accessdate=2008-12-27|archive-date=2011-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512161339/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=radiational+cooling&submit=Search|url-status=dead}}</ref> Verdampingsverkoeling vind plaas wanneer vog tot die lug gevoeg word deur verdamping, wat die lugtemperatuur forseer om sy [[natbaltemperatuur]] af te koel, of totdat dit versadiging bereik.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robert Fovell|year=2004|url=http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/AS3downloads/saturation.pdf|title=Approaches to saturation|publisher=[[UCLA|University of California in Los Angelese]]|accessdate=2009-02-07|archive-date=2009-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074155/http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/AS3downloads/saturation.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Adiabatiese verkoeling ontstaan wanneer lug styg en uitsit.<ref>{{cite web |author=Glossary of Meteorology |year=2009 |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=adiabatic-process1 |title=Adiabatic Process |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |access-date=27 Desember 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218101106/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=adiabatic-process1 |archive-date=18 Februarie 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Die lug kan styg weens [[konveksie]], grootskaalse atmosferiese bewegings, of 'n fisiese grens soos 'n bergreeks ([[orografiese styging]]). Geleidingsverkoeling vind plaas wanneer die lug in kontak met 'n koue oppervlakte kom,<ref>{{cite web |author=TE Technology, Inc |year=2009 |url=http://www.tetech.com/Cold-Plate-Coolers.html |title=Peltier Cold Plate |access-date=27 Desember 2008 |language=pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221132744/http://www.tetech.com/Cold-Plate-Coolers.html |archive-date=21 Februarie 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> gewoonlik vanaf een oppervlak na 'n ander gewaai, byvoorbeeld vanaf 'n vloeistof wateroppervlakte na 'n kouer landoppervlakte. Stralingsverkoeling vind plaas weens die uitstraling van [[termiese straling|infrarooi straling]], óf deur die lug, óf deur die grondoppervlakte onder die lug.<ref>{{cite web|author=Glossary of Meteorology|year=2009|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=radiational+cooling&submit=Search|title=Radiational cooling|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|accessdate=2008-12-27|archive-date=2011-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512161339/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=radiational+cooling&submit=Search|url-status=dead}}</ref> Verdampingsverkoeling vind plaas wanneer vog tot die lug gevoeg word deur verdamping, wat die lugtemperatuur forseer om sy [[natbaltemperatuur]] af te koel, of totdat dit versadiging bereik.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robert Fovell|year=2004|url=http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/AS3downloads/saturation.pdf|title=Approaches to saturation|publisher=[[UCLA|University of California in Los Angelese]]|accessdate=2009-02-07}}</ref>


Die hoofwyses waarop waterdamp tot lug gevoeg word is:
Die hoofwyses waarop waterdamp tot lug gevoeg word is:
* windkonvergensie na areas van opwaartse beweging,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=ways+to+moisten+the+atmosphere&source=web&ots=-0MYq5qyS6&sig=gz5lOAPIc54v5qfO7nZ098KmVGE&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|ISBN=978-0-12-548035-2|accessdate=2009-01-02}}</ref>
* windkonvergensie na areas van opwaartse beweging,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=ways+to+moisten+the+atmosphere&source=web&ots=-0MYq5qyS6&sig=gz5lOAPIc54v5qfO7nZ098KmVGE&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|ISBN=978-0-12-548035-2|accessdate=2009-01-02}}</ref>
* neerslag of virga wat van bo val,<ref>{{cite web |author=[[National Weather Service]] Office, Spokane, Washington |year=2009 |url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/otx/outreach/ttalk/virga.php |title=Virga and Dry Thunderstorms |access-date=2 Januarie 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511043737/https://www.wrh.noaa.gov/otx/outreach/ttalk/virga.php |archive-date=11 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* neerslag of virga wat van bo val,<ref>{{cite web |author=[[National Weather Service]] Office, Spokane, Washington |year=2009 |url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/otx/outreach/ttalk/virga.php |title=Virga and Dry Thunderstorms |access-date=2 Januarie 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511043737/https://www.wrh.noaa.gov/otx/outreach/ttalk/virga.php |archive-date=11 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* verwarming en verdamping van water gedurende die dag vanaf oseaanoppervlaktes, waterliggame of vleilande,<ref>{{cite web|author=Bart van den Hurk and Eleanor Blyth|year=2008|url=http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf|title=Global maps of Local Land-Atmosphere coupling|publisher=KNMI|accessdate=2009-01-02|archive-date=2009-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074154/http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* verwarming en verdamping van water gedurende die dag vanaf oseaanoppervlaktes, waterliggame of vleilande,<ref>{{cite web|author=Bart van den Hurk and Eleanor Blyth|year=2008|url=http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf|title=Global maps of Local Land-Atmosphere coupling|publisher=KNMI|accessdate=2009-01-02}}</ref>
* transpirasie van plante,<ref>{{cite web |author=Krishna Ramanujan and Brad Bohlander |year=2002 |url=http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20020926landcover.html |title=Landcover changes may rival greenhouse gases as cause of climate change |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] |access-date=2 Januarie 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505192920/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20020926landcover.html |archive-date= 5 Mei 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* transpirasie van plante,<ref>{{cite web |author=Krishna Ramanujan and Brad Bohlander |year=2002 |url=http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20020926landcover.html |title=Landcover changes may rival greenhouse gases as cause of climate change |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] |access-date=2 Januarie 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505192920/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20020926landcover.html |archive-date= 5 Mei 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* koel of droë lug wat oor warmer water beweeg,<ref>{{cite web|author=[[National Weather Service]] JetStream|year=2008|url=http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm|title=Air Masses|accessdate=2009-01-02|archive-date=2015-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017061116/http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> en
* koel of droë lug wat oor warmer water beweeg,<ref>{{cite web|author=[[National Weather Service]] JetStream|year=2008|url=http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm|title=Air Masses|accessdate=2009-01-02}}</ref> en
* stygende lug oor berge.<ref name="MT">{{cite web |author=Dr. Michael Pidwirny |year=2008 |url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html |title=CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes |publisher=Physical Geography |access-date=1 Januarie 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524224124/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html |archive-date=24 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* stygende lug oor berge.<ref name="MT">{{cite web |author=Dr. Michael Pidwirny |year=2008 |url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html |title=CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes |publisher=Physical Geography |access-date=1 Januarie 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524224124/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html |archive-date=24 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>


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