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{{Infobox military unit
The '''121st Brigade''' was a formation of the [[British Army]] during the [[First World War]]. It was raised as part of the new army also known as [[Kitchener's Army]] and assigned to the [[40th Division (United Kingdom)|40th Division]].
|unit_name=121st Infantry Brigade
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|dates= 7 October 1915–2 May 1918<br>14 June 1918–May 1919<br>9 November 1943-19 May 1944
|country={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|allegiance=
|branch=[[Image:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[British Army]]
|type=Infantry Brigade
|role=Deception (World War II)
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|current_commander=
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|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
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|motto=
|colors=
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}}
The '''121st Brigade''' (121 Bde) was an infantry formation of the [[British Army]] during [[World War I]]. Part of Kitchener's 'New Armies', it served in [[40th Division (United Kingdom)|40th Division]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. The brigade number was reactivated for deception purposes during [[World War II]].

==Origin==
121st Brigade was a New Army or '[[Kitchener's Army]]' formation raised in October 1915, in [[40th Division (United Kingdom)|40th Division]] at [[Aldershot Garrison|Aldershot]]. An earlier 121 Brigade had been raised in late 1914 as part of the 'Fifth New Army', but when the Fourth New Army was broken up in April 1915 to provide reserve units for the First to Third New Armies, the formations of the Fifth took their place, and the original 121 Bde was renumbered [[116th Brigade (United Kingdom)|116th Brigade]].<ref>Becke, pp. 32–7.</ref> By the time the new 120 Bde was organised the flow of volunteers had dwindled, and the standard of height for infantry soldiers had been lowered in order to encourage recruitment. Some of these so-called '[[Bantam (military)|bantams]]' were well-knit, hardy men, but many others, especially in 121st Bde, were under-developed and unfit. It was estimated that the four battalions in the brigade would provide enough fit men for only two serviceable battalions. To prevent the departure of the division to the Front being indefinitely postponed, the divisional commander asked for fresh units to be drafted in. 121st Brigade was completely reorganised in February 1916. Divisional training was then intensified and the division was warned for overseas service in May 1916.<ref name = Becke>Becke, pp. 101–8.</ref>

===Initial order of battle===
The original units forming 121 Bde were as follows:<ref name = Becke/>
* 12th (Service) Battalion (East Anglian) [[Suffolk Regiment]] – ''formed at [[Bury St Edmunds]] in July 1915 as a Bantam battalion''<ref>[http://www.1914-1918.net/suffolks.htm Suffolks at Long, Long Trail]</ref>
* 13th (Service) Battalion) [[Green Howards]] – ''formed in [[Richmond, Yorkshire]] July 1915 as a Bantam battalion''<ref>[http://www.1914-1918.net/yorks.htm Yorkshire Regiment at Long, Long trail]</ref>
* 18th (Service) Battalion [[Sherwood Foresters]] – ''formed at [[Derby]] on 27 July 1915 as a Bantam battalion; absorbed by 13th Green Howards April 1916''<ref>[http://www.1914-1918.net/notts.htm Sherwood Foresters at Long, Long Trail]</ref>
* 22nd (Service) Battalion) [[Middlesex Regiment]] – ''formed at Mill Hill in June 1915 as a Bantam battalion; disbanded 2 April 1916''<ref name = Middx>[http://www.1914-1918.net/msex.htm Middlesex Regiment at Long, Long trail]</ref>
* 20th (Service) Battalion) (Shoreditch) Middlesex Regiment – ''from 118 Bde February 1916''<ref name = Middx/>
* 21st (Service) Battalion (Islington) Middlesex Regiment – ''from 118 Bde February 1916''<ref name = Middx/>
* 121st Brigade Machine Gun Company – ''joined June 1916''
* 121st Trench Mortar Battery – ''formed in France June 1916''

===Training===
Divisional organisation and training was delayed because some of the brigades contained a large proportion of under-developed and unfit men. 121st Brigade had to undergo a drastic weeding-out and the drafting in of new battalions before it was fit for service. This was completed in February 1916. Divisional training was then intensified and it was warned for overseas service in May 1916. Disembarkation was carried out at [[Le Havre]] between 2 and 6 June, and 40th Division concentrated in the [[Lillers]] area by 9 June ready to take its place in the line.<ref name = Becke/><ref>Whitton, pp. 8–19.</ref> Units went into the trenches attached to formations of [[I Corps (United Kingdom)|I Corps]] for familiarisation, and then the division took over its own section of line.<ref>Whitton, pp. 26–36.</ref>

==Operations==
121 Brigade's active service was entirely spent on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. During 1917 it took part in the following actions:<ref name = Becke/>

* German retreat to the [[Hindenburg Line]] 1917:
** Capture of Fifteen Ravine, Villers-Plouich, Beaucamp and La Vacquerie 24–25 April

* [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]] 1917:
** Capture of Bourlon Wood, 23–25 November

===Reorganisation===
In February 1918, British brigades were reduced to a three-battalion basis and brigade machine gun companies were combined into divisional battalions. 21st Middlesex transferred to [[119th Brigade (United Kingdom)|119th Bde]] in 40th Division, and 121 MG Cmpany joined 40th Bn [[Machine Gun Corps]].<ref name = Becke/>

The reorganised brigade took part in the following actions:<ref name = Becke/>
* German [[Spring Offensive]] 1918:
** [[Operation Michael|Battle of St Quentin]] 21–23 March
** [[Operation Michael|First Battle of Bapaume]] 24–25 March
** [[Battle of the Lys (1918)|Battle of Estaires]] 9–11 April
** [[Battle of the Lys (1918)|Battle of Hazebrouck]] 12–13 April

Following heavy casualties during the German Spring Offensive of 1918, 40th Division was reduced to two composite brigades. 1st Composite Brigade formed under Brig-Gen J. Campbell of 121 Bde on 18 April had the following composition:<ref name = Becke/>
* A Bn (20th and 21st Bn Middlesex from 119 Bde)
* B Bn (13th Bn Green Howards)
* C Bn (12th Bn Sufflok and 13th Bn [[East Surrey Regiment]] from [[120th Brigade (United Kingdom)|120 Bde]])
* Company, 40th Bn MGC
* Light Trench Mortar Battery (119th and 121st Batteries)
* 224th Field Company [[Royal Engineers]]
* Subsection 40th Divisional Ammunition Column [[Royal Field Artillery]]
* 137th Field Ambulance [[Royal Army Medical Corps]]
* No 4 Company 40th Divisional Train [[Army Service Corps]]

1st Composite Bde was employed on digging the Herzelee–le Brearde Line in front of [[Cassel]]. In early May 1918, all of 40th Division's remaining infantry battalions were reduced to training cadres and were posted to other formations while the trench mortar batteries disbanded.<ref name = Becke/> On 6 May 1918, 121 Bde's three infantry battalions were reduced to cadre and were posted away, and the trench mortar battery disbanded.<ref name = Becke/>

==Reconstituted==
40th Division began to reform on 14 June 1918, and between 18 and 20 June three battalions were transferred from [[59th (2nd North Midland) Division]] to reconstitute 121 Bde:<ref name = Becke/>
* 8th (Garrison) Bn [[Royal Irish Regiment]]
* 23rd (Garrison) Bn [[Lancashire Fusiliers]]
* 23rd (Garrison) Bn [[Cheshire Regiment]]
On 13 July the term 'Garrison' was dropped from the battalion titles, and the brigade light trench mortar battery had been reformed. By 18 July the brigade resumed its place in the Front Line.<ref name = Becke/>

The reconstitited brigade took part in the following actions:<ref name = Becke/>
* [[Hundred Days Offensive]] 1918:
** Final Advance in Flanders, 28 September–19 October; 27 October–10 November
** [[Fifth Battle of Ypres]] 28 September–2 October.

==Disbandment==
After the Armistice, the division was engaged in road repair and refresher courses for men returning to civilian trades. Demobilisation proceeded rapidly during January and February 1919, and its units were reduced to cadre strength by March. The final cadres disappeared during May.<ref>Becke, p. 108.</ref>

==Commanders==
The following officers commanded 121 Bde during World War I:<ref name = Becke/>
* Brigadier-General J. Campbell (from 7 October 1915)
* Brigadier-General W.B. Garnett (from 27 April 1918)
* Brigadier-General G.C. Stubbs (from 17 September 1918)


==World War II==
121 Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during World War II. 30th Battalion [[Norfolk Regiment]], a line of communication unit serving in [[43rd Brigade (United Kingdom)|43rd Brigade]] in Sicily and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated '121st Infantry Brigade' and acted as if it were a full brigade in an equally fictitious [[40th Division (United Kingdom)|'40th Infantry Division']] from November 1943 until May 1944.<ref>Joslen, pp. 288, 310.</ref>


==Formation==
The infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war:
*12th Battalion, [[Suffolk Regiment]]
*13th Battalion, [[Yorkshire Regiment]]
*18th Battalion, [[Sherwood Foresters]]
*22nd Battalion, [[Middlesex Regiment]]
*20th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment
*21st Battalion, Middlesex Regiment
*121st Machine Gun Company
*121st Trench Mortar Battery
*8th Battalion, [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)|Royal Irish Regiment]]
*23rd Battalion, [[Lancashire Fusiliers]]
*23rd Battalion, [[Cheshire Regiment]]
*9th Battalion, [[Worcestershire Regiment]]
<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=14 February 2012|publisher=The Long Long Trail|title=40th Division|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/40div.htm}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
* Maj A.F. Becke,''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3a: New Army Divisions (30–41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.
{{reflist}}

* Brig-Gen F.P. Crozier, ''A Brass Hat in No Man's Land'', London: Jonathan Cape, 1930/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2011, ISBN 9781781519462.

* Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, ''Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2003, ISBN 1843424746.

* Lt-Col F.E. Whitton, ''History of the 40th Division'' Aldershot: Gale & Polden, 1926/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 9781843428701.

==External sources==
* [http://www.1914-1918.net The Long, Long Trail]

* [http://www.cwgc.org Commonwealth War Graves Commission]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1915]]
[[Category:Brigades of the British Army]]
[[Category:Infantry brigades of the British Army in World War I]]
[[Category:Infantry brigades of the British Army in World War I]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1919]]

Revision as of 11:52, 12 October 2013

121st Infantry Brigade
Active7 October 1915–2 May 1918
14 June 1918–May 1919
9 November 1943-19 May 1944
Country United Kingdom
Branch British Army
TypeInfantry Brigade
RoleDeception (World War II)

The 121st Brigade (121 Bde) was an infantry formation of the British Army during World War I. Part of Kitchener's 'New Armies', it served in 40th Division on the Western Front. The brigade number was reactivated for deception purposes during World War II.

Origin

121st Brigade was a New Army or 'Kitchener's Army' formation raised in October 1915, in 40th Division at Aldershot. An earlier 121 Brigade had been raised in late 1914 as part of the 'Fifth New Army', but when the Fourth New Army was broken up in April 1915 to provide reserve units for the First to Third New Armies, the formations of the Fifth took their place, and the original 121 Bde was renumbered 116th Brigade.[1] By the time the new 120 Bde was organised the flow of volunteers had dwindled, and the standard of height for infantry soldiers had been lowered in order to encourage recruitment. Some of these so-called 'bantams' were well-knit, hardy men, but many others, especially in 121st Bde, were under-developed and unfit. It was estimated that the four battalions in the brigade would provide enough fit men for only two serviceable battalions. To prevent the departure of the division to the Front being indefinitely postponed, the divisional commander asked for fresh units to be drafted in. 121st Brigade was completely reorganised in February 1916. Divisional training was then intensified and the division was warned for overseas service in May 1916.[2]

Initial order of battle

The original units forming 121 Bde were as follows:[2]

  • 12th (Service) Battalion (East Anglian) Suffolk Regiment – formed at Bury St Edmunds in July 1915 as a Bantam battalion[3]
  • 13th (Service) Battalion) Green Howards – formed in Richmond, Yorkshire July 1915 as a Bantam battalion[4]
  • 18th (Service) Battalion Sherwood Foresters – formed at Derby on 27 July 1915 as a Bantam battalion; absorbed by 13th Green Howards April 1916[5]
  • 22nd (Service) Battalion) Middlesex Regiment – formed at Mill Hill in June 1915 as a Bantam battalion; disbanded 2 April 1916[6]
  • 20th (Service) Battalion) (Shoreditch) Middlesex Regiment – from 118 Bde February 1916[6]
  • 21st (Service) Battalion (Islington) Middlesex Regiment – from 118 Bde February 1916[6]
  • 121st Brigade Machine Gun Company – joined June 1916
  • 121st Trench Mortar Battery – formed in France June 1916

Training

Divisional organisation and training was delayed because some of the brigades contained a large proportion of under-developed and unfit men. 121st Brigade had to undergo a drastic weeding-out and the drafting in of new battalions before it was fit for service. This was completed in February 1916. Divisional training was then intensified and it was warned for overseas service in May 1916. Disembarkation was carried out at Le Havre between 2 and 6 June, and 40th Division concentrated in the Lillers area by 9 June ready to take its place in the line.[2][7] Units went into the trenches attached to formations of I Corps for familiarisation, and then the division took over its own section of line.[8]

Operations

121 Brigade's active service was entirely spent on the Western Front. During 1917 it took part in the following actions:[2]

  • German retreat to the Hindenburg Line 1917:
    • Capture of Fifteen Ravine, Villers-Plouich, Beaucamp and La Vacquerie 24–25 April

Reorganisation

In February 1918, British brigades were reduced to a three-battalion basis and brigade machine gun companies were combined into divisional battalions. 21st Middlesex transferred to 119th Bde in 40th Division, and 121 MG Cmpany joined 40th Bn Machine Gun Corps.[2]

The reorganised brigade took part in the following actions:[2]

Following heavy casualties during the German Spring Offensive of 1918, 40th Division was reduced to two composite brigades. 1st Composite Brigade formed under Brig-Gen J. Campbell of 121 Bde on 18 April had the following composition:[2]

1st Composite Bde was employed on digging the Herzelee–le Brearde Line in front of Cassel. In early May 1918, all of 40th Division's remaining infantry battalions were reduced to training cadres and were posted to other formations while the trench mortar batteries disbanded.[2] On 6 May 1918, 121 Bde's three infantry battalions were reduced to cadre and were posted away, and the trench mortar battery disbanded.[2]

Reconstituted

40th Division began to reform on 14 June 1918, and between 18 and 20 June three battalions were transferred from 59th (2nd North Midland) Division to reconstitute 121 Bde:[2]

On 13 July the term 'Garrison' was dropped from the battalion titles, and the brigade light trench mortar battery had been reformed. By 18 July the brigade resumed its place in the Front Line.[2]

The reconstitited brigade took part in the following actions:[2]

Disbandment

After the Armistice, the division was engaged in road repair and refresher courses for men returning to civilian trades. Demobilisation proceeded rapidly during January and February 1919, and its units were reduced to cadre strength by March. The final cadres disappeared during May.[9]

Commanders

The following officers commanded 121 Bde during World War I:[2]

  • Brigadier-General J. Campbell (from 7 October 1915)
  • Brigadier-General W.B. Garnett (from 27 April 1918)
  • Brigadier-General G.C. Stubbs (from 17 September 1918)


World War II

121 Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during World War II. 30th Battalion Norfolk Regiment, a line of communication unit serving in 43rd Brigade in Sicily and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated '121st Infantry Brigade' and acted as if it were a full brigade in an equally fictitious '40th Infantry Division' from November 1943 until May 1944.[10]


References

  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3a: New Army Divisions (30–41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division, London: HM Stationery Office, 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.
  • Brig-Gen F.P. Crozier, A Brass Hat in No Man's Land, London: Jonathan Cape, 1930/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2011, ISBN 9781781519462.
  • Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2003, ISBN 1843424746.
  • Lt-Col F.E. Whitton, History of the 40th Division Aldershot: Gale & Polden, 1926/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 9781843428701.

External sources

Notes

  1. ^ Becke, pp. 32–7.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Becke, pp. 101–8.
  3. ^ Suffolks at Long, Long Trail
  4. ^ Yorkshire Regiment at Long, Long trail
  5. ^ Sherwood Foresters at Long, Long Trail
  6. ^ a b c Middlesex Regiment at Long, Long trail
  7. ^ Whitton, pp. 8–19.
  8. ^ Whitton, pp. 26–36.
  9. ^ Becke, p. 108.
  10. ^ Joslen, pp. 288, 310.
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