countervail: difference between revisions

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===Etymology===
===Etymology===
⚫
From {{der|en|xno|countrevaloir}} ({{cog|fro|contrevaloir}}), from {{der|en|la|contrā valēre||to be strong against}}.
{{root|en|ine-pro|*h₂welh₁-|id=rule}}
{{root|en|ine-pro|*h₂welh₁-|id=rule}}
⚫
From {{der|en|xno|countrevaloir}} ({{cog|fro|contrevaloir}}), from {{der|en|la|[[contrā]] [[valēre]]||to be strong against}}.


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{a|UK}} {{IPA|en|/ˈkaʊntəveɪl/}}
* {{IPA|en|/ˈkaʊntəveɪl/|a=UK}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-countervail.wav|Audio (Southern England)}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-countervail.wav|a=Southern England}}


===Verb===
===Verb===
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# {{lb|en|obsolete}} To have the same [[value]] or [[number]] as.
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} To have the same [[value]] or [[number]] as.
#* {{RQ:Marlowe Tamburlaine|1|IV|i|page=56|Nay could their numbers '''counteruaile''' the ſtars<br>Or [euer] driſling drops of April ſhowers,<br>Or withered leaues that Autume ſhaketh down,<br>Yet would the Souldane by his conquering power:<br>So ſcatter and conſume them in his rage,<br>That not a man ſhal liue to rue their fall.}}
#* {{RQ:Marlowe Tamburlaine|part=1|scene=i|page=56|passage=Nay could their numbers '''counteruaile''' the ſtars<br>Or [euer] driſling drops of April ſhowers,<br>Or withered leaues that Autume ſhaketh down,<br>Yet would the Souldane by his conquering power:<br>So ſcatter and conſume them in his rage,<br>That not a man ſhal liue to rue their fall.}}
# To [[counteract]], [[counterbalance]] or [[neutralize]].
# To [[counter#Verb|counter]], [[counteract]], [[counterbalance]], [[neutralize]], or [[negate]].
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet|act=II|scene=vi|page=63|column=2|passage=It cannot '''counteruaile''' the exchange of joy / That one ſhort minute giues me in her ſight:}}
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet|act=II|scene=vi|page=63|column=2|passage=It cannot '''counteruaile''' the exchange of joy / That one ſhort minute giues me in her ſight:}}
#* {{RQ:Bulwer-Lytton Pompeii|volume=II|chapter=II|page=209|passage={{...|For oh! if hereafter I escape, no matter what peril; and it be permitted me to address thee on one sacred and awful subject;}} should I find thine ear closed and thy heart hardened, what hope for myself could '''countervail''' the despair for thee?}}
#* {{RQ:Bulwer-Lytton Pompeii|volume=II|chapter=II|page=209|passage={{...|For oh! if hereafter I escape, no matter what peril; and it be permitted me to address thee on one sacred and awful subject;}} should I find thine ear closed and thy heart hardened, what hope for myself could '''countervail''' the despair for thee?}}
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#* {{RQ:Montaigne Florio Essayes|chapter=38|book=I|passage=I am one of those who thinke their fruit can no way '''countervaile''' this losse.}}
#* {{RQ:Montaigne Florio Essayes|chapter=38|book=I|passage=I am one of those who thinke their fruit can no way '''countervaile''' this losse.}}
#* {{RQ:L'Estrange Morals|passage='''countervail''' a very confiderable Advantage to all Men of Letters}}
#* {{RQ:L'Estrange Morals|passage='''countervail''' a very confiderable Advantage to all Men of Letters}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1988|author={{w|Richard Ellmann}}|title=The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry|edition=2nd|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton|page=539
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1988|author=w:Richard Ellmann|title=The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry|edition=2nd|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton|page=539
|passage=If [Wilfred] Owen preserves his youthful romanticism, or at least a shell of it, he uses it to '''countervail''' the horrifying scenes he describes, just as he poses his own youth against the age-old spectacle of men dying in pain and futility.}}
|passage=If [Wilfred] Owen preserves his youthful romanticism, or at least a shell of it, he uses it to '''countervail''' the horrifying scenes he describes, just as he poses his own youth against the age-old spectacle of men dying in pain and futility.}}


====Usage notes====
====Usage notes====
* Now chiefly used adjectivally as {{m|en|countervailing}}.
* Now chiefly used adjectivally as {{m|en|countervailing}}.

====Derived terms====
{{col-auto|en|uncountervailed|countervailingly|countervailability|countervailable|countervailance}}


====Related terms====
====Related terms====
* {{l|en|prevail}}
{{col3|en
|counterargue
|counterexample
|prevail
}}


====Translations====
====Translations====

Latest revision as of 16:17, 10 September 2024

English

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Etymology

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From Anglo-Norman countrevaloir (Old French contrevaloir), from Latin contrā valēre (“to be strong against”).

Pronunciation

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Verb

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countervail (third-person singular simple present countervails, present participle countervailing, simple past and past participle countervailed)

  1. (obsolete) To have the same value or number as.
    • c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act IIII, scene i:
      Nay could their numbers counteruaile the ſtars
      Or [euer] driſling drops of April ſhowers,
      Or withered leaues that Autume ſhaketh down,
      Yet would the Souldane by his conquering power:
      So ſcatter and conſume them in his rage,
      That not a man ſhal liue to rue their fall.
  2. To counter, counteract, counterbalance, neutralize, or negate.
    • c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene vi], page 63, column 2:
      It cannot counteruaile the exchange of joy / That one ſhort minute giues me in her ſight:
    • 1834, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], chapter II, in The Last Days of Pompeii. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […]; successor to Henry Colburn, →OCLC, book IV, page 209:
      […] should I find thine ear closed and thy heart hardened, what hope for myself could countervail the despair for thee?
    • 2020 February 8, Patrick Boucheron, “'Real power is fear': what Machiavelli tells us about Trump in 2020”, in The Guardian‎[1]:
      When justice stops being effective (or when crimes of corruption stop being punished) and when political vio­lence is no longer a threat, there is nothing left to cause fear in those who govern shamelessly, that is, buoyed by a mood they aren’t in control of and that no one is on hand to countervail.
  3. To compensate for.
    • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 38, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:
      I am one of those who thinke their fruit can no way countervaile this losse.
    • c. 1700, Roger L'Estrange, Seneca's Morals:
      countervail a very confiderable Advantage to all Men of Letters
    • 1988, Richard Ellmann, The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry, 2nd edition, New York: W.W. Norton, page 539:
      If [Wilfred] Owen preserves his youthful romanticism, or at least a shell of it, he uses it to countervail the horrifying scenes he describes, just as he poses his own youth against the age-old spectacle of men dying in pain and futility.

Usage notes

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Derived terms

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Translations

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Anagrams

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