auka: difference between revisions
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===Etymology 1=== |
===Etymology 1=== |
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From {{inh|is|non|auka}}, from {{inh|is|gem-pro|*aukaną}}. Akin to {{cog|en|eke}}, {{cog|da|øge}}, {{cog|got|𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 |
From {{inh|is|non|auka}}, from {{inh|is|gem-pro|*aukaną}}. Akin to {{cog|en|eke}}, {{cog|da|øge}}, {{cog|got|𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽}}, {{cog|la|augeō}}, {{cog|lv|augt}}. |
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====Verb==== |
====Verb==== |
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====Noun==== |
====Noun==== |
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{{is |
{{head|is|noun form}} |
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# {{inflection of|is|auki||indef|acc//dat//gen|s|;|indef|acc//gen|p}} |
# {{inflection of|is|auki||indef|acc//dat//gen|s|;|indef|acc//gen|p}} |
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---- |
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==Latgalian== |
==Latgalian== |
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# [[storm]] |
# [[storm]] |
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---- |
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==Latvian== |
==Latvian== |
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===Pronunciation=== |
===Pronunciation=== |
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* {{lv-IPA|āwka|level}} |
* {{lv-IPA|āwka|level}} |
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{{audio|lv|lv-riga-auka.ogg}} |
* {{audio|lv|lv-riga-auka.ogg}} |
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===Noun=== |
===Noun=== |
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{{topics|lv|Wind}} |
{{topics|lv|Wind}} |
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---- |
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==Lithuanian== |
==Lithuanian== |
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{{wikipedia|lang=lt}} |
{{wikipedia|lang=lt}} |
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===Etymology=== |
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Per Girdenis, probably from an unattested {{inh|lt|bat-pro||*au̯ikā́|t=sheep}}, with [[syncope]] of the ''*-i-'', from a diminutive of {{der|lt|ine-bsl-pro|*áwis|t=sheep}}, and exact cognate with {{cog|sla-pro|*ovьcà|t=sheep}}, {{cog|sa|अविका|tr=avikā́|t=ewe}}. The word experienced semantic shift from "sheep" > "sacrificial sheep" > "sacrifice". This derivation is favored by Derksen. |
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Older theories consider the word a neologism, derived ultimately from {{m|lt|al̃kas|t=(holy) grove on a hill; idol}}, created by the writer {{w|Simonas_Daukantas|Simonas Daukantas}}, from a phonetic reinterpretation of the phrase {{m|lt||al̃ko kálnas|t=sacred hill}} as {{m|lt||aũka kálns}}. Derksen acknowledges the possibility of the derivation from {{m|lt|al̃kas}}; however, he notes that {{m|lt|aukà}} is attested in texts that predate Daukantas, in addition to Girdenis's theory accounting for the fate of the Baltic cognate of {{cog|sla-pro||*ovьcà}}, which is otherwise unexplained.<ref>{{R:bat:EDBIL|69|auka}}</ref> |
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===Pronunciation=== |
===Pronunciation=== |
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===Noun=== |
===Noun=== |
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{{lt-noun| |
{{lt-noun|sg=aukà|f|aũkos|4}}<ref name="dlkz1954">{{R:lt:DLKŽ1954}}</ref> |
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# [[sacrifice]]<ref name="dlkz1954" /><ref name="vm1993">{{R:lt:Martsinkyavitshute1993}}</ref> |
# [[sacrifice]]<ref name="dlkz1954" /><ref name="vm1993">{{R:lt:Martsinkyavitshute1993}}</ref> |
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====Derived terms==== |
====Derived terms==== |
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{{qualifier|Verbs}} |
{{qualifier|Verbs}} |
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* {{l|lt| |
* {{l|lt|aukóti}} |
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===References=== |
===References=== |
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<references /> |
<references /> |
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---- |
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==Norwegian Bokmål== |
==Norwegian Bokmål== |
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===Alternative forms=== |
===Alternative forms=== |
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* {{ |
* {{alt|nb|auket}} |
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* {{ |
* {{alt|nb|aukte||simple past only}} |
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* {{ |
* {{alt|nb|aukt||past participle only}} |
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===Verb=== |
===Verb=== |
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# {{inflection of|nb|auke||simple past|;|past|part}} |
# {{inflection of|nb|auke||simple past|;|past|part}} |
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---- |
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==Norwegian Nynorsk== |
==Norwegian Nynorsk== |
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===Alternative forms=== |
===Alternative forms=== |
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* {{ |
* {{alt|nn|auke}} |
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===Etymology=== |
===Etymology=== |
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===Pronunciation=== |
===Pronunciation=== |
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* {{IPA|nn|/ |
* {{IPA|nn|/²œʊːka/}} {{nn-pronu-note}} |
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===Verb=== |
===Verb=== |
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#: {{usex|nn|Det ville verta streik om ikkje leiinga ikkje '''auka''' løna.|There would be a strike if the leadership did not '''increase''' the salary.}} |
#: {{usex|nn|Det ville verta streik om ikkje leiinga ikkje '''auka''' løna.|There would be a strike if the leadership did not '''increase''' the salary.}} |
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# {{lb|nn|intransitive}} [[increase]] |
# {{lb|nn|intransitive}} [[increase]] |
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#: |
#: {{ux|nn|Underskotet til verksemda hadde '''auka''' dei siste åra.|The deficit of the company had '''increased''' in the most recent years.}} |
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#:: The deficit of the company had '''increased''' in the most recent years. |
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===References=== |
===References=== |
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* {{R:Dokpro|lang=nn}} |
* {{R:Dokpro|lang=nn}} |
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---- |
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==Old Norse== |
==Old Norse== |
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* {{desc|is|auka}} |
* {{desc|is|auka}} |
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* {{desc|fo|eyka}} |
* {{desc|fo|eyka}} |
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* {{desc|nn|auka |
* {{desc|nn|auka}} |
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** {{desc|nb|auke|bor=1}} |
** {{desc|nb|auke|bor=1}} <!-- |
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* {{desc|gmq-bot|auk}} |
* {{desc|gmq-bot|auk}}--> |
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* {{desc|gmq-osw|ø̄ka}} |
* {{desc|gmq-osw|ø̄ka}} |
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** {{desc|sv|öka}} |
** {{desc|sv|öka}} |
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*** {{desc|fo|økja|bor=1}} |
*** {{desc|fo|økja|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|gmq-scy|øga}} |
** {{desc|gmq-scy|øga}} |
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* {{desc|gmq- |
* {{desc|gmq-ogt|auka}} |
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** {{desc|gmq-gut|aukä}} |
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===References=== |
===References=== |
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* [https://archive.org/stream/concisedictionar001857#page/26 auka] in ''A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic'', G. T. Zoëga, Clarendon Press, 1910, at [https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar001857 Internet Archive]. |
* [https://archive.org/stream/concisedictionar001857#page/26 auka] in ''A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic'', G. T. Zoëga, Clarendon Press, 1910, at [https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar001857 Internet Archive]. |
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---- |
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==Paipai== |
==Paipai== |
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# [[hello]] |
# [[hello]] |
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{{cln|ppi|greetings}} |
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[[Category:ppi:Greetings]] |
Latest revision as of 17:44, 22 June 2024
Icelandic
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Norse auka, from Proto-Germanic *aukaną. Akin to English eke, Danish øge, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (aukan), Latin augeō, Latvian augt.
Verb
[edit]auka (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative jók, third-person plural past indicative juku, supine aukið)
- (transitive, governs the accusative) to increase, to augment
Conjugation
[edit]This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]auka
- inflection of auki:
Latgalian
[edit]Noun
[edit]auka
Latvian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Baltic *auk-, from Proto-Indo-European stem *ewk-, *owk-, *ūk-, from an onomatopoeic * ew, *ow with an extra k (common in derivations of onomatopoeic words; cf. Russian у (u) “uh!” and the derived verb укать (ukatʹ)). Cognates include Lithuanian áukterti (“to howl”), Old Prussian aukis (“vulture”) (probably from “noisy, screeming bird,” maybe from “storm bird”), Russian аукать (aukatʹ, “to howl”), Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 (auhjōn, “to make noise”).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]auka f (4th declension)
- gale (strong wind that does not reach the level of a storm; also figuratively)
- auka plosās ― the gale is raging
- rudens aukas ― autumn gales
- cīņu aukas ― the gales of struggle
- atvairīdams aukas brāzienus, iegaudojas mežs ― the forest is howling, repelling the gale blows
Declension
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “auka”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
Lithuanian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Per Girdenis, probably from an unattested Proto-Baltic *au̯ikā́ (“sheep”), with syncope of the *-i-, from a diminutive of Proto-Balto-Slavic *áwis (“sheep”), and exact cognate with Proto-Slavic *ovьcà (“sheep”), Sanskrit अविका (avikā́, “ewe”). The word experienced semantic shift from "sheep" > "sacrificial sheep" > "sacrifice". This derivation is favored by Derksen.
Older theories consider the word a neologism, derived ultimately from al̃kas (“(holy) grove on a hill; idol”), created by the writer Simonas Daukantas, from a phonetic reinterpretation of the phrase al̃ko kálnas (“sacred hill”) as aũka kálns. Derksen acknowledges the possibility of the derivation from al̃kas; however, he notes that aukà is attested in texts that predate Daukantas, in addition to Girdenis's theory accounting for the fate of the Baltic cognate of Proto-Slavic *ovьcà, which is otherwise unexplained.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]aukà f (plural aũkos) stress pattern 4[2]
- sacrifice[2][3]
- offering[2]
- devotion[2]
- victim[2][3]
- (katastrofos) aukų gedėti - to mourn for victims (of a catastrophe)
Declension
[edit]singular (vienaskaita) | plural (daugiskaita) | |
---|---|---|
nominative (vardininkas) | aukà | aũkos |
genitive (kilmininkas) | aukõs | aukų̃ |
dative (naudininkas) | aũkai | aukóms |
accusative (galininkas) | aũką | aukàs |
instrumental (įnagininkas) | aukà | aukomìs |
locative (vietininkas) | aukojè | aukosè |
vocative (šauksmininkas) | aũka | aũkos |
Derived terms
[edit](Verbs)
References
[edit]- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “auka”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 69
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Balčikonis, Juozas et al. (1954), Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria (1993), Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN
Norwegian Bokmål
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Verb
[edit]auka
- inflection of auke:
- simple past
- past participle
Norwegian Nynorsk
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Norse auka, from Proto-Germanic *aukaną.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]auka (present tense aukar, past tense auka, past participle auka, passive infinitive aukast, present participle aukande, imperative auka/auk)
- (transitive) increase
- Det ville verta streik om ikkje leiinga ikkje auka løna.
- There would be a strike if the leadership did not increase the salary.
- (intransitive) increase
- Underskotet til verksemda hadde auka dei siste åra.
- The deficit of the company had increased in the most recent years.
References
[edit]- “auka” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Old Norse
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *aukaną. Cognate with Latin augēo (“I augment”).
Verb
[edit]auka (singular past indicative jók, plural past indicative jóku or juku, past participle aukinn)
- to augment, increase
- (poetic) to impregnate
- Völundarkviða, verse 36, l. 3-4
- […] nú gengr Böðvildr / barni aukin,
eingadóttir / ykkur beggja.- […] now Bödvildr walks / pregnant with a child,
the only daughter / of you two.
- […] now Bödvildr walks / pregnant with a child,
- Völundarkviða, verse 36, l. 3-4
- (with dative) to add
- to surpass, exceed
- þat er eykr sex aura, þá á konungr hálft þat er eykr
- if it exceeds six ounces, the king takes half the rest
Conjugation
[edit]infinitive | auka | |
---|---|---|
present participle | aukandi | |
past participle | aukinn | |
indicative | present | past |
1st-person singular | eyk | jók |
2nd-person singular | eykr | jókt |
3rd-person singular | eykr | jók |
1st-person plural | aukum | jókum, jukum |
2nd-person plural | aukið | jókuð, jukuð |
3rd-person plural | auka | jóku, juku |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st-person singular | auka | ýka, yka |
2nd-person singular | aukir | ýkir, ykir |
3rd-person singular | auki | ýki, yki |
1st-person plural | aukim | ýkim, ykim |
2nd-person plural | aukið | ýkið, ykið |
3rd-person plural | auki | ýki, yki |
imperative | present | |
2nd-person singular | auk | |
1st-person plural | aukum | |
2nd-person plural | aukið |
infinitive | aukask | |
---|---|---|
present participle | aukandisk | |
past participle | aukizk | |
indicative | present | past |
1st-person singular | aukumk | jókumk, jukumk |
2nd-person singular | eyksk | jókzk |
3rd-person singular | eyksk | jóksk |
1st-person plural | aukumsk | jókumsk, jukumsk |
2nd-person plural | aukizk | jókuzk, jukuzk |
3rd-person plural | aukask | jókusk, jukusk |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st-person singular | aukumk | ýkumk, ykumk |
2nd-person singular | aukisk | ýkisk, ykisk |
3rd-person singular | aukisk | ýkisk, ykisk |
1st-person plural | aukimsk | ýkimsk, ykimsk |
2nd-person plural | aukizk | ýkizk, ykizk |
3rd-person plural | aukisk | ýkisk, ykisk |
imperative | present | |
2nd-person singular | auksk | |
1st-person plural | aukumsk | |
2nd-person plural | aukizk |
The verb can also take on the weak class 2 conjugation.
infinitive | auka | |
---|---|---|
present participle | aukandi | |
past participle | aukaðr | |
indicative | present | past |
1st-person singular | auka | aukaða |
2nd-person singular | aukar | aukaðir |
3rd-person singular | aukar | aukaði |
1st-person plural | aukum | aukuðum |
2nd-person plural | aukið | aukuðuð |
3rd-person plural | auka | aukuðu |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st-person singular | auka | aukaða |
2nd-person singular | aukir | aukaðir |
3rd-person singular | auki | aukaði |
1st-person plural | aukim | aukaðim |
2nd-person plural | aukið | aukaðið |
3rd-person plural | auki | aukaði |
imperative | present | |
2nd-person singular | auka | |
1st-person plural | aukum | |
2nd-person plural | aukið |
infinitive | aukask | |
---|---|---|
present participle | aukandisk | |
past participle | aukazk | |
indicative | present | past |
1st-person singular | aukumk | aukuðumk |
2nd-person singular | aukask | aukaðisk |
3rd-person singular | aukask | aukaðisk |
1st-person plural | aukumsk | aukuðumsk |
2nd-person plural | aukizk | aukuðuzk |
3rd-person plural | aukask | aukuðusk |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st-person singular | aukumk | aukuðumk |
2nd-person singular | aukisk | aukaðisk |
3rd-person singular | aukisk | aukaðisk |
1st-person plural | aukimsk | aukaðimsk |
2nd-person plural | aukizk | aukaðizk |
3rd-person plural | aukisk | aukaðisk |
imperative | present | |
2nd-person singular | aukask | |
1st-person plural | aukumsk | |
2nd-person plural | aukizk |
Descendants
[edit]- Icelandic: auka
- Faroese: eyka
- Norwegian Nynorsk: auka
- → Norwegian Bokmål: auke
- Old Swedish: ø̄ka
- Swedish: öka
- Old Danish: økæ
- Old Gutnish: auka
- Gutnish: aukä
References
[edit]- auka in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, G. T. Zoëga, Clarendon Press, 1910, at Internet Archive.
Paipai
[edit]Interjection
[edit]auka
- Latvian etymologies from LEV
- Icelandic 2-syllable words
- Icelandic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Icelandic/øyːka
- Rhymes:Icelandic/øyːka/2 syllables
- Icelandic terms inherited from Old Norse
- Icelandic terms derived from Old Norse
- Icelandic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Icelandic terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Icelandic lemmas
- Icelandic verbs
- Icelandic strong verbs
- Icelandic transitive verbs
- Icelandic non-lemma forms
- Icelandic noun forms
- Latgalian lemmas
- Latgalian nouns
- Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic
- Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latvian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latvian words with level intonation
- Latvian terms with audio links
- Latvian lemmas
- Latvian nouns
- Latvian feminine nouns
- Latvian terms with usage examples
- Latvian fourth declension nouns
- lv:Wind
- Lithuanian terms inherited from Proto-Baltic
- Lithuanian terms derived from Proto-Baltic
- Lithuanian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Lithuanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Lithuanian lemmas
- Lithuanian nouns
- Lithuanian feminine nouns
- Norwegian Bokmål non-lemma forms
- Norwegian Bokmål verb forms
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms inherited from Old Norse
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from Old Norse
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms with IPA pronunciation
- Norwegian Nynorsk lemmas
- Norwegian Nynorsk verbs
- Norwegian Nynorsk weak verbs
- Norwegian Nynorsk transitive verbs
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms with usage examples
- Norwegian Nynorsk intransitive verbs
- Old Norse terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Norse terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Norse lemmas
- Old Norse verbs
- Old Norse poetic terms
- Old Norse terms with quotations
- Old Norse terms with usage examples
- Old Norse class 7 strong verbs
- Old Norse class 2 weak verbs
- Paipai lemmas
- Paipai interjections
- Paipai greetings