-tua
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Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-tudak, equivalent to -taa + -ua. Cognates include Estonian -tuma.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-tua (front vowel harmony variant -tyä, stem -tu-, linguistic notation -tU- or -tUA)
- Forms passive or translative intransitive verbs from transitive verbs.
Conjugation
[edit]When attached to a vowel stem:
| Inflection of -tua (Kotus type 52*F/sanoa, t-d gradation) | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present tense | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | -dun | en -du | 1st sing. | olen -tunut | en ole -tunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | -dut | et -du | 2nd sing. | olet -tunut | et ole -tunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | -tuu | ei -du | 3rd sing. | on -tunut | ei ole -tunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | -dumme | emme -du | 1st plur. | olemme -tuneet | emme ole -tuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | -dutte | ette -du | 2nd plur. | olette -tuneet | ette ole -tuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | -tuvat | eivät -du | 3rd plur. | ovat -tuneet | eivät ole -tuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | -dutaan | ei -duta | passive | on -duttu | ei ole -duttu | ||||||||||||||||
| past tense | pluperfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | -duin | en -tunut | 1st sing. | olin -tunut | en ollut -tunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | -duit | et -tunut | 2nd sing. | olit -tunut | et ollut -tunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | -tui | ei -tunut | 3rd sing. | oli -tunut | ei ollut -tunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | -duimme | emme -tuneet | 1st plur. | olimme -tuneet | emme olleet -tuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | -duitte | ette -tuneet | 2nd plur. | olitte -tuneet | ette olleet -tuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | -tuivat | eivät -tuneet | 3rd plur. | olivat -tuneet | eivät olleet -tuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | -duttiin | ei -duttu | passive | oli -duttu | ei ollut -duttu | ||||||||||||||||
| conditional mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | -tuisin | en -tuisi | 1st sing. | olisin -tunut | en olisi -tunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | -tuisit | et -tuisi | 2nd sing. | olisit -tunut | et olisi -tunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | -tuisi | ei -tuisi | 3rd sing. | olisi -tunut | ei olisi -tunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | -tuisimme | emme -tuisi | 1st plur. | olisimme -tuneet | emme olisi -tuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | -tuisitte | ette -tuisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte -tuneet | ette olisi -tuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | -tuisivat | eivät -tuisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat -tuneet | eivät olisi -tuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | -duttaisiin | ei -duttaisi | passive | olisi -duttu | ei olisi -duttu | ||||||||||||||||
| imperative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | -du | älä -du | 2nd sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | -tukoon | älköön -tuko | 3rd sing. | olkoon -tunut | älköön olko -tunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | -tukaamme | älkäämme -tuko | 1st plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | -tukaa | älkää -tuko | 2nd plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | -tukoot | älkööt -tuko | 3rd plur. | olkoot -tuneet | älkööt olko -tuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | -duttakoon | älköön -duttako | passive | olkoon -duttu | älköön olko -duttu | ||||||||||||||||
| potential mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | -tunen | en -tune | 1st sing. | lienen -tunut | en liene -tunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | -tunet | et -tune | 2nd sing. | lienet -tunut | et liene -tunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | -tunee | ei -tune | 3rd sing. | lienee -tunut | ei liene -tunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | -tunemme | emme -tune | 1st plur. | lienemme -tuneet | emme liene -tuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | -tunette | ette -tune | 2nd plur. | lienette -tuneet | ette liene -tuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | -tunevat | eivät -tune | 3rd plur. | lienevät -tuneet | eivät liene -tuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | -duttaneen | ei -duttane | passive | lienee -duttu | ei liene -duttu | ||||||||||||||||
| Nominal forms | |||||||||||||||||||||
| infinitives | participles | ||||||||||||||||||||
| active | passive | active | passive | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1st | -tua | present | -tuva | -duttava | |||||||||||||||||
| long 1st1 |
|
past | -tunut | -duttu | |||||||||||||||||
| 2nd | inessive2 | -tuessa | -duttaessa | agent3 | -tuma | ||||||||||||||||
|
negative | -tumaton | |||||||||||||||||||
| instructive | -tuen | — | 1) Used only with a possessive suffix. 2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only). | ||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd | inessive | -tumassa | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| elative | -tumasta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| illative | -tumaan | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| adessive | -tumalla | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| abessive | -tumatta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| instructive | -tuman | -duttaman | |||||||||||||||||||
| 4th4 | verbal noun | -tuminen | |||||||||||||||||||
| 5th1 |
| ||||||||||||||||||||
With consonant stems, the gradation pattern may be different.