List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes: Difference between revisions
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**[[Bebryaces]]/[[Berybraces]] – unknown location, may have been related to the [[Bebryces (gauls)]] or the [[Berones]], there is also the possibility that it was an old name of the [[Celtiberians]]. |
**[[Bebryaces]]/[[Berybraces]] – unknown location, may have been related to the [[Bebryces (gauls)]] or the [[Berones]], there is also the possibility that it was an old name of the [[Celtiberians]]. |
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**[[Berones]] – [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]] (Spain). |
**[[Berones]] – [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]] (Spain). |
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**[[Cantabri]] – [[Cantabria]], part of [[Asturias]] and part of [[Castile-Leon]] (Spain); some consider them not Celtic, may have been Pre-Celtic [[Indo-European]] as could have been the [[Lusitani]] and [[Vettones]] [http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm]. If their language was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic like [[Ligurian language (ancient)|Ligurian]] (i.e. an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). A Tribal confederation. |
**[[Cantabri]] – [[Cantabria]], part of [[Asturias]] and part of [[Castile-Leon]] (Spain); some consider them not Celtic, may have been Pre-Celtic [[Indo-European]] as could have been the [[Lusitani]] and [[Vettones]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20040611215344/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm]. If their language was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic like [[Ligurian language (ancient)|Ligurian]] (i.e. an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). A Tribal confederation. |
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***[[Avarigines]] |
***[[Avarigines]] |
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***[[Blendii]]/[[Plentusii]]/[[Plentuisii]] |
***[[Blendii]]/[[Plentusii]]/[[Plentuisii]] |
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**[[Serretes]] - areas of modern Western [[Hungary]], west of [[Danube River|Danubius]] ([[Danube River|Danube]]) river. |
**[[Serretes]] - areas of modern Western [[Hungary]], west of [[Danube River|Danubius]] ([[Danube River|Danube]]) river. |
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**[[Varciani]] – areas of modern [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]]. |
**[[Varciani]] – areas of modern [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]]. |
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people as the [[Lusitani]] and [[Vettones]] could have been. [http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm]. If their language was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic like [[Ligurian language (ancient)|Ligurian]] (i.e. an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). |
people as the [[Lusitani]] and [[Vettones]] could have been. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040611215344/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm]. If their language was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic like [[Ligurian language (ancient)|Ligurian]] (i.e. an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). |
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**[[Carpetani]] – Central [[Geography of Spain#The Inner Plateau and associated mountains|Iberian meseta]] (Spain), in the geographical centre of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], in a large part of today's [[Castilla-La Mancha]] and [[Community of Madrid|Madrid]] regions. A tribal confederation with 27 identified tribes.<ref>http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1404299</ref> |
**[[Carpetani]] – Central [[Geography of Spain#The Inner Plateau and associated mountains|Iberian meseta]] (Spain), in the geographical centre of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], in a large part of today's [[Castilla-La Mancha]] and [[Community of Madrid|Madrid]] regions. A tribal confederation with 27 identified tribes.<ref>http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1404299</ref> |
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***[[Aelariques]] - |
***[[Aelariques]] - |
Revision as of 12:57, 17 May 2017
This is a list of Celtic tribes, listed in order of the Roman province (after Roman conquest) or the general area in which they lived. This geographical distribution of Celtic tribes does not imply that tribes that lived in the same general geographical area were more related. Some tribes' or tribal confederation's names are listed under more than one region because they dwelt in several of them.
High Danube-Hercynia
Southern Central Europe, roughly upper Danube river basin and neighboring regions, is hypothesized as the original area of the Celts (Proto-Celts), corresponding to the Hallstatt Culture. Some closely fit the concept of a tribe. Others are confederations or even unions of tribes.
Agri Decumates
- Gauls (Galli) - spoke Gaulish (a Continental Celtic language)
- Helvetii – original dwellers of the region, unknown named tribes of the Helvetii tribal confederation, also dwelt to the South and Southwest in Helvetia (modern day Switzerland). Decumates may have meant "Ten Cantons".
- Latobrigi/Latovici - uncertain location, maybe to the north or northeast of the Helvetii in the upper Danube (Danubius) and upper Rhine river basins, original dwellers of the region.
- Tulingi – localisation unclear, possibly Southern Germany, Switzerland or Austria; also may have been a Germanic tribe.
Hercynia
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
- Anartes/Anartoi – Celts assimilated by Dacians.[1] Areas of modern Slovakia and modern Northern Hungary, north of the Tysia/Tibiscus (Tisza) river.
- Boii – a tribal confederation, originally from today's Bohemia (Western Czech Republic), dwelt in Hercynia Silva, north of the Danuvius (Danube) river, but dispersed through migrations to other regions of Europe, to areas of modern Slovakia, Germany, Austria, Hungary,Northern Italy and France[2]
- Hercynian Boii - roughly in today's Bohemia
- Cotini/Gotini – areas of modern Slovakia, west of the Anartes, and areas of Western Hungary, south of Lacus Pelsodis/Pelso (Lake Balaton).
- Lugii – areas of modern southwestern and southern Poland; also may have been a Germanic tribe.
- Osi/Osii – areas of modern Slovakia[3]
- Volcae - a tribal confederation, originally from today's Moravia (Eastern Czech Republic), Central and Upper Danube basin (Slovakia, Austria, South Germany), dwelt in Hercynia Silva, north of the Danuvius (Danube) river, but dispersed through migrations to other regions of Europe (Southern Gaul) and Asia Minor/Anatolia (Galatia).
- Moravian Volcae - roughly in today's Moravia.
Noricum
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
- Carni – Carnic Alps, South Austria (Carinthia/Kärnten), Western Slovenia (Carniola/Kranjska) and Northern Friuli/Friûl (Carnia/Cjargna). They came from Central Europe and not from Gaul (Gallia). (They were not were not Cisalpine Gaulish Celts). Also may have been a tribe of the Adriatic Veneti.
- Norici/Taurisci - a tribal confederation
- Alauni - in the middle Aenus river basin (Inn river), east of the Aenus in the Eastern Alps, Chiemsee and Attersee lakes region.
- Ambidravi/Ambidrani - in the upper and middle Dravus (Drau/Drava) river basin in the Eastern Alps and also in the Mur/Mura river basin, today's Carinthia and Styria, Austria.
- Ambilici - in the Dravus (Drau/Drava) river basin, east of the Ambidravi/Ambidrani (today's Southeast Austria and Northeast Slovenia).
- Ambisontes/Ambisontii - in the Alpes Noricae (East Central Alps), in the upper Salzach river basin.
- Norici/Nori - may have been a tribe of the larger Taurisci tribal federation; in the Eastern Alps and in the Mur/Mura and Schwarza rivers basins and other areas, today's Styria and Lower Austria (Austria) south of the Danubius (Danube).
- Sevaces - in the low Aenus river basin (Inn river), east of the Aenus and south of the Danubius (Danube), roughly in today's Upper Austria.
Rhaetia
- Rhaetian people – central parts of present-day Switzerland, the Tyrol in Austria, and the Alpine regions of northeastern Italy. They spoke the Rhaetian language. There is evidence that the non-Celtic (and Pre-Indo-European) elements (see Tyrsenian languages) had, by the time of Augustus, been assimilated by the influx of Celtic tribes and had adopted Celtic speech.[4] In addition, the abundance of Celtic toponyms and the complete absence of Etruscan place names in the Rhaetian territory, leads to the conclusion that, by the time of Roman conquest, the Rhaetians were completely Celticized.[5]
- Benlauni - Upper valley of fl. Aenus (r. Inn) in today's North Tirol, Austria, along with the Breuni (may have been older dwellers than the Breuni), not the same as the Breuni, Pons Aeni (modern Wasserburg) was their main centre.
- Breuni/Brenni/Breones - Upper valley of fl. Aenus (r. Inn) in today's North Tirol, Austria, and Val Bregna and around Brenner Mountain; also may have been an Illyrian tribe and not a Rhaetian one.
- Brixenetes/Brixentes/Brixantae - Upper valley of fl. Athesis (r. Adige) in today's South Tirol, Italy, around Bressanone/Brixen.
- Calucones/Culicones - Calanda (upper valley of fl. Rhenus - r. Rhine) in today's Grisons Canton, Switzerland and Valtellina, Colico.
- Camunni/Camuni - Val Camonica (river Oglio) in today's Brescia Province (Lombardia, Italy); also may have been a tribe of the Euganei and not a Rhaetian tribe.
- Consuanetae/Cosuanetes/Cotuantii? - Upper and middle valley of fl. Isarus (r. Isar) (Bavarian Alps) in today's Upper Bavaria, Germany; also may have been a tribe of the Vindelici (a tribal confederacy), named Cotuantii (if they are the same).
- Focunates - Upper valley of fl. Aenus (r. Inn) in today's North Tirol, Austria, neighbours to Genaunes and Breuni.
- Genaunes/Genauni - Upper valleys of the fl. Aenus (r. Inn) and the Athesis (Adige) in today's Tirol (North Tirol and South Tirol); also may have been an Illyrian tribe and not a Rhaetian one; east of the Lepontii.
- Isarci - Valley of fl. Isarcus (r. Isarco) in today's South Tirol, Italy.
- Leponti/Lepontii/Leipontii/Lepontes - Val Leventina and Val d'Ossola in today's Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Piemonte, Italy; also may not have been a Rhaetian tribe but instead a Gaulish tribe; west of the Genaunes/Genauni.
- Medoaci - close to the Meduacum (Brenta) source, Ausugum (Borgo Valsugana) was their main town.
- Mesiales - south of the Lepontii.
- Naunes - in Val di Non, Trento Province.
- Querquani - in Quero area (today's Belluno Province, Veneto Region).
- Runicates/Rucinates/Rucantii? - Between rivers Isarus (Isar) and Danuvius (Danube), Low Bavaria; also may have been a tribe of the Vindelici (a tribal confederation).
- Rugusci/Ruigusci/Rucantii? Upper Engadin (fl. Aenus - r. Inn) in today's Grisons canton, Switzerland.
- Suanetes/Suanitae/Sarunetes - Upper Rhenus (Upper Rhine) and Valley of r. Albula in today's Grisons canton, Switzerland.
- Tridentini - in the middle Athesis (Adige) river basin.
- Trumpilini/Trumplini - Val Trompia in today's Brescia Province, Italy; also may have been a tribe of the Euganei and not a Rhaetian tribe.
- Vennonetes/Vennones/Vennonienses - Upper valley of fl. Rhenus (r. Rhine) in today's Saint Gallen Canton, Switzerland; also may not have been a Rhaetian tribe but instead a tribe of the Vindelici (a tribal confederation).
- Venostes - Vinschgau (It. Val Venosta) (fl. Athesis - r. Adige) in today's South Tirol, Italy.
Vindelicia
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
- Vindelici – a tribal confederation, areas of modern Southern Germany (Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg), in the upper Danube river basin.
- Brigantii – in the Lacus Brigantinus (Lake Konstanz) area, Brigantia (Bregenz) was the main centre, in the border areas of modern Germany, Austria and Switzerland, north of the Vennonetes/Vennones/Vennonienses.
- Catenates - South of the Danubius (Danube), in the low Licus (Lech) river area, Augusta Vindelicorum region (today's Augsburg), north of the Licates.
- Consuanetae/Cosuanetes/Cotuantii? - Upper and middle valley of fl. Isarus (r. Isar) (Bavarian Alps) in today's Upper Bavaria, Germany.
- Estiones - South of the Danubius (Danube), in the Ilargus (Roth) and Riss rivers area, including today's Ulm area (between modern Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg), Cambodunum (today's Kempten) was one of their towns.
- Leuni - in the Isarus (Isar) and Ammer (Amper) river areas, Munich area, Bavaria.
- Licates - in the Licus (Lech) river valley, south of the Catenates.
- Runicates/Rucinates/Rucantii? - Between rivers Isarus (Isar) and Danuvius (Danube), Low Bavaria.
- Vennonetes/Vennones/Vennonienses - Upper valley of fl. Rhenus (r. Rhine) in today's Saint Gallen Canton, Switzerland, south of the Brigantii.
- Vindelici – a tribal confederation, areas of modern Southern Germany (Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg), in the upper Danube river basin.
Venetia
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
- Carni – Carnic Alps, South Austria (Carinthia/Kärnten), Western Slovenia (Carniola/Kranjska) and Northern Friuli/Friûl (Carnia/Cjargna)). They came from Central Europe and not from Gaul (Gallia). (They were not were not Cisalpine Gaulish Celts). Also may have been a tribe of the Adriatic Veneti.
- Catubrini - In the Alps Southeastern slopes, close to Atesis (Adige river) and near Tridentum (Trento), to the Southwest of the Carni. They came from Central Europe and not from Gaul (Gallia). (They were not were not Cisalpine Gaulish Celts).
Liguria
- Ligures – Northern Mediterranean Coast straddling South-east French and North-west Italian coasts, including Northern Tuscany and Corsica. Because of the strong Celtic influences on their language and culture, they were known already in antiquity as Celto-Ligurians (in Greek Κελτολίγυες, Keltolígues).[6] Very little is known about this language, Ligurian (mainly place names and personal names remain) which is generally believed to have been Celtic or Para-Celtic;[7][8] (i.e. an Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic).
- Apuani – Eastern Liguria from the Northern Apennines Mountains to the mediterranean coast.
- Bagienni (or Vagienni) – (in the area of Bene Vagienna)
- Briniates (or Boactes) – (in the area of Brugnato)
- Deciates – (in modern Provence, west of the river Var)
- Friniates – (in the area now called Frignano)
- Garuli – (in the area of Cenisola)
- Genuates – (in the area of Genua - Genova)
- Hercates –
- Ilvates (or Iluates) – (if different from the Iriates) (on the island of Elba)
- Ingauni – Western Liguria from the Northern Apennines Mountains and Ligurian Alps to the mediterranean coast.
- Intemelii - Western Liguria from the Ligurian Alps to the mediterranean coast, west of the Ingauni, in the Albium Intemelium area (today's Ventimiglia).
- Laevi – a ligurian tribe that dwelt in the low Ticinus river (Ticino), according to both Livy & Pliny.[9] According to Livy (v. 34), they took part in the expedition of Bellovesus into Italy in the 6th century BC
- Lapicini (or Lapicinii) – In the extreme northern regions of Liguria, as it was defined in Roman times, on a tributary of the Magra
- Marici – (near the confluence of the rivers Orba, Bormida and Tanaro)
- Statielli – on the road from Vada Sabatia, near Savona to Dertona (Tortona) and Placentia
- Tigulli – from the Northern Apennines Mountains to the mediterranean coast, west of the Apuani.
- Tricastini –
Gaul (Gallia)
Cisalpine Gaul (Gallia Cisalpina)
Cisalpine Gaul (Gallia Cisalpina), also called Gallia Citerior or Gallia Togata,[13] was the part of Italy continually inhabited by Celts since the 13th century BC.[14] Conquered by the Roman Republic in the 220s BC, it was a Roman province from c. 81 BC until 42 BC, when it was merged into Roman Italy.[15] Until that time, it was considered part of Gaul, precisely that part of Gaul on the "hither side of the Alps" (from the perspective of the Romans), as opposed to Transalpine Gaul ("on the far side of the Alps").[16]
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
- Boii – Central Emilia-Romagna (Bologna). They were a branch of the Boii, an Eastern Celtic people that came from Bohemia and not from Gaul (Gallia) (They were not were not Cisalpine Gaulish Celts).
- Cisalpine Gauls (Galli Cisalpini) - Came from Gaul (Gallia) in a migration (6th century BC). They spoke Cisalpine Gaulish (a Continental Celtic language) closely related to Gaulish or Gallic.
- Anani – Western Emilia, Po Valley, (Fidentia, Province of Piacenza)
- Anamares – Minor tribe whose precise location along the southern bank of the River Padus in Italy is uncertain
- Anares – Middle Po Valley, Placentia (Piacenza, Province of Piacenza)
- Cenomani – Eastern Lombardy (Brixia, Cremona). Related to or a branch of the Cenomani that lived in Gaul (Gallia).
- Gaesatae – Migrated from France to Italy to fight in the battle of Telamon
- Graioceli/Garocelli – Northwestern Piedmont in the Graian Alps
- Insubres – Western Lombardy (Milan)
- Libici/Libui – Between Duria Bautica/Duria Maior (Dora Baltea) and Sesites/Sessites (Sesia) rivers.
- Lingones – North-eastern Emilia-Romagna (Ferrara), Po Valley. Related to or a branch of the Lingones that lived in Gaul (Gallia).
- Orobii or Orumbovii – Central Lombardy (Bergamo)
- Salassi – Aosta Valley and Canavese (Northern Piedmont) (Ivrea)
- Segusini (or Cottii) – Western Piedmont on Cottian Alps (Susa)
- Senones – South-eastern Emilia-Romagna (Rimini) and Northern Marche (Senigallia). Related to or a branch of the Senones that lived in Gaul (Gallia).
- Taurini – Piedmont (Turin)
- Vertamocorii – Eastern Piedmont (Novara)
- Gaulish tribes that did not settled in Cisalpine Gaul
- Aedui – According to Livy (v. 34), they took part in the expedition of Bellovesus into Italy in the 6th century BC
- Ambarri – According to Livy (v. 34), they took part in the expedition of Bellovesus into Italy in the 6th century BC
- Arverni – According to Livy (v. 34), they took part in the expedition of Bellovesus into Italy in the 6th century BC
- Aulerci – According to Livy (v. 34), they took part in the expedition of Bellovesus into Italy in the 6th century BC
- Bituriges – According to Livy (v. 34), they took part in the expedition of Bellovesus into Italy in the 6th century BC
- Carnutes – According to Livy (v. 34), they took part in the expedition of Bellovesus into Italy in the 6th century BC
- Salyes – According to Livy (v. 34), they took part in the expedition of Bellovesus into Italy in the 6th century BC
- Lepontic Celts - They seem to have been an older group of Celts that lived in Cisalpine Gaul before the Gaulish Celtic migration. They spoke Lepontic (a Continental Celtic language) a Celtic language that seems to precede Cisalpine Gaulish.
- Lepontii – Northern Lombardy, North-eastern Piedmont and Switzerland in the Lepontine Alps. They were not Gaulish Celts.
- Camunni – in the Valcamonica and Valtellina valleys of the Central Alps. A celticized Rhaetic tribe. Some consider them to be Celtic.[17]
Transalpine Gaul (Gallia Transalpina)
Transalpine Gaul, meaning literally "Gaul on the other side of the Alps" or "Gaul across the Alps", is approximately modern Belgium, France, and Switzerland, in what would become the Roman provinces of Gallia Narbonensis, Gallia Celtica (later Lugdunensis and Aquitania) and Gallia Belgica. The Roman province of Gaul (Gallia) included both Celtic-speaking and non-Celtic-speaking tribes. Some closely fit the concept of a tribe. Others are confederations or even unions of tribes. List of peoples of Gaul (with their capitals/major settlements):
Aquitania Proper (Aquitania Propria)
- Celtiberians - spoke Celtiberian (a Continental Celtic language)
- Belendi/Pelendi – Belinum territory (Belin-Béliet), in the middle Sigmatis river (in today's Leyre river) area, south of the Bituriges Vivisci and the Boii Boiates; they may have been related to the Pellendones (a Celtiberian tribe), not an Aquitanian tribe.
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
- Boii - Were a branch of the Boii, an Eastern Celtic people that came from Bohemia and were not Gaulish Celts.
- Boii Boiates/Boviates/Boates – La Tête de Buch, probably around Arcachon Bay and northwest of Landes (departement), in the Pays de Buch and Pays de Born, may have been a Celtic tribe or a mixed Celtic-Aquitanian tribe.
- Boii - Were a branch of the Boii, an Eastern Celtic people that came from Bohemia and were not Gaulish Celts.
- Gauls (Galli) - spoke Gaulish (a Continental Celtic language)
- Garites – in and around Gariès in the west banks of Garumna river (Garonne), northwest of Tolosa (Toulouse), southwest of Montauban, northwest of the Volcae Tectosages, but not an Aquitanian tribe
- Garumni – along the banks of the high Garumna river (Garonne), southwest of the Volcae Tectosages, and in and around Lugdunum Convenarum, among the Convenae (an Aquitani tribe or group of tribes), but not an Aquitanian tribe
- Senates – in Aquitania, south of the Garumna (Garonne) river, but not an Aquitanian tribe
Belgica
- Belgae[18] (according to classical authors, see Caesar's De Bello Gallico, they were a different people and spoke a different language from the Gauls and Britons; they were clearly an Indo-European people and may have spoken a Celtic language, although there is a remote possibility that their language may have been Pre-Celtic Indo-European. If their language was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic like Ligurian (i.e. an Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic; see Ancient Belgian language). They dwelt in Belgica, parts of Britannia, and may have dwelt in parts of Hibernia and also of Hispania) (large tribal confederation).
- Ambiani – Amiens
- Ambivareti
- Atrebates – Arras
- Bellovaci – Beauvais
- Caleti/Caletes – Harfleur (Caracotinum), later Lillebonne (Juliobona)
- Catuslogi
- Eburones (mixed Belgae and Germani cisrhenani people)
- Leuci – Toul (Tullum Leucorum)
- Mediomatrici – Metz
- Menapii – Cassel
- Morini – Boulogne-sur-Mer
- Nervii – Bavay, (tribal confederation)
- Remi – Reims
- Silvanectii – Senlis
- Suessiones – Soissons (Suessetani may have been related, result of a migration towards south)[citation needed]
- Tencteri – Rhine east bank, may have been a Celtic tribe (and not a Germanic one) or a mixed Belgae and Germani tribe.
- Treveri – Trier
- Usipetes – Rhine east bank, may have been a Celtic tribe (and not a Germanic one) or a mixed Belgae and Germani tribe.
- Veliocasses/Velicasses/Velocasses – Rouen
- Viromandui – Noyon
Celtica
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
- Boii – Boui near Entrain[2] - Were a branch of the Boii, an Eastern Celtic people that came from Bohemia and were not Gaulish Celts.
- Gauls (Galli) - spoke Gaulish (a Continental Celtic language)
- Abrincatui
- Aedui/Haedui – Bibracte (tribal confederation)
- Aedui proper
- Ambivareti
- Aulerci Brannovices/Brannovii/Blannovii (a southern branch of the Aulerci but within the Aedui tribal confederation)
- Agenisates/Angesinates – Angoumois
- Agnutes – Vendee
- Ambarri
- Ambibarii/Ambivarii – Armorica
- Ambiliates/Ambilatres – Low Liger (Loire) river
- Anagnutes
- Andecamulenses
- Andecavi/Andes – Angers
- Antobroges
- Armoricani/Aremoricii
- Arverni – Gergovia (tribal confederation)
- Arvii
- Atacini – Aussière
- Atesui
- Aulerci (tribal confederation)
- Avantices
- Baiocasses – Bayeux
- Bipedimui/Pimpedunni
- Bituriges
- Cadurci – Cahors
- Caeresi
- Cambolectres
- Carnutes – Autricum (Chartres), Cenabum/Genabum (Orleans)
- Catalauni – Châlons-en-Champagne
- Coriosolites/Curiosolitae – Corseul
- Corisopiti
- Eleuterii
- Elycoces
- Epomandui
- Helvetii – La Tène, (tribal confederation).
- Insubres
- Lemovices – Limoges
- Lexovii – Lisieux
- Lingones
- Mandubii – Alesia
- Medulli Meduci – Médoc
- Meldi – Marne (Matrona) – Meaux
- Namnetes – Nantes
- Nantuates/Nantuatae
- Nitiobroges/Nitiobriges
- Osismii
- Parisii – Paris
- Petrocorii – Périgueux
- Pictones/Pictavi – Poitiers
- Raurici/Rauraci – Kaiseraugst (Augusta Raurica)
- Redones – Rennes
- Reieni
- Ruteni – Rodez
- Sagii
- Santones – Saintes
- Seduni – High Rhône river valley, Sion (Middle Valais, Switzerland)
- Segusiavi/Segobriges
- Senones – Sens
- Sequani – Besançon
- Tornates/Turnates
- Tricasses/Tricassini
- Triviatii
- Trones
- Turones/Turoni – Tours
- Uberi/Viberi – High Rhône river valley, Upper Valais
- Unelli/Venelli – Coutances
- Vadicasses/Vadicassii
- Vellavi/Velaunii – Ruessium
- Veneti – Vannes
- Veragri
- Veroduni
- Viducasses – Vieux
Narbonensis
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
- Volcae - Were a branch of the Volcae, an Eastern Celtic people that came from Moravia and were not Gaulish Celts.
- Volcae Arecomici - in today's Languedoc
- Volcae Tectosages/Tolosates – Toulouse
- Volcae - Were a branch of the Volcae, an Eastern Celtic people that came from Moravia and were not Gaulish Celts.
- Gauls (Galli) - spoke Gaulish (a Continental Celtic language)
- Adenates – slopes of the Western Alps (Maurienne-Modanne)
- Adunicates – Andon area
- Albici – Middle and Lower Durance river valley (tribal confederation)
- Albienses/Albici Proper
- Vordenses
- Vulgientes
- Allobroges/Allobriges – Vienne
- Avatici – Camargue
- Bebryces (Gauls) – in southern Gaul, south of the Volcae Arecomici, close to Narbo (Narbonne) region.
- Bodiontici
- Bramovices – Low Tarentaise, Savoy
- Briganii – Briançon, High Durance river valley
- Caturiges – Chorges, High Durance river valley
- Cavares/Cavari – North of Low Durance, Arausio (Orange), (tribal confederation)
- Ceutrones/Centrones – Moûtiers
- Chalbici – Chablais
- Edenates
- Esubii/Esuvii/Sesuvii – Ubaye Valley
- Gaesatae/Gaesati
- Graioceli/Garocelli
- Helvii/Elvi
- Iconii – Gap
- Medulli – Vienne
- Nemalones
- Nemeturii – High Var river valley
- Quariates
- Salyes/Salluvii (may have been a Celtic tribe or a mixed Celtic-Ligurian tribe)
- Segovellauni
- Segusini
- Sentienes – Senez
- Tricorii
- Veamini
- Vergunni – Vinon-sur-Verdon
- Vertamocori – Vercors
- Vesubiani – Vésubie
- Vocontii – Vaison-la-Romaine (in modern Provence, on the east bank of the Rhône)
- Ligures - A Celtic related people, closer to the Celts, spoke ancient Ligurian
- Deciates - a tribe that dwelt in the region of Antipolis (Antibes) west of the river Varus (Var).
- Elisyces/Helisyces - a tribe that dwelt in the region of Narbo (Narbonne) and modern northern Roussillon. May have been either Iberian or Ligurian or a Ligurian-Iberian tribe.
- Euburiates
- Oxybii - a Ligurian tribe that dwelt on the Mediterranean coast near Massalia (Marseille).
- Salyes/Salluvii (may have been a Celtic tribe or a mixed Celtic-Ligurian tribe)
- Vediantii
Great Britain (Britannia)
Britannia was the name Romans gave, based on the name of the people: the Britanni. Some closely fit the concept of a tribe but others are confederations or even unions of tribes.
- Belgae[18] (Wiltshire and Hampshire) (according to classical authors, see Caesar's De Bello Gallico, they were a different people and spoke a different language (Ancient Belgic) from the Gauls and Britons; they were clearly an Indo-European people and may have spoken a Celtic language, although there is a remote possibility that their language may have been Pre-Celtic Indo-European; they dwelt in Belgica, parts of Britannia, and may have dwelt in parts of Hibernia and also of Hispania)
- Atrebates – an important Belgic tribe of today's Southern England, in Berkshire
- Belgae (tribe) – Belgic tribe, in today's England's south coast, Isle of Wight, Hampshire, Wiltshire
- Catuvellauni (Hertfordshire) – Belgic tribe, neighbours of the Iceni, they joined in their rebellion
- Regnenses/Regni – Belgic tribe, in today's East Hampshire, Sussex and Surrey
- Britons (Britanni) - spoke Britonic (an Insular Celtic language)
- Ancalites (uncertain: speculatively Hampshire and Wiltshire)
- Attacotti (origin uncertain)
- Bibroci (mentioned by Caesar, location uncertain but possibly Berkshire)
- Boresti (sometimes Horesti) (In or near Fife, Scotland according to Tacitus)
- Brigantes (an important tribe in most of Northern England and in the south-east corner of Ireland)
- Cantiaci (in present-day Kent which preserves the ancient tribal name)
- Carvetii (Cumberland)
- Cassi (mentioned by Caesar, possibly south-east England)
- Cateni (north and west of Sutherland) – they gave the county its Gaelic name Cataibh
- Cenimagni (mentioned by Caesar, perhaps the same as the Iceni)
- Corieltauvi/Coritani (East Midlands including Leicester)
- Corionototae (possibly a tribe) (Northumberland)
- Cornovii (Midlands)
- Damnonii (Southwestern Scotland)
- Deceangli (Flintshire, Wales)
- Demetae (Dyfed, Wales)
- Dobunni (Cotswolds and Severn valley)
- Dumnonii (Devon, Cornwall, Somerset)
- Cornovii (Cornwall) (a sub-tribe, or sept, of the Dumnonii)
- Durotriges (Dorset, south Somerset, south Wiltshire)
- Gabrantovices
- Gangani (Llŷn Peninsula, Wales)
- Iceni (East Anglia) – under Boudica, they rebelled against Roman rule)
- Novantae (Galloway and Carrick)
- Ordovices (Gwynedd, Wales) – they waged guerrilla warfare from the north Wales hills
- Parisii (East Riding of Yorkshire)
- Scotti (western portion of Scotland)
- Segontiaci (probably south-east England)
- Selgovae (Dumfriesshire and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright)
- Setantii (possibly a tribe) (Lancashire)
- Silures (south Wales) – resisted the Romans in present-day south Wales
- Trinovantes/Trinobantes (Essex) – neighbours of the Iceni, they joined in their rebellion
- Votadini/Otadini (north-east England and south-east Scotland) – they later formed Gododdin
- Picts (Picti) (possibly a different people from the Britons, but were probably also Celtic; If their language, Pictish language, was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic like Ligurian (i.e. an Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). A tribal confederation.
- Caledones (along the Great Glen)
- Carnonacae (western Highlands)
- Caereni (far western Highlands)
- Cornovii (Caithness)/Cornavii (northernmost known Celtic tribe)
- Creones (Argyll)
- Decantae or Ducantae (eastern Ross and Black Isle)
- Epidii (Kintyre and neighboring islands)
- Lugi (southern Sutherland)
- Smertae (central Sutherland)
- Taexali (Angus and Grampian)
- Vacomagi (in and around the Cairngorms)
- Venicones (Fife and south-west Tayside in Scotland)
- Tribe of unknown name in the Orkney Islands (may have been Picts)
- Tribe of unknown name in the Shetland Islands (may have been Picts)
- Tribe of unknown name in the Faroe Islands (may have been Picts)
Ireland (Hibernia)
According to Ptolemy's Geography (2nd century AD):
- Britons (Britanni) - spoke Britonic (an Insular Celtic language)
- Brigantes (Hibernia)
- Gangani (or Concani) (Ganganoi)
- Gaels (Hiberni) - spoke Goidelic (an Insular Celtic language)
- Autini (or Auteini/Uaithni) (Auteinoi)
- Cauci (or Kauki) (Kaukoi)
- Coriondi (or Koriondoi)
- Darini (Darinoi)
- Eblani (or Ebdani/Blani) (Eblanioi)
- Erdini (or Erpeditani) (Erdinoi)
- Iverni (or Iwerni) (Iwernoi)
- Manapii (Manapioi)
- Nagnatae (or Nagnatai/Magnatae) (Magnatai)
- Robogdii (or Redodi) (Rhobogdioi)
- Usdiae (or Udiae/Udiai/Vodiae/Wodiai) (Usdiai)
- Uterni
- Velabri (or Vellabori/Wellabori) (Wellaboroi)
- Vennicnii (or Wennikni) (Wenniknioi)
- Volunti (or Wolunti) (Woluntioi) – identifiable with the Ulaidh/Uluti[19]
Iberian Peninsula (Hispania)
The Celts in the Iberian peninsula were traditionally thought of as living on the edge of the Celtic world of the La Tène culture that defined classical Iron Age Celts. Earlier migrations were Hallstatt in culture and later came La Tène influenced peoples. Celtic or (Indo-European[disambiguation needed]) Pre-Celtic cultures and populations existed in great numbers and Iberia experienced one of the highest levels of Celtic settlement in all of Europe. They dwelt in northern, central and western regions of Iberian Peninsula, but also in several southern regions. The Roman province of Hispania included both Celtic speaking and non-Celtic speaking tribes. Some closely fit the concept of a tribe. Others are confederations or even unions of tribes.
Citerior Iberia (Hispania Citerior)
Hispania Citerior ("Nearer Hispania", "Hispania that is Closer", from the perspective of the Romans), was a region of Hispania during the Roman Republic, roughly occupying the northeastern coast and the Iberus (Ebro) Valley and later the eastern, central, northern and northwestern areas of the Iberian peninsula in what would become the Tarraconensis Roman province (of what is now Spain and northern Portugal).
Tarraconensis
- Hispano-Celts/Iberian Celts/Celts of Hispania - spoke Gallaecian (a Continental Celtic language)
- Allotriges/Autrigones – East Burgos (Spain), Northwestern La Rioja (Spain) to the Atlantic Coast
- Astures – Asturias and northern León (Spain), and east of Trás os Montes (Portugal), (tribal confederation).
- Cismontani
- Amaci
- Cabruagenigi
- Gigurri
- Lancienses
- Lougei
- Orniaci
- Superatii
- Susarri/Astures Proper
- Tiburi
- Zoelae – Eastern Trás-os-Montes (Portugal), (Miranda do Douro).
- Transmontani
- Cismontani
- Bebryaces/Berybraces – unknown location, may have been related to the Bebryces (gauls) or the Berones, there is also the possibility that it was an old name of the Celtiberians.
- Berones – La Rioja (Spain).
- Cantabri – Cantabria, part of Asturias and part of Castile-Leon (Spain); some consider them not Celtic, may have been Pre-Celtic Indo-European as could have been the Lusitani and Vettones [1]. If their language was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic like Ligurian (i.e. an Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). A Tribal confederation.
- Caristii/Carietes – today's West Basque Country, they may have been Celtic (see Late Basquisation), they were later assimilated by the Vascones in the 6th and 7th centuries CE; Some consider them not Celtic, may have been a Pre-Celtic Indo-European[disambiguation needed] ===Pannonia===
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
- Arabiates - areas of modern Western Hungary and eastern Austria, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Belgites - areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Carni – Carnic Alps, South Austria (Carinthia/Kärnten), Western Slovenia (Carniola/Kranjska) and Northern Friuli/Friûl (Carnia). They came from Central Europe and not from Gaul (Gallia). (They were not were not Cisalpine Gaulish Celts). Also may have been a tribe of the Adriatic Veneti.
- Cornacates - areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Cotini – areas of modern Slovakia and Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Eravisci/Aravisci – areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river, Aquincum (modern Budapest) was in their territory.
- Hercuniates/Hercuniatae - areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Latobici/Latovici - not the same tribe as the Latobrigi but could be related, areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Scordisci – areas of modern Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Romania, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Serrapilli - areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Serretes - areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Varciani – areas of modern Slovenia, Croatia.
people as the Lusitani and Vettones could have been. [2]. If their language was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic like Ligurian (i.e. an Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic).
- Carpetani – Central Iberian meseta (Spain), in the geographical centre of the Iberian Peninsula, in a large part of today's Castilla-La Mancha and Madrid regions. A tribal confederation with 27 identified tribes.[20]
- Aelariques -
- Aeturiques -
- Arquioci - in Iplacea, roman named Complutum (today's Alcalá de Henares) region.
- Acualiques -
- Bocouriques -
- Canbarici - in Toletum (Toledo) region.
- Contucianci - in Segobriga region.
- Dagencii -
- Doviliques -
- Duitiques -
- Duniques -
- Elguismiques -
- Langioci -
- Longeidoci -
- Maganiques -
- Malugeniques -
- Manuciques -
- Maureici -
- Mesici -
- Metturici -
- Moenicci -
- Obisodiques - in Toletum (Toledo) region
- Pilonicori -
- Solici -
- Tirtaliques - in Segobriga region.
- Uloques -
- Venatioques -
- Gallaecians or Callaici – Gallaecia (Spain & Portugal), (tribal confederation).
- Addovi/Iadovi
- Aebocosi
- Albiones/Albioni – western Asturias (Spain).
- Amphiloci
- Aobrigenses
- Arroni/Arrotrebi
- Arrotrebae/Artabri – Northern Galicia (Spain).
- Aunonenses
- Baedi
- Banienses – around Baião Municipality, Eastern Porto District, (Portugal).
- Biballi
- Bracari/Callaeci/Gallaeci Proper – Southeastern Braga District, Braga, Western Porto District, Oporto, (Portugal).
- Brigantes (Callaici tribe) – Northern Bragança District, Bragança, (Portugal).
- Caladuni
- Capori
- Celtici Praestamarici
- Celtici Supertamarici
- Cibarci
- Cileni
- Coelerni/Aquaflavienses – Braga District, Vila Real District (Chaves), (Portugal) and Ourense (Spain).
- Egi
- Egovarri
- Equaesi – Minho and Trás-os-Montes (Portugal).
- Grovii – Minho (Portugal) and Galicia (Spain).
- Iadones
- Interamici/Interamnici – Trás-os-Montes (Portugal).
- Lapatianci
- Lemavi
- Leuni – Minho (Portugal).
- Limici – Lima River banks, Minho (Portugal) and Galicia (Spain).
- Louguei
- Luanqui – Trás-os-Montes (Portugal).
- Naebisoci/Aebisoci
- Namarii
- Namarini
- Narbasi -Minho (Portugal) and Galicia (Spain).
- Nemetati – Minho (Portugal).
- Nerii
- Poemani
- Quaquerni/Querquerni – Minho (Portugal).
- Seurbi – Minho (Portugal).
- Seurri – Sarria Municipality, East Central Galicia (Spain)
- Tamagani – Chaves (Portugal).
- Turodi – Trás-os-Montes (Portugal) and Galicia (Spain).
- Varri
- Mantesani/Mentesani/Mantasani – La Mancha Plateau, Castilla-La Mancha (Spain); were a different people from the Oretani.
- Oretani – northeastern Andalusia, northwest Múrcia and southern fringes of La Mancha, (Spain), mountains of the headwaters of the Guadalquivir (ancient Baetis river); Some consider them not Celtic [3].
- Plentauri – Northwestern La Rioja (Spain).
- Suessetani - Aragon and Navarra (Spain)
- Turmodigi or Turmogi - Central Burgos.
- Vaccaei – North Central Iberian meseta (Spain), middle Duero river basin.
- Cauci (Vaccaei) – in Cauca (Coca, Segovia)
- Varduli – today's East Basque Country, they may have been Celtic (see Late Basquisation), they were later assimilated by the Vascones in the 6th and 7th centuries CE; Some consider them not Celtic, may have been a Pre-Celtic Indo-European[disambiguation needed] people as the Lusitani and Vettones could have been. If their language was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic like Ligurian (i.e. an Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). [4].
- Carpetani – Central Iberian meseta (Spain), in the geographical centre of the Iberian Peninsula, in a large part of today's Castilla-La Mancha and Madrid regions. A tribal confederation with 27 identified tribes.[20]
- Celtiberians – Eastern Iberian meseta (Spain), mountains of the headwaters of the rivers Douro, Tagus, Guadiana (Anas), Júcar, Jalón (river), Jiloca (river) and Turia (river), (tribal confederation). Mixed Celtic and Iberian tribes or Celtic tribes influenced by Iberians, the majority of Celtic tribes in the Iberian Peninsula were not Celtiberians. They spoke Celtiberian (a Continental Celtic language)
- Arevaci
- Belli
- Cratistii
- Lobetani
- Lusones – Western Zaragoza (province), Eastern Guadalajara (Spain).
- Olcades
- Pellendones/Cerindones, in high Duero river course (Numantia) and neighboring mountains, may also have been related to the Pelendi/Belendi that dwelt in the middle Sigmatis river, today's Leyre (river).
- Titii (Celtiberian)
- Turboletae/Turboleti
- Uraci/Duraci
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
- Gauls (Galli) – Some gaulish tribes may have migrated towards south and crossed the Pyrenees (by the north, the central or the south areas of the mountains) in a second or a third Celtic wave to the Iberian Peninsula. These tribes were different from the Hispano-Celtic/Iberian Celtic tribes. They spoke Gaulish (a Continental Celtic language).
- Galli (tribe) – along Gallicus (Gállego) river banks, see place names (toponyms) like Forum Gallorum, Gallur, a different tribe from the Suessetani; may have been a tribe related to the Galli (Gauls) and not to the Hispano-Celts/Iberian Celts.
Ulterior Iberia (Hispania Ulterior)
Hispania Ulterior ("Further Hispania", "Hispania that is Beyond", from the perspective of the Romans) was a region of Hispania during the Roman Republic, roughly located in what would become the provinces of Baetica (that included the Baetis, Guadalquivir, valley of modern Spain) and extending to all of Lusitania (modern south and central Portugal, Extremadura and a small part of Salamanca province).
Baetica
- Hispano-Celts/Iberian Celts/Celts of Hispania - spoke Gallaecian (a Continental Celtic language)
- Celtici of Arunda (Ronda) – southernmost Celtic tribe, in south Turdetania, later Baetica Roman province, (in today's western Málaga Province), Andalucia region.
- Turduli – Guadiana valley (Portugal) and Extremadura (Spain); may have been related to Lusitanians, Callaeci or Turdetani.
- Turduli Baetici/Turduli Baetures - Baeturia/Baeturia Turdulorum (ancient northern region of Baetica Province), south and east of the Anas (Guadiana) river and northern slope of Marianus Mons (Sierra Morena), Southern Extremadura region, Badajoz Province, Portugal Southeastern corner, East Beja District, Alentejo region.
- Turdetani – Today's Western Andalucia (Hispania Baetica), Baetis (Guadalquivir) River valley and basin, Marianus Mons (Sierra Morena), some consider them Celtic.,[21] may have been Pre-Celtic Indo-European[disambiguation needed] people as the Lusitani and Vettones. If their language, called Turdetanian or Tartessian, was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic like Ligurian (i.e. an Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). Also may have been a non-Indo-European people related to the Iberians, but not the same people. A tribal confederation but with a much more centralized power, may have formed an early form of Kingdom or a Proto-civilisation (see Tartessos)
- Cilbiceni – approximately in today's Cádiz Province
- Elbisini/Eloesti/Olbisini – in today's Huelva Province
- Etmanei – in the middle area of Baetis river (Guadalquivir) course and surrounding region, approximately in today's Córdoba Province
- Gletes/Galetes/Ileates – in Marianus Mons (Sierra Morena), approximately in today's northern areas of the provinces of Huelva, Seville and Córdoba
- Turdetani/Tartessii Proper – in the low course of Baetis river (Guadalquivir) and surrounding region, approximately in today's Seville Province
Lusitania
- Hispano-Celts/Iberian Celts/Celts of Hispania - spoke Gallaecian (a Continental Celtic language)
- Celtici – Portugal south of the Tagus River and north of Guadiana River (Anas), Alentejo and Algarve (Portugal), western Extremadura (Spain), (tribal confederation).
- Cempsi
- Conii – according to some scholars, Conii and Cynetes were two different peoples or tribes and the names were not two different names of the same people or tribe; in this case, the Conii may have dwelt along the northern banks of the middle Anas (Guadiana) river, in today's western Extremadura region of Spain, and were a Celtici tribe wrongly confused with the Cynetes of Cyneticum (Algarve) that dwelt from the west banks of the Low Anas (Guadiana) river further to the south (the celticization of the Cynetes by the Celtici confused the distinction between the two peoples or tribes).[22]
- Mirobrigenses
- Sefes/Saefes
- Cynetes – Cyneticum (today's Algarve region) and Low Alentejo (Portugal); originally probably Tartessians or similar, later celtized by the Celtici; according to some scholars, Cynetes and Conii were two different peoples or tribes[22] [5].
- Turduli – Guadiana valley (Portugal) and Extremadura (Spain); may have been related to Lusitanians, Callaeci or Turdetani.
- Turduli Bardili – Setubal Peninsula (Portugal); may have been related to Lusitanians, Callaeci or Turdetani.
- Turduli Oppidani – Estremadura (Portugal); may have been related to Lusitanians, Callaeci or Turdetani.
- Turduli Veteres – Southern Douro banks, between Douro and Vouga River, Aveiro District, (Portugal); may have been related to Lusitanians, Callaeci or Turdetani.
- Celtici – Portugal south of the Tagus River and north of Guadiana River (Anas), Alentejo and Algarve (Portugal), western Extremadura (Spain), (tribal confederation).
- Lusitani-Vettones
- Lusitanians (Lusitani/Bellitani) – Portugal south of the Douro River and north of Tagus River, and northwestern Extremadura (Spain). They spoke Lusitanian that is a clearly Indo-European language but the filiation as a Celtic language is not surely proven (although many tribal names and place names, toponyms, are Celtic). Attempts to classify the language have also pointed at an Italic origin.[23] Hence Lusitanian language may have been a Para-Celtic Indo-European branch like Ligurian (i.e. an Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). The Lusitanians have also been identified as being a pre-Celtic Indo-European[disambiguation needed] speaking Iberian culture closely related to the neighbouring Vettones tribal confederation.[22] However, under their controversial theory of Celtic originating in Iberia, John T Koch and Barry Cunliffe have proposed a para-Celtic identity for the Lusitanian language and culture.
- Arabrigenses
- Aravi
- Coelarni/Colarni
- Interamnienses
- Lancienses
- Meidubrigenses
- Paesuri – Douro and Vouga (Portugal).
- Palanti (according to some scholars, these tribes were Lusitanians and not Vettones)[22]
- Calontienses
- Tangi
- Elbocori
- Igaeditani
- Tapori/Tapoli – River Tagus, around the border area of Portugal and Spain.
- Talures
- Veaminicori
- Vettones – Ávila and Salamanca (Spain), may have been a Pre-Celtic Indo-European[disambiguation needed] people, closely related to the Lusitani. If their language was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic like Ligurian (i.e. an Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). A tribal confederation.
- Bletonesii – Bletisama (today's Ledesma) was their main centre, Salamanca Province, Spain.
- Calontienses? (according to some scholars, these tribes were Lusitanians and not Vettones)[22]
- Caluri?
- Coerenses?
- Lusitanians (Lusitani/Bellitani) – Portugal south of the Douro River and north of Tagus River, and northwestern Extremadura (Spain). They spoke Lusitanian that is a clearly Indo-European language but the filiation as a Celtic language is not surely proven (although many tribal names and place names, toponyms, are Celtic). Attempts to classify the language have also pointed at an Italic origin.[23] Hence Lusitanian language may have been a Para-Celtic Indo-European branch like Ligurian (i.e. an Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). The Lusitanians have also been identified as being a pre-Celtic Indo-European[disambiguation needed] speaking Iberian culture closely related to the neighbouring Vettones tribal confederation.[22] However, under their controversial theory of Celtic originating in Iberia, John T Koch and Barry Cunliffe have proposed a para-Celtic identity for the Lusitanian language and culture.
Middle and Low Danube
Dacia
Some closely fit the concept of a tribe. Others are confederations or even unions of tribes.
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
- Anartes/Anartii/Anartoi - Celts assimilated by Dacians[1] Areas of modern Slovakia and modern Northern Hungary, north of the Tysia/Tibiscus (Tisza) river, north of the Teuriscii.
- Bastarnae,[24][25] Celtic or Germanic, and according to Livy "the bravest nation on earth"
- Boii[26]
- Eravisci[26]
- Teuriscii - A branch of the Celtic Taurisci (originally from Noricum) in the Tysia/Tibiscus (Tisza) river basin south of the Anartes/Anartii/Anartoi. Celts assimilated by Dacians[1]
Illyricum
Pannonia
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
- Arabiates - areas of modern Western Hungary and eastern Austria, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Belgites - areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Boii – a tribal confederation, originally from today's Bohemia (Western Czech Republic), dwelt in Hercynia Silva, north of the Danuvius (Danube) river, but dispersed through migrations to other regions of Europe, to areas of modern Slovakia, Germany, Austria, Hungary,Northern Italy and France[2]
- Pannonian Boii - in Pannonia, today's Western Hungary.
- Carni – Carnic Alps, South Austria (Carinthia/Kärnten), Western Slovenia (Carniola/Kranjska) and Northern Friuli/Friûl (Carnia). They came from Central Europe and not from Gaul (Gallia). (They were not were not Cisalpine Gaulish Celts). Also may have been a tribe of the Adriatic Veneti.
- Cornacates - areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Cotini – areas of modern Slovakia and Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Eravisci/Aravisci – areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river, Aquincum (modern Budapest) was in their territory.
- Hercuniates/Hercuniatae - areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Latobici/Latovici - not the same tribe as the Latobrigi but could be related, areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Scordisci – areas of modern Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Romania, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Serrapilli - areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Serretes - areas of modern Western Hungary, west of Danubius (Danube) river.
- Varciani – areas of modern Slovenia, Croatia.
Illyria
Some closely fit the concept of a tribe. Others are confederations or even unions of tribes.
This list includes tribes parts of which migrated to Illyria.
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
- Arabiates[27]
- Belgites[28]
- Boii[29]
- Breuci[30]
- Carni – Carnic Alps, South Austria (Carinthia/Kärnten), Western Slovenia (Carniola/Kranjska) and Northern Friuli/Friûl (Carnia/Cjargna). They came from Central Europe and not from Gaul (Gallia). (They were not were not Cisalpine Gaulish Celts). Also may have been a tribe of the Adriatic Veneti.
- Celegeri[31]
- Celengeri [citation needed]
- Cornacates[32]
- Hercuniates[33]
- Iapodes/Japodes[34][35]
- Latobici,[37]
- Scordisci[38]
- Serrapilli [citation needed]
- Serretes[41]
- Tricornenses[42]
- Varciani[37]
Moesia
Some closely fit the concept of a tribe. Others are confederations or even unions of tribes.
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
Thrace (Thracia)
Some closely fit the concept of a tribe. Others are confederations or even unions of tribes.
- Eastern Celts - spoke Eastern Celtic or Noric (a Continental Celtic language)
Asia Minor (Anatolia)
In the 3rd century BC, Gauls (a generic word for Celts) immigrated from Thrace into the highlands of central Anatolia (modern Turkey), that was called Galatia after that. These people, called Galatians, were eventually Hellenized,[47][48] but retained many of their own traditions. Some closely fit the concept of a tribe. Others are confederations or even unions of tribes.
Bithynia
- Eastern Celts
- Galatians - spoke Galatian (a Continental Celtic laguage)
- Territory of Gaezatorix,[49] between Bithynia and Galatia at modern Bolu (unknown tribe)
- Galatians - spoke Galatian (a Continental Celtic laguage)
Galatia
- Eastern Celts
- Galatians - spoke Galatian (a Continental Celtic laguage)
- Tectosages,[49] in Galatia
- Tolistobogii,[49] in Galatia
- Trocmii,[49] in Galatia (easternmost known Celtic tribe)
- Galatians - spoke Galatian (a Continental Celtic laguage)
Mysia
Phrygia
- Eastern Celts
- Galatians
- Trocnades,[49] in Phrygia around modern Sivrihisar
- Inovanteni,[49] east of the Trocnades
- Okondiani,[49] between Phrygia and Galatia northeast of modern Akşehir Gölü
- Galatians
Unlocated
- Eastern Celts
- Galatians - spoke Galatian (a Continental Celtic laguage)
See also
- The summary table on Celtic tribes Template:Fr
- Celticization
- Late Basquisation
- Illyrians
- Thracians
- Britannia
- Caledonia
- Hibernia
- Scotia
- Hispania
- Iberia
Notes
- ^ a b c Ioana A. Oltean, Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization, ISBN 0-415-41252-8, 2007, p. 47.
- ^ a b c Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 224–225. ISBN 1-85109-440-7, ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
- ^ The Osi's categorization as Celtic is disputed; see Osi; also may have been a Dacian or Germanic tribe.
- ^ Alfoldi (1974) 24-5
- ^ Cowles Prichard, James (1841). Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind: 3, Volume 1. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. p. 240.
- ^ Baldi, Philip (2002). The Foundations of Latin. Walter de Gruyter. p. 112.
- ^ Kruta, Venceslas (1991). The Celts. Thames and Hudson. p. 54.
- ^ Kruta, Venceslas (1991). The Celts. Thames and Hudson. p. 55.
- ^ (Liv. v. 35; Plin. iii. 17. s. 21.)
- ^ Percivaldi, Elena (2003). I Celti: una civiltà europea. Giunti Editore. p. 82.
- ^ Leonelli, Valentina. La necropoli delle Acciaierie di Terni: contributi per una edizione critica (Cestres ed.). p. 33.
- ^ Farinacci, Manlio. Carsulae svelata e Terni sotterranea. Associazione Culturale UMRU - Terni.
- ^ von Hefner, Joseph (1837). Geographie des Transalpinischen Galliens. Munich.
- ^ Venceslas Kruta: La grande storia dei celti. La nascita, l'affermazione e la decadenza, Newton & Compton, 2003, ISBN 88-8289-851-2, ISBN 978-88-8289-851-9
- ^ Long, George (1866). Decline of the Roman republic: Volume 2. London.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Snith, William George (1854). Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography: Vol.1. Boston.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Markey, Thomas (2008). Shared Symbolics, Genre Diffusion, Token Perception and Late Literacy in North-Western Europe. NOWELE.
- ^ a b Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 198–200. ISBN 1-85109-440-7, ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Ireland, B. Lalor and F. McCourt editors, © 2003 New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 1089 ISBN 0-300-09442-6, noting that Ulaidh was the original tribal designation of the Uluti, who are identifiable as the Voluntii of the Ptolomey map and who occupied, at start, all of the historic province of Ulster.
- ^ http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1404299
- ^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 198–200. ISBN 1-85109-440-7, ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0. ^ Jump up to: a b Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 224–225. ISBN 1-85109-440-7, ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
- ^ a b c d e Jorge de Alarcão, “Novas perspectivas sobre os Lusitanos (e outros mundos)”, in Revista portuguesa de Arqueologia, vol. IV, n° 2, 2001, p. 312 e segs.
- ^ Indoeuropeos y no Indoeuropeos en la Hispania Prerromana, Salamanca: Universidad, 2000
- ^ Adrian Goldsworthy, How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower, ISBN 0-300-13719-2, 2009, p. 105: "... who had moved to the Hungarian Plain. Another tribe, the Bastarnae, may or may not have been Germanic. ..."
- ^ Christopher Webber and Angus McBride, The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 (Men-at-Arms), ISBN 1-84176-329-2, 2001, p. 12: "... never got near the main body of Roman infantry. The Bastarnae (either Celts or Germans, and `the bravest nation on earth' – Livy ..."
- ^ a b Ion Grumeza, Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe, ISBN 0-7618-4465-1, 2009, p. 51: "In a short time the Dacians imposed their conditions on the Anerati, Boii, Eravisci, Pannoni, Scordisci,"
- ^ Andrea Faber, Körpergräber des 1.-3. Jahrhunderts in der römischen Welt: internationales Kolloquium, Frankfurt am Main, 19.-20. November 2004, ISBN 3-88270-501-9, p. 144.
- ^ Géza Alföldy, Noricum, Tome 3 of History of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1974, p. 69.
- ^ A. Mocsy and S. Frere, Pannonia and Upper Moesia. A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. p. 14.
- ^ Pannonia. A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. p. 14.
- ^ J. J. Wilkes, The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 217.
- ^ Velika Dautova-Ruševljan and Miroslav Vujović, Rimska vojska u Sremu, 2006, p. 131: "extended as far as Ruma whence continued the territory of another community named after the Celtic tribe of Cornacates"
- ^ John T. Koch, Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia, ISBN 1-85109-440-7, 2006, p. 907.
- ^ Charles Anthon, A Classical Dictionary: Containing The Principal Proper Names Mentioned In Ancient Authors, Part One, 2005, p. 539: "... Tor, " elevated," " a mountain. (Strabo, 293)"; "the Iapodes (Strabo, 313), a Gallo-Illyrian race occupying the valleys of ..."
- ^ J. J. Wilkes, The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 79: "along with the evidence of name formulae, a Venetic element among the Japodes. A group of names identified by Alföldy as of Celtic origin: Ammida, Andes, Iaritus, Matera, Maxa,"
- ^ J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, Tome 2 of History of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1969, pp. 154 and 482.
- ^ a b J. J. Wilkes, The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 81: "In Roman Pannonia the Latobici and Varciani who dwelt east of the Venetic Catari in the upper Sava valley were Celtic but the Colapiani of ..."
- ^ J. J. Wilkes, The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 140: "... Autariatae at the expense of the Triballi until, as Strabo remarks, they in their turn were overcome by the Celtic Scordisci in the early third century"
- ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0-631-19807-5,page 217,"... with high mountains, Siculotae (24), Glintidiones (44) and Scirtari, who dwelt along the border with Macedonia. In northeast Bosnia the Dindari are located by the record of one of their chiefs (principes) in the Drina valley"
- ^ Population and economy of the eastern part of the Roman province of Dalmatia, 2002, ISBN 1-84171-440-2, p. 24: "the Dindari were a branch of the Scordisci"
- ^ Dubravka Balen-Letunič, 40 godina arheoloških istraživanja u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj, 1986, p. 52: "and the Celtic Serretes"
- ^ Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69, 1996, p. 580: "... 580 I3h. DANUBIAN AND BALKAN PROVINCES Tricornenses of Tricornium (Ritopek) replaced the Celegeri, the Picensii of Pincum ..."
- ^ J. J. Wilkes, The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 140: "... Autariatae at the expense of the Triballi until, as Strabo remarks, they in their turn were overcome by the Celtic Scordisci in the early third century BC ..."
- ^ John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC, ISBN 0-521-22717-8, 1992, p. 600: "In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for long been supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin"
- ^ Dio Cassius, Earnest Cary, and Herbert B. Foster, Dio Cassius: Roman History, Vol. IX, Books 71–80 (Loeb Classical Library, No. 177), 1927, Index: "... 9, 337, 353 Seras, philosopher, condemned to death, 8. 361 Serdi, Thracian tribe defeated by M. Crassus, 6. 73 Seretium,""
- ^ Frank W. Walbank, Polybius, Rome and the Hellenistic World: Essays and Reflections, ISBN 0-521-81208-9, 2002, p. 116: "... in A7P 60 (1939) 452 8, is not Antigonus Doson but barbarians from the mainland (either Thracians or Gauls from Tylis) (cf. Rostovizef and Welles (1940) 207-8, Rostovizef (1941) 111, 1645), nor has that inscription anything to do with the Cavan expedition. On ..."
- ^ William M. Ramsay, Historical Commentary on Galatians, 1997, p. 302: "... these adaptable Celts were Hellenized early. The term Gallograecia, compared with Themistius' (p. 360) Γαλατία ..."
- ^ Roger D. Woodard, The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor, 2008, p. 72: "... The Phrygian elite (like the Galatian) was quickly Hellenized linguistically; the Phrygian tongue was devalued and found refuge only ..."
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prifysgol Cymru, University of Wales, A Detailed Map of Celtic Settlements in Galatia, Celtic Names and La Tène Material in Anatolia, the Eastern Balkans, and the Pontic Steppes.
References
- Alberro, Manuel and Arnold, Bettina (eds.), e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies, Volume 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Center for Celtic Studies, 2005.
- Haywood, John. (2001). Atlas of the Celtic World. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0500051097 ISBN 978-0500051092
- Kruta, Venceslas. (2000). Les Celtes, Histoire et Dictionnaire. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont, coll. « Bouquins ». ISBN 2-7028-6261-6.
External links
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html – 51 complete works of authors from Classical Antiquity (Greek and Roman).
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Caesar/Gallic_War/home.html – Julius Caesar text of De Bello Gallico (Gallic War).
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Caesar/Spanish_War/home.html – Unknown author text (about Julius Caesar in Hispania) of De Bello Hispaniensi (Spanish War).
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html – Pliny the Elder text of Naturalis Historia (Natural History) – books 3–6 (Geography and Ethnography).
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html – Strabo's text of De Geographica (The Geography).