IMX-101: Difference between revisions
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|Main fill for the Spider Grenade, thus a low [[Explosive_material|critical diameter]] is required.<ref>{{cite web |
|Main fill for the Spider Grenade, thus a low [[Explosive_material|critical diameter]] is required.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007im_em/ABriefs/Fung.pdf |title=DEVELOPMENT & OPTIMIZATION OF A |
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PRODUCTION METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING |
PRODUCTION METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING |
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PAX-41 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719014949/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007im_em/ABriefs/Fung.pdf |archivedate=July 19, 2013 }}</ref> |
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PAX-41}}</ref> |
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==Processing== |
==Processing== |
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Like [[Composition B]], IMX formulations are melt-[[castable]] without [[thermal degradation]], and are thus processed into munitions by a melt pour process starting with a [[Batch production|batch]] [[melt kettle]] heated by a steam [[heat exchanger]].<ref>{{cite web |
Like [[Composition B]], IMX formulations are melt-[[castable]] without [[thermal degradation]], and are thus processed into munitions by a melt pour process starting with a [[Batch production|batch]] [[melt kettle]] heated by a steam [[heat exchanger]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imemg.org/res/IMEMTS%202010/presentations/im_tech_1_Patel.pdf |title=IMX-104 High Explosive (HE) Loading of |
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81mm & 120mm Mortars |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604031221/http://www.imemg.org/res/IMEMTS%202010/presentations/im_tech_1_Patel.pdf |archivedate=June 4, 2014 }}</ref> |
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81mm & 120mm Mortars}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 03:46, 31 March 2016
IMX-101 is a high-performance insensitive high explosive composite mixture developed by BAE Systems and the United States Army to replace TNT in artillery shells, starting as soon as 2011.[1][2][3][4] IMX stands for "Insensitive Munitions eXplosives", which refers to the purpose of IMX-101: to provide explosive force equivalent to TNT without its sensitivity to shocks such as gunfire, explosions from improvised explosive devices, fire, and shrapnel. For example, it is believed that a training incident in Nevada which killed seven Marines would not have occurred with the new explosive. On March 23, 2013, the United States Army ordered $780 million worth of the explosive, with a production of millions of pounds annually, to be produced by BAE at Holston Army Ammunition Plant in Tennessee.[5] The new explosive will cost $8 per pound, compared to $6 per pound for TNT.[6]
Composition
It is composed of ingredients including 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and nitrotriazalone (NTO).[5] The nominal composition is DNAN, NQ (nitroguanidine), NTO.[7][8] Trace amounts of MNA(n-methyl-p-nitroaniline) are included in some formulations to aid in processing.[9][10]
| A Family of Insensitive Melt Cast Explosive Formulations: Insensitive Melt Cast Explosives manufactured at Holston Army Ammunition Plant[7] | ||||
| Formulation | Key Ingredients | Replaces | Purpose | Qualification Status (2012) |
| IMX-101 | DNAN + NTO + NQ | TNT | Artillery and other large caliber munitions | Material qualified; Type qualified for 155mm M795, on-going for 155mm M1122 and 105mm projectiles |
| IMX-104 | DNAN + NTO + RDX | Comp B | Mortar applications | Material qualified; Type qualification on-going for 81mm mortar, 60mm & 120mm to follow |
| PAX-48 | DNAN + NTO + HMX | Comp B | Mortar and tank ammunition | Material qualified; Type qualification achieved for 120mm IM HE-T tracer round (NAMMO) |
| OSX-12 | DNAN + NTO + RDX + Al | PAX-28 | High blast applications | Material under evaluation |
| PAX-21 | DNAN + RDX + AP + MNA | Main fill for the 60mm M768 Mortar Rounds | Currently in-use in theater | |
| PAX-41 | DNAN + RDX + MNA[clarification needed] | Main fill for the Spider Grenade, thus a low critical diameter is required.[11] | ||
The performance of PAX-28, a thermobaric, containing a mixture of RDX, DNAN, Al, AP and MNA was found to have an indoor explosive equivalency factor of 1.62 when compared to Composition B.[12] OSX-12 is being studied as a replacement to PAX-28.
Reception
Time Magazine called IMX-101 one of the "50 best inventions of 2010".[6]
Processing
Like Composition B, IMX formulations are melt-castable without thermal degradation, and are thus processed into munitions by a melt pour process starting with a batch melt kettle heated by a steam heat exchanger.[13]
See also
- M107 projectile
- XM1128 projectile
Further reading
- The Characterization of IM Explosive Candidates for TNT Replacement
- Explosive Ingredients and Compositions for the IM M795 Artillery
References
- ^ BAE IMX-101 Explosive Approved To Replace TNT In US Army Artillery
- ^ DTIC Background and Introduction to IMX-101, -102 and -103
- ^ The Application of New IM Explosive Candidates - DTIC Online
- ^ Army Approves Safer Explosive To Replace TNT
- ^ a b Allison Barrie (2013-03-26). "Bye bye, TNT: New generation of explosives for the Army". Fox News.
- ^ a b Mark Thompson (2010-11-13). "Less Dangerous Explosives". Time Magazine.
- ^ a b This table is closely modelled on Virgil Fung; et al. (2012). "2012 IMEMTS, Las Vegas, NV (S2DSEA2012-0148) Process Improvement and Optimization of Insensitive Explosive IMX-101 2012 Insensitive Munitions & Energetic Material Technology Symposium". U.S. Army.
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|title=at position 115 (help) (Strangely, DNS failed to resolve dtic.mil - citing web cache. Note composition ratios add to 100.300, at least in the cached version) - ^ "Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics Volume 39, Issue 2, pages 236–242, April 2014 *Estimations of Vapor Pressures by Thermogravimetric Analysis of the Insensitive Munitions IMX-101, IMX-104, and Individual Components Michael F. Cuddy*, Aimee R. Poda and Mark A. Chappell Article first published online: 2 DEC 2013 DOI: 10.1002/prep.201300069".
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|title=at position 38 (help) - ^ "Photochemical transformation of the insensitive munitions compound 2,4-dinitroanisole".
- ^ "Insenstive High Explosives (IHE)".
- ^ "DEVELOPMENT & OPTIMIZATION OF A PRODUCTION METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING PAX-41" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); line feed character in|title=at position 32 (help) - ^ "Insenstive High Explosives (IHE)".
- ^ "IMX-104 High Explosive (HE) Loading of 81mm & 120mm Mortars" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); line feed character in|title=at position 39 (help)