kuka
Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *ku, from Proto-Uralic *ku- ~ *ko-. The nominative and genitive singular forms, which would have otherwise been monosyllabic, have been extended with -ka (as with joka and mikä). Cognate with Estonian kumb (“which”), Erzya кона (kona, “which”), кода (koda, “how”), Hungarian hol (“where”), Forest Enets [script needed] (hōke, “which one”), Nganasan [script needed] (kuninu, “where”), and Kamassian [script needed] (kāmǝ̑n, “if”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]kuka
- (interrogative) who
- Kuka on ovella?
- Who is at the door?
- (relative) who (as an 'independent' relative pronoun; see the usage notes)
- En tiedä kuka sen teki.
- I don't know who did it.
- (relative, dialectal) who
Usage notes
[edit]- The singular forms are sometimes used colloquially instead of the actual plural forms. ketä is particularly common for keitä. In some dialects, ketä is used as the nominative singular form in place of kuka.
- kuka is only used as an 'independent' relative pronoun in standard Finnish. It is used for persons, while mikä is used otherwise. See the usage notes of mikä for more on this usage (#4). Outside of this usage, kuka is used as a relative pronoun only in dialects, and joka or mikä is used instead.
- kuka may behave as an indefinite pronoun with an additional word like ikinä, hyvänsä, tahansa (after kuka), or vaikka (before kuka). Some relative uses may also be indefinite:
- Oli kuka oli. (dismissive nuance)
- Whoever it was.
- (literally, “[It] was who [it] was.”)
Inflection
[edit]- In modern Finnish, forms based on the stem form ke- or kene- are the usual inflected forms of the interrogative personal pronoun. Inflected forms based on the stem ku- are now archaic and somewhat poetic, even though the nominative singular kuka is modern. Conversely, the alternative nominative form ken is now archaic or poetic.
- The illative, adessive, ablative and allative singular cases have alternative forms of equal value; both forms are commonly used. Thus, keneen ~ kehen, kenellä ~ kellä, kenelle ~ kelle and keneltä ~ keltä exist in free variation.
- Like personal pronouns, a special accusative form exists: kenet (compare minut, sinut, etc.).
- Some cases of kuka/ken are hardly used at all. The inflection table below shows the archaic or otherwise rarely used forms in brackets.
- The instructive plural kuin(ka)*, the instructive singular kun* and the causative singular kuten* (with the dated, archaic form kutenka*) are used as adverbs with completely different meanings from “who”.
- In the inflection table below, poetic and/or archaic forms are shown in brackets and modern usage without brackets.
Declension of kuka
|
Synonyms
[edit]- ken (see the inflection section above)
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “kuka”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
Anagrams
[edit]Hawaiian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kuka
Hungarian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Uncertain; perhaps an Italian loan word, compare Northern Italian cuco (“goofy”).
Adjective
[edit]kuka
- dumb (as a fish), tongue-tied (not saying a word)
Derived terms
[edit]- Kuka (Dopey, one of the Seven Dwarfs)
Etymology 2
[edit]Via Czech, from German KUKA, short for Keller und Knappich Augsburg, a German firm which manufactured and supplied orange refuse collection vehicles. Today the company KUKA produces industrial robots and automation technologies.
Noun
[edit]kuka (plural kukák)
- garbage can, trash can, refuse bin (especially an outdoor container)
- Coordinate terms: szemetes, szemetesvödör, szemétkosár, szemetesláda, szemétláda
Declension
[edit]Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | kuka | kukák |
accusative | kukát | kukákat |
dative | kukának | kukáknak |
instrumental | kukával | kukákkal |
causal-final | kukáért | kukákért |
translative | kukává | kukákká |
terminative | kukáig | kukákig |
essive-formal | kukaként | kukákként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | kukában | kukákban |
superessive | kukán | kukákon |
adessive | kukánál | kukáknál |
illative | kukába | kukákba |
sublative | kukára | kukákra |
allative | kukához | kukákhoz |
elative | kukából | kukákból |
delative | kukáról | kukákról |
ablative | kukától | kukáktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
kukáé | kukáké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
kukáéi | kukákéi |
Possessive forms of kuka | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | kukám | kukáim |
2nd person sing. | kukád | kukáid |
3rd person sing. | kukája | kukái |
1st person plural | kukánk | kukáink |
2nd person plural | kukátok | kukáitok |
3rd person plural | kukájuk | kukáik |
Further reading
[edit]- (dumb): kuka in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (garbage can): kuka in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (wooden hook used for drying tobacco): kuka in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Ingrian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *kuka, from Proto-Uralic *ku-. Cognates with Finnish kuka (“who”).
The inflected forms derive from Proto-Finnic *ku.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈkukɑ/, [ˈkukɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈkukɑ/, [ˈkuɡ̊ɑ]
- Rhymes: -ukɑ
- Hyphenation: ku‧ka
Pronoun
[edit]kuka
- which? (of many)
Declension
[edit]Declension of kuka | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | kuka | kut |
genitive | kunen | |
partitive | kuta | |
illative | kuhu | |
inessive | kus | |
elative | kust | |
allative | kulle | |
adessive | kul | |
ablative | kult | |
translative | kuks | |
essive | kunenna | |
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) |
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 212
Pitjantjatjara
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kuka
Derived terms
[edit]- kukaku ananyi (“to hunt”)
- kukaputju (“hunter”)
- kukanypa (“marked man, target”)
Polish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]kuka
Quechua
[edit]Noun
[edit]kuka
Declension
[edit]singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | kuka | kukakuna |
accusative | kukata | kukakunata |
dative | kukaman | kukakunaman |
genitive | kukap | kukakunap |
locative | kukapi | kukakunapi |
terminative | kukakama | kukakunakama |
ablative | kukamanta | kukakunamanta |
instrumental | kukawan | kukakunawan |
comitative | kukantin | kukakunantin |
abessive | kukannaq | kukakunannaq |
comparative | kukahina | kukakunahina |
causative | kukarayku | kukakunarayku |
benefactive | kukapaq | kukakunapaq |
associative | kukapura | kukakunapura |
distributive | kukanka | kukakunanka |
exclusive | kukalla | kukakunalla |
ñuqap (my) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukay | kukaykuna |
accusative | kukayta | kukaykunata |
dative | kukayman | kukaykunaman |
genitive | kukaypa | kukaykunap |
locative | kukaypi | kukaykunapi |
terminative | kukaykama | kukaykunakama |
ablative | kukaymanta | kukaykunamanta |
instrumental | kukaywan | kukaykunawan |
comitative | kukaynintin | kukaykunantin |
abessive | kukayninnaq | kukaykunannaq |
comparative | kukayhina | kukaykunahina |
causative | kukayrayku | kukaykunarayku |
benefactive | kukaypaq | kukaykunapaq |
associative | kukaypura | kukaykunapura |
distributive | kukayninka | kukaykunanka |
exclusive | kukaylla | kukaykunalla |
qampa (your) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukayki | kukaykikuna |
accusative | kukaykita | kukaykikunata |
dative | kukaykiman | kukaykikunaman |
genitive | kukaykipa | kukaykikunap |
locative | kukaykipi | kukaykikunapi |
terminative | kukaykikama | kukaykikunakama |
ablative | kukaykimanta | kukaykikunamanta |
instrumental | kukaykiwan | kukaykikunawan |
comitative | kukaykintin | kukaykikunantin |
abessive | kukaykinnaq | kukaykikunannaq |
comparative | kukaykihina | kukaykikunahina |
causative | kukaykirayku | kukaykikunarayku |
benefactive | kukaykipaq | kukaykikunapaq |
associative | kukaykipura | kukaykikunapura |
distributive | kukaykinka | kukaykikunanka |
exclusive | kukaykilla | kukaykikunalla |
paypa (his/her/its) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukan | kukankuna |
accusative | kukanta | kukankunata |
dative | kukanman | kukankunaman |
genitive | kukanpa | kukankunap |
locative | kukanpi | kukankunapi |
terminative | kukankama | kukankunakama |
ablative | kukanmanta | kukankunamanta |
instrumental | kukanwan | kukankunawan |
comitative | kukanintin | kukankunantin |
abessive | kukanninnaq | kukankunannaq |
comparative | kukanhina | kukankunahina |
causative | kukanrayku | kukankunarayku |
benefactive | kukanpaq | kukankunapaq |
associative | kukanpura | kukankunapura |
distributive | kukaninka | kukankunanka |
exclusive | kukanlla | kukankunalla |
ñuqanchikpa (our(incl)) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukanchik | kukanchikkuna |
accusative | kukanchikta | kukanchikkunata |
dative | kukanchikman | kukanchikkunaman |
genitive | kukanchikpa | kukanchikkunap |
locative | kukanchikpi | kukanchikkunapi |
terminative | kukanchikkama | kukanchikkunakama |
ablative | kukanchikmanta | kukanchikkunamanta |
instrumental | kukanchikwan | kukanchikkunawan |
comitative | kukanchiknintin | kukanchikkunantin |
abessive | kukanchikninnaq | kukanchikkunannaq |
comparative | kukanchikhina | kukanchikkunahina |
causative | kukanchikrayku | kukanchikkunarayku |
benefactive | kukanchikpaq | kukanchikkunapaq |
associative | kukanchikpura | kukanchikkunapura |
distributive | kukanchikninka | kukanchikkunanka |
exclusive | kukanchiklla | kukanchikkunalla |
ñuqaykup (our(excl)) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukayku | kukaykukuna |
accusative | kukaykuta | kukaykukunata |
dative | kukaykuman | kukaykukunaman |
genitive | kukaykupa | kukaykukunap |
locative | kukaykupi | kukaykukunapi |
terminative | kukaykukama | kukaykukunakama |
ablative | kukaykumanta | kukaykukunamanta |
instrumental | kukaykuwan | kukaykukunawan |
comitative | kukaykuntin | kukaykukunantin |
abessive | kukaykunnaq | kukaykukunannaq |
comparative | kukaykuhina | kukaykukunahina |
causative | kukaykurayku | kukaykukunarayku |
benefactive | kukaykupaq | kukaykukunapaq |
associative | kukaykupura | kukaykukunapura |
distributive | kukaykunka | kukaykukunanka |
exclusive | kukaykulla | kukaykukunalla |
qamkunap (your(pl)) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukaykichik | kukaykichikkuna |
accusative | kukaykichikta | kukaykichikkunata |
dative | kukaykichikman | kukaykichikkunaman |
genitive | kukaykichikpa | kukaykichikkunap |
locative | kukaykichikpi | kukaykichikkunapi |
terminative | kukaykichikkama | kukaykichikkunakama |
ablative | kukaykichikmanta | kukaykichikkunamanta |
instrumental | kukaykichikwan | kukaykichikkunawan |
comitative | kukaykichiknintin | kukaykichikkunantin |
abessive | kukaykichikninnaq | kukaykichikkunannaq |
comparative | kukaykichikhina | kukaykichikkunahina |
causative | kukaykichikrayku | kukaykichikkunarayku |
benefactive | kukaykichikpaq | kukaykichikkunapaq |
associative | kukaykichikpura | kukaykichikkunapura |
distributive | kukaykichikninka | kukaykichikkunanka |
exclusive | kukaykichiklla | kukaykichikkunalla |
paykunap (their) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukanku | kukankukuna |
accusative | kukankuta | kukankukunata |
dative | kukankuman | kukankukunaman |
genitive | kukankupa | kukankukunap |
locative | kukankupi | kukankukunapi |
terminative | kukankukama | kukankukunakama |
ablative | kukankumanta | kukankukunamanta |
instrumental | kukankuwan | kukankukunawan |
comitative | kukankuntin | kukankukunantin |
abessive | kukankunnaq | kukankukunannaq |
comparative | kukankuhina | kukankukunahina |
causative | kukankurayku | kukankukunarayku |
benefactive | kukankupaq | kukankukunapaq |
associative | kukankupura | kukankukunapura |
distributive | kukankunka | kukankukunanka |
exclusive | kukankulla | kukankukunalla |
Serbo-Croatian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kuka (“hook, hook-shaped”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kȕka f (Cyrillic spelling ку̏ка)
Declension
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “kuka” in Hrvatski jezični portal
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kȕka f (Cyrillic spelling ку̏ка)
Declension
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “kuka” in Hrvatski jezični portal
Etymology 3
[edit]See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Noun
[edit]kuka (Cyrillic spelling кука)
Swedish
[edit]Verb
[edit]kuka (present kukar, preterite kukade, supine kukat, imperative kuka)
- Only used in kuka ur
Tok Pisin
[edit]Noun
[edit]kuka
Tokelauan
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kuka
Verb
[edit]kuka
- (transitive) to cook
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- R. Simona, editor (1986), Tokelau Dictionary[2], Auckland: Office of Tokelau Affairs, page 168
Yosondúa Mixtec
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Noun
[edit]kuka
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Beaty de Farris, Kathryn, et al. (2012) Diccionario básico del mixteco de Yosondúa, Oaxaca (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 46)[3] (in Spanish), third edition, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page 40
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
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