خراج
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Arabic
[edit]
Etymology 1
[edit]From خ ر ج (ḵ-r-j) in the sense “to extract” or “take out”, with phono-semantic matching from Middle Persian apparently in an unattested by-form of by-itself Iranian-origin 𐫍𐫡𐫃 (hrg /harg/), 𐫟𐫡𐫃 (xrg /xarg/), 𐫆𐫡𐫵𐫃 (hrːg /harg/, “tribute”) surfacing as Old Armenian հարկ (hark) etc., an already Old Persian contamination *𐏃𐎼𐎠𐎣 (ha-ra-a-ka /*harāka/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”) on the model of Imperial Aramaic 𐡄𐡋𐡊𐡀 (hlkʾ /hălāḵā/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”), itself calqued from Akkadian 𒅋𒆪 (il-ku /ilku/, “corvée, tribute, any public charge based on land property”). Also attested several times in Biblical Aramaic הֲלָכָא (/hălāḵā/) but otherwise missing in Aramaic.
Noun
[edit]خَرَاج • (ḵarāj) m (plural أَخْرَاج (ʔaḵrāj) or أَخْرِجَة (ʔaḵrija))
Declension
[edit]Declension of noun خَرَاج (ḵarāj)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | خَرَاج ḵarāj |
الْخَرَاج al-ḵarāj |
خَرَاج ḵarāj |
| Nominative | خَرَاجٌ ḵarājun |
الْخَرَاجُ al-ḵarāju |
خَرَاجُ ḵarāju |
| Accusative | خَرَاجًا ḵarājan |
الْخَرَاجَ al-ḵarāja |
خَرَاجَ ḵarāja |
| Genitive | خَرَاجٍ ḵarājin |
الْخَرَاجِ al-ḵarāji |
خَرَاجِ ḵarāji |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | خَرَاجَيْن ḵarājayn |
الْخَرَاجَيْن al-ḵarājayn |
خَرَاجَيْ ḵarājay |
| Nominative | خَرَاجَانِ ḵarājāni |
الْخَرَاجَانِ al-ḵarājāni |
خَرَاجَا ḵarājā |
| Accusative | خَرَاجَيْنِ ḵarājayni |
الْخَرَاجَيْنِ al-ḵarājayni |
خَرَاجَيْ ḵarājay |
| Genitive | خَرَاجَيْنِ ḵarājayni |
الْخَرَاجَيْنِ al-ḵarājayni |
خَرَاجَيْ ḵarājay |
| Plural | basic broken plural triptote; broken plural triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | أَخْرَاج; أَخْرِجَة ʔaḵrāj; ʔaḵrija |
الْأَخْرَاج; الْأَخْرِجَة al-ʔaḵrāj; al-ʔaḵrija |
أَخْرَاج; أَخْرِجَة ʔaḵrāj; ʔaḵrijat |
| Nominative | أَخْرَاجٌ; أَخْرِجَةٌ ʔaḵrājun; ʔaḵrijatun |
الْأَخْرَاجُ; الْأَخْرِجَةُ al-ʔaḵrāju; al-ʔaḵrijatu |
أَخْرَاجُ; أَخْرِجَةُ ʔaḵrāju; ʔaḵrijatu |
| Accusative | أَخْرَاجًا; أَخْرِجَةً ʔaḵrājan; ʔaḵrijatan |
الْأَخْرَاجَ; الْأَخْرِجَةَ al-ʔaḵrāja; al-ʔaḵrijata |
أَخْرَاجَ; أَخْرِجَةَ ʔaḵrāja; ʔaḵrijata |
| Genitive | أَخْرَاجٍ; أَخْرِجَةٍ ʔaḵrājin; ʔaḵrijatin |
الْأَخْرَاجِ; الْأَخْرِجَةِ al-ʔaḵrāji; al-ʔaḵrijati |
أَخْرَاجِ; أَخْرِجَةِ ʔaḵrāji; ʔaḵrijati |
Descendants
[edit]- → English: kharaj
- → Azerbaijani: xərac
- → French: kharaj
- → Middle Armenian: խարաճ (xarač)
- → Ottoman Turkish: خراج (haraç)
- → Persian: خراج (xarâj)
- → Polish: charadż
- → Russian: хара́дж (xarádž)
- → Spanish: jarach
Etymology 2
[edit]| Root |
|---|
| خ ر ج (ḵ r j) |
| 12 terms |
Noun
[edit]خُرَاج or خُرَّاج • (ḵurāj or ḵurrāj) m (plural خُرَاجَات (ḵurājāt) or خُرَّاجَات (ḵurrājāt))
Declension
[edit]Declension of noun خُرَاج (ḵurāj); خُرَّاج (ḵurrāj)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | خُرَاج; خُرَّاج ḵurāj; ḵurrāj |
الْخُرَاج; الْخُرَّاج al-ḵurāj; al-ḵurrāj |
خُرَاج; خُرَّاج ḵurāj; ḵurrāj |
| Nominative | خُرَاجٌ; خُرَّاجٌ ḵurājun; ḵurrājun |
الْخُرَاجُ; الْخُرَّاجُ al-ḵurāju; al-ḵurrāju |
خُرَاجُ; خُرَّاجُ ḵurāju; ḵurrāju |
| Accusative | خُرَاجًا; خُرَّاجًا ḵurājan; ḵurrājan |
الْخُرَاجَ; الْخُرَّاجَ al-ḵurāja; al-ḵurrāja |
خُرَاجَ; خُرَّاجَ ḵurāja; ḵurrāja |
| Genitive | خُرَاجٍ; خُرَّاجٍ ḵurājin; ḵurrājin |
الْخُرَاجِ; الْخُرَّاجِ al-ḵurāji; al-ḵurrāji |
خُرَاجِ; خُرَّاجِ ḵurāji; ḵurrāji |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | خُرَاجَيْن; خُرَّاجَيْن ḵurājayn; ḵurrājayn |
الْخُرَاجَيْن; الْخُرَّاجَيْن al-ḵurājayn; al-ḵurrājayn |
خُرَاجَيْ; خُرَّاجَيْ ḵurājay; ḵurrājay |
| Nominative | خُرَاجَانِ; خُرَّاجَانِ ḵurājāni; ḵurrājāni |
الْخُرَاجَانِ; الْخُرَّاجَانِ al-ḵurājāni; al-ḵurrājāni |
خُرَاجَا; خُرَّاجَا ḵurājā; ḵurrājā |
| Accusative | خُرَاجَيْنِ; خُرَّاجَيْنِ ḵurājayni; ḵurrājayni |
الْخُرَاجَيْنِ; الْخُرَّاجَيْنِ al-ḵurājayni; al-ḵurrājayni |
خُرَاجَيْ; خُرَّاجَيْ ḵurājay; ḵurrājay |
| Genitive | خُرَاجَيْنِ; خُرَّاجَيْنِ ḵurājayni; ḵurrājayni |
الْخُرَاجَيْنِ; الْخُرَّاجَيْنِ al-ḵurājayni; al-ḵurrājayni |
خُرَاجَيْ; خُرَّاجَيْ ḵurājay; ḵurrājay |
| Plural | sound feminine plural | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | خُرَاجَات; خُرَّاجَات ḵurājāt; ḵurrājāt |
الْخُرَاجَات; الْخُرَّاجَات al-ḵurājāt; al-ḵurrājāt |
خُرَاجَات; خُرَّاجَات ḵurājāt; ḵurrājāt |
| Nominative | خُرَاجَاتٌ; خُرَّاجَاتٌ ḵurājātun; ḵurrājātun |
الْخُرَاجَاتُ; الْخُرَّاجَاتُ al-ḵurājātu; al-ḵurrājātu |
خُرَاجَاتُ; خُرَّاجَاتُ ḵurājātu; ḵurrājātu |
| Accusative | خُرَاجَاتٍ; خُرَّاجَاتٍ ḵurājātin; ḵurrājātin |
الْخُرَاجَاتِ; الْخُرَّاجَاتِ al-ḵurājāti; al-ḵurrājāti |
خُرَاجَاتِ; خُرَّاجَاتِ ḵurājāti; ḵurrājāti |
| Genitive | خُرَاجَاتٍ; خُرَّاجَاتٍ ḵurājātin; ḵurrājātin |
الْخُرَاجَاتِ; الْخُرَّاجَاتِ al-ḵurājāti; al-ḵurrājāti |
خُرَاجَاتِ; خُرَّاجَاتِ ḵurājāti; ḵurrājāti |
Alternative forms
[edit]- خُرَاجَة (ḵurāja)
Descendants
[edit]- → Ottoman Turkish: خراج (huraç, hurraç)
References
[edit]- “hlk”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- Burrow, Thomas (1935) “Iranian Words in the Kharoṣṭhi Documents from Chinese Turkestan—II”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies[1], volume 7, number 4, page 788 of 779–790
- Henning, Walter Bruno (1935) “Arabisch ḫarāǧ”, in Orientalia, volume 4 (Nova Series), , pages 291–293 = Henning, W. B. (1977) Selected Papers (Acta Iranica; 14)[2], volume 1, Tehran and Liège: Bibliothèque Pahlavi, pages 355–357
- Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)[3], Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 58
Ottoman Turkish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Borrowed from Arabic خَرَاج (ḵarāj, “public levy; tribute”).
Noun
[edit]خراج • (harac) (definite accusative خراجی (haracı), plural اخراج (ahrac))
- tax, impost, tribute, a compulsory financial charge or levy imposed by the government
- Synonym: ویركی (vergi)
- (Islam) jizya, a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state's non-Muslim citizens
- Synonym: جزیه (cizye)
- poll tax, capitation, head tax, a tax determined as a uniform, fixed amount per individual
Derived terms
[edit]- خراججی (haraccı, “tax collector”)
- خراجه كسمك (haraca kesmek, “to extort money from the vanquished”)
- خراجگزار (haraç-güzar, “tributary”)
Descendants
[edit]- Turkish: haraç
- → Bulgarian: хара́ч (haráč), хара́дж (harádž)
- → Greek: χαράτσι (charátsi)
- → Hungarian: harács
- → Macedonian: арач (arač)
- → Polish: haracz
- → Romanian: haraci
- → Serbo-Croatian: hàrāč / ха̀ра̄ч
Further reading
[edit]click to expand
- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “haraç1”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1871
- Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “harâc”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat[4] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 390
- Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خراج”, in Dictionnaire turc-français[5], Constantinople: Mihran, page 534
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Tributum”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum[6], Vienna, column 1693
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خراج”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum[7], Vienna, column 1871
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “haraç”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خراج”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon[8], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 835
Etymology 2
[edit]Borrowed from Arabic خُرَاج (ḵurāj, “abscess, boil, aposteme”).
Noun
[edit]خراج • (hurac) (definite accusative خراجی (huracı), plural خراجات (huracat))
- pimple, furuncle, boil, pustule, a localized accumulation of pus in the skin, resulting from infection
- abscess, a cavity caused by tissue destruction filled with pus and surrounded by inflamed tissue
Descendants
[edit]- Turkish: hurac
Further reading
[edit]click to expand
- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “hurac”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2007
- Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “hurâc”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat[9] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 456
- Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خراج”, in Dictionnaire turc-français[10], Constantinople: Mihran, page 534
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خراج”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum[11], Vienna, column 1871
- Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خراج”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon[12], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 835
Categories:
- Arabic terms belonging to the root خ ر ج
- Arabic phono-semantic matchings from Middle Persian
- Arabic terms derived from Middle Persian
- Arabic terms derived from Old Persian
- Arabic terms derived from Imperial Aramaic
- Arabic terms derived from Akkadian
- Arabic lemmas
- Arabic nouns
- Arabic masculine nouns
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote singular
- Arabic nouns with broken plural
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote broken plural
- Arabic nouns with triptote broken plural in -a
- Arabic nouns with sound feminine plural
- ar:Medical signs and symptoms
- ar:Taxation
- Ottoman Turkish terms borrowed from Arabic
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Arabic
- Ottoman Turkish lemmas
- Ottoman Turkish nouns
- ota:Islam
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from the Arabic root خ ر ج
- ota:Medical signs and symptoms
- ota:Pathology
- ota:Skin
- ota:Taxation