to
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Page categories
Translingual
[edit]Symbol
[edit]to
English
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle English to, from Old English tō, from Proto-Germanic *tō ~ *ta, from Proto-Indo-European *de ~ *do (“to”). Cognate with Scots tae, to (“to”), North Frisian to, tö, tu (“to”), Saterland Frisian tou (“to”), Low German to (“to”), Dutch toe (“to”), German zu (“to”), West Frisian ta (“to”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian ndaj (“towards”), Irish do (“to, for”), Breton da (“to, for”), Welsh i (“to, for”), Russian до (do, “to”). Doublet of too.
Pronunciation
[edit]Stressed
- (Received Pronunciation) enPR: to͞o, IPA(key): /tuː/, [tʰu̟ː]
Audio (Southern England): (file) - (General American) enPR: to͞o IPA(key): /tu/, [tʰu̟]
Audio (General American): (file) - (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA(key): /tʉː/, [tʰʉː]
- Homophones: too, two
- Rhymes: -uː
Unstressed
- (before a consonant) IPA(key): /tə/
Audio (Southern England): (file) - (US, after a vowel) IPA(key): [ɾə]
- (before a vowel) IPA(key): /tʊ/
- (US, after a vowel) IPA(key): [ɾʊ]
Particle
[edit]to
- A particle used for marking the following verb as an infinitive.
- I want to leave.
- He asked me what to do.
- I have places to go and people to see.
- To err is human.
- Who am I to criticise? I've done worse things myself.
- 1711 May, [Alexander Pope], An Essay on Criticism, London: […] W[illiam] Lewis […]; and sold by W[illiam] Taylor […], T[homas] Osborn[e] […], and J[ohn] Graves […], →OCLC:
- To err, is human; to forgive, divine.
- c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:
- To be, or not to be: that is the question: / […]
- 2010 July, “Archived copy”, in Associated Press[1], archived from the original on 5 July 2010, headline:
- Odds are, BP to get new CEO this year
- 2011 April 10, Alistair Magowan, “Aston Villa 1 - 0 Newcastle”, in BBC Sport[2]:
- To that end, the home supporters were in good voice to begin with, but it was Newcastle who started the game in the ascendancy, with Barton putting a diving header over the top from Jose Enrique's cross.
- As above, with the verb implied.
- "Did you visit the museum?" "I wanted to, but it was closed."
- If he hasn't read it yet, he ought to.
- Used to indicate an obligation on the part of, or a directive given to, the subject.
- You are to go to the store and buy a bottle of milk.
- (expressing purpose) In order to.
- I went to the shops to buy some bread.
Derived terms
[edit]Translations
[edit]
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- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Preposition
[edit]to
- Indicating destination: In the direction of, so as to arrive at.
- We are walking to the shop.
- 2013 September 28, Kenan Malik, “London Is Special, but Not That Special”, in New York Times, retrieved 28 September 2013:
- Driven by a perceived political need to adopt a hard-line stance, Mr. Cameron’s coalition government has imposed myriad new restrictions, the aim of which is to reduce net migration to Britain to below 100,000.
- Used to indicate the target or recipient of an action.
- I gave the book to him.
- I spoke to him earlier.
- He devoted himself to education.
- They drank to his health.
- Used to indicate result of action.
- His face was beaten to a pulp.
- Used to indicate a resulting feeling or emotion.
- To everyone's great relief, the tuneless carol singers finally ceased their warbling.
- Used after an adjective to indicate its application.
- similar to ..., relevant to ..., pertinent to ..., I was nice to him, he was cruel to her, I am used to walking.
- Denotes the end of a range.
- It takes 2 to 4 weeks to process typical applications.
- (obsolete) As a.
- With God to friend (with God as a friend); with The Devil to fiend (with the Devil as a foe); lambs slaughtered to lake (lambs slaughtered as a sacrifice); took her to wife (took her as a wife); was sold to slave (was sold as a slave).
- Used to indicate a ratio or comparison; compared to, as against.
- one to one = 1:1
- ten to one = 10:1.
- I have ten dollars to your four.
- c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene iii:
- The hoſt of Xerxes, which by fame is ſaid
To drinke the mightie Parthian Araris,
Was but a handfull to that we will haue.
- 2012 April 22, Sam Sheringham, “Liverpool 0-1 West Brom”, in BBC Sport[3]:
- In total, the Reds had 28 shots to their opponent's nine, and 15 corners to the Baggies' three.
- (arithmetic) Used to indicate that the preceding term is to be raised to the power of the following value; indicates exponentiation.
- Three squared or three to the second power is nine.
- Three to the power of two is nine.
- Three to the second is nine.
- (time) Preceding the next hour.
- What's the time? – It's quarter to four in the afternoon (or 3:45 pm).
- Antonym: past
- (informal) Often used without the hour
- It’s quarter to (3:45, or 4:45, or whatever time ending in 45 would make the most sense)
- Used to describe what something consists of or contains.
- Anyone could do this job; there's nothing to it.
- There's a lot of sense to what he says.
- The name has a nice ring to it.
- According to.
- Our holiday did not go to plan.
- (Canada, Cornwall (UK), Newfoundland, Wales, West Midlands (UK)) At.
- Stay where you're to and I'll come find you, b'y.
- Where are you to?
Usage notes
[edit]In the sense of "as a", it is a fossil word (Standard English only), found usually only in obsolete set phrases like: "to take a woman to wife", "to have someone to friend", "to have something to birthright" etc. In northern dialects, where it is rare but still in common use, it is often used in combination with with.
Derived terms
[edit]Translations
[edit]
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- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
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See also
[edit]Adverb
[edit]to (not comparable)
- (regionalism) Toward a closed, touching or engaging position.
- 1913, D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, “chapter 12”, in Sons and Lovers, London: Duckworth & Co. […], →OCLC:
- He went in his room, pushed the door to, without fastening the latch.
- 1925, F[rancis] Scott Fitzgerald, chapter V, in The Great Gatsby, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, →OCLC, page 104:
- Aware of the loud beating of my own heart I pulled the door to against the increasing rain.
- (nautical) Into the wind.
- Misspelling of too.
Usage notes
[edit]The sense "toward a closed, touching or engaging position" is a regionalism found in various parts of the UK and US.
Translations
[edit]
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See also
[edit]- For quotations using this term, see Citations:to.
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]to
- (mild intensifier, colloquial, chiefly North India) a filler word common amongst urban Indians.
- I am to so bored right now.
References
[edit]- Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "Spatial particles of orientation", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8
Anagrams
[edit]Abinomn
[edit]Noun
[edit]to
- sago (tree)
Asturian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Adjective
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Babine-Witsuwit'en
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ.
Noun
[edit]to
References
[edit]- Sharon Hargus, Wisuwit’en Grammar: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology (2007), page 43
Babuza
[edit]Noun
[edit]to
References
[edit]- Naoyoshi Ogawa, English-Favorlang vocabulary (2003)
- S. Tsuchida, A Comparative Vocabulary of Austronesian Languages of Sinicized Ethnic Groups in Taiwan, Part I: Western Taiwan, Memoirs of the Faculty of Letters, No. 7 (1982)
Bahnar
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bahnaric *tɔʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *tɔʔ. Cognates include Vietnamese đó, Khmer ដ៏ (dɑɑ).
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]to
Bambara
[edit]Noun
[edit]to
Catalan
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Latin tonus, from Ancient Greek τόνος (tónos).[1] First attested in 1575.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]to m (plural tons)
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ “to”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
Further reading
[edit]- “to” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “to” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “to” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Czech
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]to n
- nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of ten: it, this, that
Further reading
[edit]- “to”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935-1957
- “to”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
- “to”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)
Dalmatian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Latin tuus. Compare Italian tuo, Romanian tău, Friulian to, French ton, Spanish tu.
Pronoun
[edit]to m (feminine toa)
- your; second-person masculine singular possessive pronoun
See also
[edit]Danish
[edit]< 1 | 2 | 3 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : to Ordinal : anden | ||
Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Norse tveir, from Proto-Germanic *twai, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”).
The modern Danish form is a merger of the original East Old Norse accusative masculine twā and the nominative/accusative feminine twāʀ (West tvær). The neuter tū (West tvau) is preserved in the adverb itu.
Pronunciation
[edit]Numeral
[edit]to
Etymology 2
[edit]From Old Norse þvá (“wash”), from Proto-Germanic *þwahaną.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]to (imperative to, infinitive at to, present tense tor, past tense toede, perfect tense har toet)
Esperanto
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file)
Noun
[edit]to (accusative singular to-on, plural to-oj, accusative plural to-ojn)
- The name of the Latin-script letter T/t.
See also
[edit]- (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo
Ewe
[edit]Noun
[edit]to
Verb
[edit]to
Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Abbreviation of torstai ("Thursday").
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]to
- Thu (abbreviation of Thursday)
Friulian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]to (second-person singular possessive of masculine singular, of feminine singular tô, of masculine plural tiei, of feminine plural tôs)
- (used attributively) your, thy; of yours, of thine
- che al sedi santifiât il to nom, che al vegni il to ream, — "Your kingdom come, your will be done," (third and fourth sentences of Lord's Prayer)
- (used predicatively) yours, thine
- (used substantively) yours, thine; the thing belonging to you/ thee
See also
[edit]Fula
[edit]Preposition
[edit]to
References
[edit]- Oumar Bah, Dictionnaire Pular-Français, Avec un index français-pular, Webonary.org, SIL International, 2014.
Galician
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Interjection
[edit]to
- interjection used to call dogs or cattle
- 1820, B. A. Fandiño, El Heráclito Español y Demócrito Gallego:
- Meu señor santo Tomé,
tendes dous nomes nun só,
sodes castrón polo mé,
é sodes cán polo tó.- My good sir Santo Tomé:
You have two names in just one,
You are a ram with the "mé"
And a dog with the "tó"
- My good sir Santo Tomé:
References
[edit]- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “to”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “to”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “to”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
Garifuna
[edit]Article
[edit]to
- feminine definite article
- Mutu to ― The woman
Antonyms
[edit]Gonja
[edit]Noun
[edit]to
References
[edit]- Mary E. Kropp Dakubu, The Languages of Ghana
Gun
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Cognates include Fon tò, Saxwe Gbe otò, Adja eto
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]tò
- A present progressive or habitual tense marker, only used before nouns.
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]tò
Etymology 4
[edit]Cognates include Fon tò, Adja tò. Compare Yoruba tò, Ifè tò
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]tò
Etymology 5
[edit]From Proto-Gbe *-tó. Cognates include Fon tó, Saxwe Gbe otó, Adja eto, Ewe eto
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Hupa
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]to
- a body of water, such as a lake or ocean
References
[edit]- The Phonology of the Hupa Language, part 1: The Individual Sounds, volume 5, by Roland Burrage Dixon, Samuel Alfred Barrett, Washington Matthews, Bill Ray (using the older orthography "tō")
- Victor Golla, Hupa Language Dictionary Second Edition (1996), page 105 (to)
Ido
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]to
- Alternative form of ito (“that”)
Itene
[edit]Noun
[edit]to
References
[edit]- Čestmír Loukotka, Johannes Wilbert (editor), Classification of South American Indian Languages (1968, Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California), page(s) 162
Japanese
[edit]Romanization
[edit]to
Kashubian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *to.
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]to
Further reading
[edit]- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “to”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi[4]
Kituba
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]to
Kongo
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]to
Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ.
Noun
[edit]to
References
[edit]- Franz Boas, Pline Early Goddard, Vocabulary of an Athapascan dialect of the State of Washington, IJAL volume III, pages 39-45 (1924-1925)
Lashi
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]to
References
[edit]- Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid[5], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)
Latvian
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]to
- that; accusative singular masculine of tas
- with that; instrumental singular masculine of tas
- of that; genitive plural masculine of tas
- that; accusative singular feminine of tas
- with that; instrumental singular feminine of tas
- of that; genitive plural feminine of tas
Lithuanian
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]to
Louisiana Creole
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from French tu (“you, thou”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]to (second person informal singular, plural vouzòt, ouzòt, zòt, zo, objective twa, possessive determiner tô, possessive pronoun tokin, tochin)
- you (singular), thou
- To té paʼlé gra. / To te pale gra.
- You spoke with an accent. (literally: "You had spoken thick.")
- To té paʼlé gra. / To te pale gra.
Derived terms
[edit]- (prevocalic) t'
Lower Sorbian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]to n
Determiner
[edit]to
Masurian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish to.
Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]to
- used to attribute to the known object a characteristic that helps one know more about the topic, may be followed by bicz. [with nominative]
- 2018, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, translated by Paweł Pogorzelski and Psioter ôt Sziatków (Piotr Szatkowski), Małi Princ [The Little Prince], →ISBN, page 86:
- Ta woda to biła cosz dicht jénse niz tlo psiczie
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- in that case, then (used in if-constructions)
- 2018, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, translated by Paweł Pogorzelski and Psioter ôt Sziatków (Piotr Szatkowski), Małi Princ [The Little Prince], →ISBN, page 87:
- Małi Princ znowa szie cérziéniuł. nigdi nie ôtpoziedáł na pitania, ale kiéj szie chto cérziéni, to anibi ôdpoziedáł «jo», sztimuje?
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Pronoun
[edit]to n
- this (nearby, neuter)
- 2018, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, translated by Paweł Pogorzelski and Psioter ôt Sziatków (Piotr Szatkowski), Małi Princ [The Little Prince], →ISBN, page 86:
- –A równak to, cégo sukäjó, mozno najszcz w jénnÿ rózÿ abo ksÿnce wodi…
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Mauritian Creole
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]- you (second-person singular nominative personal pronoun)
See also
[edit]Middle English
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old English tā, tāhe, from Proto-West Germanic *taihā, from Proto-Germanic *taihwǭ (“toe”).
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “tō, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 2
[edit]From Old English tō, ta, te, from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta.
Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]to
- to (infinitive marker)
Alternative forms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “tọ̄̆, verbal part.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Preposition
[edit]to
Alternative forms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “tọ̄̆, prep.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Adverb
[edit]to
Alternative forms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “tọ̄, adv.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Adverb
[edit]to
Alternative forms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “tọ̄, adv.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Conjunction
[edit]to
References
[edit]- “tọ̄̆, conj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 3
[edit]Shortening of tone.
Pronoun
[edit]to
- the one (of two)
Alternative forms
[edit]Mohawk
[edit]Particle
[edit]to
- Alternative form of tó:
Norwegian Bokmål
[edit]< 1 | 2 | 3 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : to Ordinal : annen | ||
Etymology
[edit]From Old Norse tvá, accusative case of tveir, from Proto-Germanic *twai, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.
Pronunciation
[edit]Numeral
[edit]to
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- “to” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk
[edit]< 1 | 2 | 3 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : to Ordinal : andre | ||
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Norse tvá, accusative case of tveir, from Proto-Germanic *twai, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.
Numeral
[edit]to
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]to n (definite singular toet, indefinite plural to, definite plural toa)
- fabric
- (figurative, by extension) ability, nature
Etymology 3
[edit]Noun
[edit]to f (definite singular toa, indefinite plural tør, definite plural tørne)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
References
[edit]- “to” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Anagrams
[edit]Old Czech
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *to.
Pronoun
[edit]to
- nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of ten: it, this, that
Descendants
[edit]- Czech: to
References
[edit]- Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “to”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění
Old English
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-West Germanic *tō, from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do (“to”). Cognate with Old Saxon tō (“to”), Old High German zuo (“to”), Old Irish do.
Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]tō
- to, into
- 10th century, Exeter Book Riddle 30[6]:
- Þonne iċ mec onhebbe ond hī onhnīgaþ tō mē, moniġe mid miltse, þǣr iċ monnum sceal īċan upcyme ēadiġnesse.
- When I raise myself up and they bow down to me, many with mercy, then I shall increase rising of happiness for men.
- towards
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
- ...ðā beseah hē tō Petre sumere ælmessan wilniġende...
- Then looked he towards Peter, desiring an alms,...
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
- at
- (grammar) used to mark the infinitive (supine) of the verb
- tō drīfenne ― to drive
- as (In the role of)
- iċ wyrċe tō īsensmiðe ― I work as an ironsmith
- þā nam iċ hīe tō wīfe ― then I took her as a wife
- tō bōte ― to boot (literally: as an improvement, thus in addition)
- Blickling Homilies, "The Dedication of St. Michael's Church"
- Englas bēoð tō ðeġnunge gǣstum fram Gode hider on world sended...
- Angels will be sent by God as spirits of service hither into the world...
Adverb
[edit]tō
Descendants
[edit]Old High German
[edit]Preposition
[edit]to
- Alternative form of zuo
Old Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *to. First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]to
- intensifying particle
Pronoun
[edit]to
- relative and interrogative pronoun; this, that
- possessive pronoun
- indeterminate pronoun; this, that
- introduction pronoun; this
Conjunction
[edit]to
- then (in that case, used in if constructions)
- clarifies a statement; namely
- resultative conjunction; so
- secondary clause equivalent in superordinate clauses
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “to”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Old Saxon
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Proto-Germanic *tō, whence also Old English ti and Old High German zuo
Preposition
[edit]tō
Descendants
[edit]Plautdietsch
[edit]Preposition
[edit]to
Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish to. Cognate with Czech to, Russian то (to), Ancient Greek τό (tó), German das, dass, English that.
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /tɔ/
Audio 1: (file) Audio 2: (file) Audio 3: (file) Audio 4: (file) - Rhymes: -ɔ
- Syllabification: to
Conjunction
[edit]to
- used to attribute to the known object a characteristic that helps one know more about the topic; may optionally be followed by jest [with nominative]
- Janek to mój brat. ― Janek is my brother.
- Górnicy to jest takie specyficzne społeczeństwo. ― Miners are such a peculiar society.
- used to juxtapose elements that are equivalent
- Chcieć to móc. ― Where there's a will there's a way. (literally, “To want is to be able to.”)
- Ciekawość to pierwszy stopień do piekła. ― Curiosity killed the cat. (literally, “Curiosity is the first step to hell.”)
- used to indicate that the subject of the conversation has peculiarities which are familiar to the interlocutors, so that nothing else needs to be said about it in order to understand the topic
- Nasze straty są minimalne, ale bez śmierci się nie obejdzie. Wojna to wojna. ― Our losses are minimal but some casualties are inevitable. War is war.
- No, ale rozkaz to rozkaz. Nie mnie podważać. ― Well, but an order is an order. Not for me to question.
- in that case, then (used in if-constructions)
- Coordinate term: jeśli
- „Wiem, co chcę zrobić.” „To to zrób”. ― “I know what I want to do.” “Then do it.”
- Jeśli to zrobisz, to daj mi znać. ― If you do this, then let me know.
- „Jeżeli zbuduję sobie kiedyś własny dom, to właśnie taki” – myślałam. ― “If I ever build my own house one day, this is the one,” I thought.
Derived terms
[edit]Particle
[edit]to
- used to indicate what one is talking about
- Parę razy mi się udało. Z jedną to nawet bardzo. ― I have succeeded a couple of times. With one it was even very successful.
- used to indicate what can be said about the topic, in contrast to all that cannot be said about it
- W tych ścianach to ona była królową i musiała mieć królewskie wejście. ― Within these walls, it was her who was the queen and had to have a royal entrance.
- so (used after a pause for thought to introduce a new topic, question, or story, or a new thought or question in continuation of an existing topic)
- Synonym: a
- No to kiedy zaczynamy? ― So when are we starting?
- OK, to do zobaczenia. ― OK, see you then.
- used to indicate that the topic in the relevant question refers to a known set of elements from which a choice has to be made
- Synonym: też
- Od kiedy to morderstwo jest takim ewenementem? ― Since when is murder such a rarity?
- Komu to przypadło dzisiaj kucharzowanie? ― Who is cooking today?
- used to express surprise that something is indeed like that as the speaker did not think it could really be so
- (literary) used to indicate that the topic refers to a known object, mentioned in the preceding statement
- O Czechosłowacji po roku 1968 dochodziły do nas ponure wiadomości, dlatego to starałem się przejechać ten kraj jak najszybciej mimo zmęczenia. ― There was grim news about Czechoslovakia after 1968, which is why I tried to cross the country as quickly as possible despite my fatigue.
- (colloquial) used to indicate that what someone has said about the topic is a fait accompli and should no longer be discussed
- Spróbuj zaakceptować jego wady. Nikt nie jest kryształowy. Pali to pali, widziały gały co brały. ― Try to accept his flaws. No one is perfect. OK, he smokes, so what? Big deal, you should've thought about it earlier.
Pronoun
[edit]to n
- this (nearby, neuter)
- Antonym: tamto
- Inna rzecz, że nikt nie zwracał na niego szczególnej uwagi; to go dziwiło. ― The other thing was that no one paid any particular attention to him; this surprised him.
- used to point to the object to which the sentence refers
- Synonym: oto
- Ewa, to Andrzej. ― Ewa, this is Andrzej.
Declension
[edit]Trivia
[edit]According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), to is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 655 times in scientific texts, 307 times in news, 880 times in essays, 1038 times in fiction, and 2233 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 5113 times, making it the 11th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- to in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- to in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- “TO I”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 09.07.2008
- “TO II”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 09.07.2008
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “to”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “to”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1919), “to”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 7, Warsaw, page 72
Portuguese
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]
- Hyphenation: to
Contraction
[edit]to (feminine ta)
Selepet
[edit]Noun
[edit]to
References
[edit]- K. A. McElhanon, Selepet grammar (1972)
- William A. Foley, The Papuan Languages of New Guinea (1986, →ISBN, page 257
Serbo-Croatian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]tȏ (Cyrillic spelling то̑)
Silesian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish to.
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]to n
- this (nearby, neuter)
- used to point to the object to which the sentence refers
Particle
[edit]to
- intensifier particle in questions
Conjunction
[edit]to
- in that case, then (used in if-constructions)
Further reading
[edit]- to in silling.org
Slovak
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *to.
Pronoun
[edit]to
- nominative/accusative neuter singular of ten: it, this, that
Slovene
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]tọ̑
- inflection of ta:
Tocharian B
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *dʰowh₂ōn, from the root *dʰewh₂-.
Noun
[edit]to m
- (detatchable) body hair on the human body (especially pubic hair)
Tooro
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *-tòó.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]-to (declinable)
Declension
[edit]Noun class | indefinite | definite | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | |
1/2 | muto | bato | omuto | abato |
3/4 | muto | mito | omuto | emito |
5/6 | lito | mato | erito | amato |
7/8 | kito | bito | ekito | ebito |
9/10 | nto | nto | ento | ento |
11/10 | ruto | oruto | ||
12/14 | kato | buto | akato | obuto |
13 | tuto | otuto | ||
14/6 | buto | mato | obuto | amato |
15/6 | kuto | okuto | ||
16 | hato | ahato |
References
[edit]- Entry 7185 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3
- Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary[7], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 373
Tututni
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ.
Noun
[edit]to
- (Euchre Creek) water
References
[edit]- Victor Golla, Tututni (Oregon Athapaskan), International Journal of American Linguistics, volume 42:3 (July 1976), pages 217-227
Uzbek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Arabic طَاء (ṭāʔ).
Noun
[edit]to (plural tolar)
- the Arabic letter ط
Declension
[edit]* Note: The type of possessive is not specified.
Vietnamese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Compare Thai โต (dtoo), Lao ໂຕ (tō), Lü ᦷᦎ (ṫo).
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]- In many situations, this word and lớn are interchangeable:
- nhà to mà chẳng ai ở ― a big house where no one lives in
- căn nhà lớn trên đỉnh đồi ― a big house on top of the hill
- However, for body parts, it seems like only to is used:
- tai to ― big ears
See also
[edit]Votic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Russian то (to).
Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]to
References
[edit]- Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “to”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn
Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Brythonic *toɣ (“covering”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- aderyn y to (“house sparrow”)
- to bach (“circumflex”)
- toi (“to roof, to tile, to thatch”)
Mutation
[edit]Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
to | do | nho | tho |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Yola
[edit]Preposition
[edit]to
- Alternative form of ta
- 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY:
- Coome to thee met.
- Come to thy meat.
- 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 14, page 90:
- Shoo ya aam zim to doone, as w' be doone nowe;
- She gave them some to do, as we are doing now;
- 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 93:
- A near a haapney to paay a peepeare.
- Had ne'er a halfpenny to pay the piper.
- 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 94:
- Wee aar lhaung vlealès an pikkès, to waaite apan a breede.
- With their long flails and picks, to wait upon the bride.
- 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 94:
- Hea marreet dear Phielim to his sweet Jauane.
- He married dear Phelim to his sweet Joan.
References
[edit]- Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 31
Yoruba
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]tò
- (transitive) to arrange, to line up
- (transitive) to order, to put things in order
- (intransitive) to become ordered, to become arranged
Usage notes
[edit]- to before a direct object
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]tò
- (Ekiti, Ondo) to talk incessantly; to gossip
- Synonym: rò
- Ẹjọ́ kúwe é tò ― What are you gossiping about? (literally, “What matter are you talking incessantly about”)
Usage notes
[edit]- to before a direct object
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]tó
- (intransitive) to be enough, to be worthy, to be sufficient, to amount to
- (intransitive) to be comparable to
- gíga a rẹ̀ẹ́ tó erin ― His tallness is comparable to an elephant
Usage notes
[edit]- It is a common verb in Yoruba names affirming the worthiness of entities like the orisha. (Ex. Ògúntósìn (“A Yoruba name meaning, "Ogun is worthy of being worshipped."”)).
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]tó
- to reach up to
- ọwọ́ mi kò tó o ― My hand does not reach it
- to be visible, to be comprehensible
Zazaki
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-Iranian *túH, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Related to Persian تو (to).
Pronoun
[edit]to
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- Yoruba terms with usage examples
- Zazaki terms inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Zazaki terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Zazaki terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Zazaki terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Zazaki lemmas
- Zazaki pronouns
- Zazaki informal terms