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===Etymology 1===
===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|is|non|auka}}, from {{inh|is|gem-pro|*aukaną}}. Akin to {{cog|en|eke}}, {{cog|da|øge}}, {{cog|got|𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽|sc=Goth}}, {{cog|la|augeō}}, {{cog|lv|augt}}
From {{inh|is|non|auka}}, from {{inh|is|gem-pro|*aukaną}}. Akin to {{cog|en|eke}}, {{cog|da|øge}}, {{cog|got|𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽}}, {{cog|la|augeō}}, {{cog|lv|augt}}.


====Verb====
====Verb====
Line 28: Line 28:


====Noun====
====Noun====
{{is-noun form}}
{{head|is|noun form}}


# {{inflection of|is|auki||indef|acc//dat//gen|s|;|indef|acc//gen|p}}
# {{inflection of|is|auki||indef|acc//dat//gen|s|;|indef|acc//gen|p}}

----


==Latgalian==
==Latgalian==
Line 40: Line 38:


# [[storm]]
# [[storm]]

----


==Latvian==
==Latvian==
Line 50: Line 46:
===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{lv-IPA|āwka|level}}
* {{lv-IPA|āwka|level}}
{{audio|lv|lv-riga-auka.ogg}}
* {{audio|lv|lv-riga-auka.ogg}}


===Noun===
===Noun===
Line 68: Line 64:


{{topics|lv|Wind}}
{{topics|lv|Wind}}

----


==Lithuanian==
==Lithuanian==
{{wikipedia|lang=lt}}
{{wikipedia|lang=lt}}

===Etymology===
Per Girdenis, probably from an unattested {{inh|lt|bat-pro||*au̯ikā́|t=sheep}}, with [[syncope]] of the ''*-i-'', from a diminutive of {{der|lt|ine-bsl-pro|*áwis|t=sheep}}, and exact cognate with {{cog|sla-pro|*ovьcà|t=sheep}}, {{cog|sa|अविका|tr=avikā́|t=ewe}}. The word experienced semantic shift from "sheep" > "sacrificial sheep" > "sacrifice". This derivation is favored by Derksen.

Older theories consider the word a neologism, derived ultimately from {{m|lt|al̃kas|t=(holy) grove on a hill; idol}}, created by the writer {{w|Simonas_Daukantas|Simonas Daukantas}}, from a phonetic reinterpretation of the phrase {{m|lt||al̃ko kálnas|t=sacred hill}} as {{m|lt||aũka kálns}}. Derksen acknowledges the possibility of the derivation from {{m|lt|al̃kas}}; however, he notes that {{m|lt|aukà}} is attested in texts that predate Daukantas, in addition to Girdenis's theory accounting for the fate of the Baltic cognate of {{cog|sla-pro||*ovьcà}}, which is otherwise unexplained.<ref>{{R:bat:EDBIL|69|auka}}</ref>


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
Line 78: Line 77:


===Noun===
===Noun===
{{lt-noun|head=aukà|f|aũkos|4}}<ref name="dlkz1954">{{R:lt:DLKŽ1954}}</ref>
{{lt-noun|sg=aukà|f|aũkos|4}}<ref name="dlkz1954">{{R:lt:DLKŽ1954}}</ref>


# [[sacrifice]]<ref name="dlkz1954" /><ref name="vm1993">{{R:lt:Martsinkyavitshute1993}}</ref>
# [[sacrifice]]<ref name="dlkz1954" /><ref name="vm1993">{{R:lt:Martsinkyavitshute1993}}</ref>
Line 91: Line 90:
====Derived terms====
====Derived terms====
{{qualifier|Verbs}}
{{qualifier|Verbs}}
* {{l|lt|aukoti}}
* {{l|lt|aukóti}}


===References===
===References===
<references />
<references />

----


==Norwegian Bokmål==
==Norwegian Bokmål==


===Alternative forms===
===Alternative forms===
* {{l|nb|auket}}
* {{alt|nb|auket}}
* {{l|nb|aukte}} {{qualifier|simple past only}}
* {{alt|nb|aukte||simple past only}}
* {{l|nb|aukt}} {{qualifier|past participle only}}
* {{alt|nb|aukt||past participle only}}


===Verb===
===Verb===
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# {{inflection of|nb|auke||simple past|;|past|part}}
# {{inflection of|nb|auke||simple past|;|past|part}}

----


==Norwegian Nynorsk==
==Norwegian Nynorsk==


===Alternative forms===
===Alternative forms===
* {{l|nn|auke}}
* {{alt|nn|auke}}


===Etymology===
===Etymology===
Line 121: Line 116:


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nn|/øʉka/}} {{nn-pronu-note}}
* {{IPA|nn|/²œʊːka/}} {{nn-pronu-note}}


===Verb===
===Verb===
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#: {{usex|nn|Det ville verta streik om ikkje leiinga ikkje '''auka''' løna.|There would be a strike if the leadership did not '''increase''' the salary.}}
#: {{usex|nn|Det ville verta streik om ikkje leiinga ikkje '''auka''' løna.|There would be a strike if the leadership did not '''increase''' the salary.}}
# {{lb|nn|intransitive}} [[increase]]
# {{lb|nn|intransitive}} [[increase]]
#: ''Underskotet til verksemda hadde '''auka''' dei siste åra.''
#: {{ux|nn|Underskotet til verksemda hadde '''auka''' dei siste åra.|The deficit of the company had '''increased''' in the most recent years.}}
#:: The deficit of the company had '''increased''' in the most recent years.


===References===
===References===
* {{R:Dokpro|lang=nn}}
* {{R:Dokpro|lang=nn}}

----


==Old Norse==
==Old Norse==
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* {{desc|is|auka}}
* {{desc|is|auka}}
* {{desc|fo|eyka}}
* {{desc|fo|eyka}}
* {{desc|nn|auka}}, {{l|nn|auke}}
* {{desc|nn|auka}}
** {{desc|nb|auke|bor=1}}
** {{desc|nb|auke|bor=1}} <!--
* {{desc|gmq-bot|auk}}
* {{desc|gmq-bot|auk}}-->
* {{desc|gmq-osw|ø̄ka}}
* {{desc|gmq-osw|ø̄ka}}
** {{desc|sv|öka}}
** {{desc|sv|öka}}
Line 172: Line 164:
*** {{desc|fo|økja|bor=1}}
*** {{desc|fo|økja|bor=1}}
** {{desc|gmq-scy|øga}}
** {{desc|gmq-scy|øga}}
* {{desc|gmq-gut|aukä}}
* {{desc|gmq-ogt|auka}}
** {{desc|gmq-gut|aukä}}


===References===
===References===
* [https://archive.org/stream/concisedictionar001857#page/26 auka] in ''A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic'', G. T. Zoëga, Clarendon Press, 1910, at [https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar001857 Internet Archive].
* [https://archive.org/stream/concisedictionar001857#page/26 auka] in ''A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic'', G. T. Zoëga, Clarendon Press, 1910, at [https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar001857 Internet Archive].

----


==Paipai==
==Paipai==
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# [[hello]]
# [[hello]]


{{cln|ppi|greetings}}
[[Category:ppi:Greetings]]

Latest revision as of 17:44, 22 June 2024

See also: aukā, auką, and auka-

Icelandic

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

From Old Norse auka, from Proto-Germanic *aukaną. Akin to English eke, Danish øge, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (aukan), Latin augeō, Latvian augt.

Verb

[edit]

auka (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative jók, third-person plural past indicative juku, supine aukið)

  1. (transitive, governs the accusative) to increase, to augment
Conjugation
[edit]

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms
[edit]
[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

auka

  1. inflection of auki:
    1. indefinite accusative/dative/genitive singular
    2. indefinite accusative/genitive plural

Latgalian

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

auka

  1. storm

Latvian

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Proto-Baltic *auk-, from Proto-Indo-European stem *ewk-, *owk-, *ūk-, from an onomatopoeic * ew, *ow with an extra k (common in derivations of onomatopoeic words; cf. Russian у (u) “uh!” and the derived verb укать (ukatʹ)). Cognates include Lithuanian áukterti (“to howl”), Old Prussian aukis (“vulture”) (probably from “noisy, screeming bird,” maybe from “storm bird”), Russian аукать (aukatʹ, “to howl”), Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 (auhjōn, “to make noise”).[1]

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • IPA(key): [āwka]
  • Audio:(file)

Noun

[edit]

auka f (4th declension)

  1. gale (strong wind that does not reach the level of a storm; also figuratively)
    auka plosās ― the gale is raging
    rudens aukas ― autumn gales
    cīņu aukas ― the gales of struggle
    atvairīdams aukas brāzienus, iegaudojas mežs ― the forest is howling, repelling the gale blows

Declension

[edit]
Declension of auka (4th declension)
singular (vienskaitlis) plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative (nominatīvs) auka aukas
accusative (akuzatīvs) auku aukas
genitive (ģenitīvs) aukas auku
dative (datīvs) aukai aukām
instrumental (instrumentālis) auku aukām
locative (lokatīvs) aukā aukās
vocative (vokatīvs) auka aukas

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “auka”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

Lithuanian

[edit]
Lithuanian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia lt

Etymology

[edit]

Per Girdenis, probably from an unattested Proto-Baltic *au̯ikā́ (“sheep”), with syncope of the *-i-, from a diminutive of Proto-Balto-Slavic *áwis (“sheep”), and exact cognate with Proto-Slavic *ovьcà (“sheep”), Sanskrit अविका (avikā́, “ewe”). The word experienced semantic shift from "sheep" > "sacrificial sheep" > "sacrifice". This derivation is favored by Derksen.

Older theories consider the word a neologism, derived ultimately from al̃kas (“(holy) grove on a hill; idol”), created by the writer Simonas Daukantas, from a phonetic reinterpretation of the phrase al̃ko kálnas (“sacred hill”) as aũka kálns. Derksen acknowledges the possibility of the derivation from al̃kas; however, he notes that aukà is attested in texts that predate Daukantas, in addition to Girdenis's theory accounting for the fate of the Baltic cognate of Proto-Slavic *ovьcà, which is otherwise unexplained.[1]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

aukà f (plural aũkos) stress pattern 4[2]

  1. sacrifice[2][3]
  2. offering[2]
  3. devotion[2]
  4. victim[2][3]
    (katastrofos) aukų gedėti - to mourn for victims (of a catastrophe)

Declension

[edit]
Declension of aukà
singular (vienaskaita) plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas) aukà aũkos
genitive (kilmininkas) aukõs aukų̃
dative (naudininkas) aũkai aukóms
accusative (galininkas) aũką aukàs
instrumental (įnagininkas) aukà aukomìs
locative (vietininkas) aukojè aukosè
vocative (šauksmininkas) aũka aũkos

Derived terms

[edit]

(Verbs)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “auka”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 69
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Balčikonis, Juozas et al. (1954), Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria (1993), Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN

Norwegian Bokmål

[edit]

Alternative forms

[edit]

Verb

[edit]

auka

  1. inflection of auke:
    1. simple past
    2. past participle

Norwegian Nynorsk

[edit]

Alternative forms

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Old Norse auka, from Proto-Germanic *aukaną.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Verb

[edit]

auka (present tense aukar, past tense auka, past participle auka, passive infinitive aukast, present participle aukande, imperative auka/auk)

  1. (transitive) increase
    Det ville verta streik om ikkje leiinga ikkje auka løna.
    There would be a strike if the leadership did not increase the salary.
  2. (intransitive) increase
    Underskotet til verksemda hadde auka dei siste åra.
    The deficit of the company had increased in the most recent years.

References

[edit]

Old Norse

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *aukaną. Cognate with Latin augēo (“I augment”).

Verb

[edit]

auka (singular past indicative jók, plural past indicative jóku or juku, past participle aukinn)

  1. to augment, increase
  2. (poetic) to impregnate
    • Völundarkviða, verse 36, l. 3-4
      […] nú gengr Böðvildr / barni aukin,
      eingadóttir / ykkur beggja.
      […] now Bödvildr walks / pregnant with a child,
      the only daughter / of you two.
  3. (with dative) to add
  4. to surpass, exceed
    þat er eykr sex aura, þá á konungr hálft þat er eykr
    if it exceeds six ounces, the king takes half the rest

Conjugation

[edit]
Conjugation of auka — active (strong class 7)
infinitive auka
present participle aukandi
past participle aukinn
indicative present past
1st-person singular eyk jók
2nd-person singular eykr jókt
3rd-person singular eykr jók
1st-person plural aukum jókum, jukum
2nd-person plural aukið jókuð, jukuð
3rd-person plural auka jóku, juku
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular auka ýka, yka
2nd-person singular aukir ýkir, ykir
3rd-person singular auki ýki, yki
1st-person plural aukim ýkim, ykim
2nd-person plural aukið ýkið, ykið
3rd-person plural auki ýki, yki
imperative present
2nd-person singular auk
1st-person plural aukum
2nd-person plural aukið
Conjugation of auka — mediopassive (strong class 7)
infinitive aukask
present participle aukandisk
past participle aukizk
indicative present past
1st-person singular aukumk jókumk, jukumk
2nd-person singular eyksk jókzk
3rd-person singular eyksk jóksk
1st-person plural aukumsk jókumsk, jukumsk
2nd-person plural aukizk jókuzk, jukuzk
3rd-person plural aukask jókusk, jukusk
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular aukumk ýkumk, ykumk
2nd-person singular aukisk ýkisk, ykisk
3rd-person singular aukisk ýkisk, ykisk
1st-person plural aukimsk ýkimsk, ykimsk
2nd-person plural aukizk ýkizk, ykizk
3rd-person plural aukisk ýkisk, ykisk
imperative present
2nd-person singular auksk
1st-person plural aukumsk
2nd-person plural aukizk

The verb can also take on the weak class 2 conjugation.

Conjugation of auka — active (weak class 2)
infinitive auka
present participle aukandi
past participle aukaðr
indicative present past
1st-person singular auka aukaða
2nd-person singular aukar aukaðir
3rd-person singular aukar aukaði
1st-person plural aukum aukuðum
2nd-person plural aukið aukuðuð
3rd-person plural auka aukuðu
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular auka aukaða
2nd-person singular aukir aukaðir
3rd-person singular auki aukaði
1st-person plural aukim aukaðim
2nd-person plural aukið aukaðið
3rd-person plural auki aukaði
imperative present
2nd-person singular auka
1st-person plural aukum
2nd-person plural aukið
Conjugation of auka — mediopassive (weak class 2)
infinitive aukask
present participle aukandisk
past participle aukazk
indicative present past
1st-person singular aukumk aukuðumk
2nd-person singular aukask aukaðisk
3rd-person singular aukask aukaðisk
1st-person plural aukumsk aukuðumsk
2nd-person plural aukizk aukuðuzk
3rd-person plural aukask aukuðusk
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular aukumk aukuðumk
2nd-person singular aukisk aukaðisk
3rd-person singular aukisk aukaðisk
1st-person plural aukimsk aukaðimsk
2nd-person plural aukizk aukaðizk
3rd-person plural aukisk aukaðisk
imperative present
2nd-person singular aukask
1st-person plural aukumsk
2nd-person plural aukizk

Descendants

[edit]
  • Icelandic: auka
  • Faroese: eyka
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: auka
    • → Norwegian Bokmål: auke
  • Old Swedish: ø̄ka
  • Old Danish: økæ
  • Old Gutnish: auka

References

[edit]
  • auka in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, G. T. Zoëga, Clarendon Press, 1910, at Internet Archive.

Paipai

[edit]

Interjection

[edit]

auka

  1. hello
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=auka&oldid=80486485"