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[[Democratic Party (Libya)|Democratic Party of Libya]] figure [[Ahmad Shabani]] said on 23 August that the Libyan opposition wanted the support of the international community, including [[Israel]], despite the state's current lack of diplomatic relations with Libya. When asked if a democratically elected Libyan government would recognise Israel, Shabani responded, "The question is whether Israel will recognize us." He said his party supports a [[two-state solution]] for Israel and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/rebel-spokesman-to-haaretz-libya-needs-help-including-israel-1.380320|agency=Haaretz|date=23 August 2011|accessdate=23 August 2011|title=Rebel spokesman to Haaretz: Libya needs help, including Israel|first=Yossi|last=Melman}}</ref> The DPL is not an official organ of the NTC, but it supports the council's transitional role.
[[Democratic Party (Libya)|Democratic Party of Libya]] figure [[Ahmad Shabani]] said on 23 August that the Libyan opposition wanted the support of the international community, including [[Israel]], despite the state's current lack of diplomatic relations with Libya. When asked if a democratically elected Libyan government would recognise Israel, Shabani responded, "The question is whether Israel will recognize us." He said his party supports a [[two-state solution]] for Israel and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/rebel-spokesman-to-haaretz-libya-needs-help-including-israel-1.380320|agency=Haaretz|date=23 August 2011|accessdate=23 August 2011|title=Rebel spokesman to Haaretz: Libya needs help, including Israel|first=Yossi|last=Melman}}</ref> The DPL is not an official organ of the NTC, but it supports the council's transitional role.


On 16 September 2011, Israel voted in the [[United Nations General Assembly]] to accredit the NTC as Libya's legal representative.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/ga11137.doc.htm|title=After Much Wrangling, General Assembly Seats National Transitional Council of Libya as Country’s Representative for Sixty-Sixth Session|agency=UN General Assembly|date=16 September 2011|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref>
On 16 September 2011, Israel voted in the [[United Nations General Assembly]] to accredit the NTC as Libya's legal representative.<ref name="sixty-sixth">{{cite news|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/ga11137.doc.htm|title=After Much Wrangling, General Assembly Seats National Transitional Council of Libya as Country’s Representative for Sixty-Sixth Session|agency=UN General Assembly|date=16 September 2011|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref>


====Qatar====
====Qatar====
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The NTC faced one of its first diplomatic quandaries after [[Eman al-Obeidy]], a Libyan woman who accused Gaddafi-loyal militiamen of beating and gang-raping her at a checkpoint in a high-profile appearance before journalists at the [[Rixos Al Nasr]] in [[Tripoli]], was granted asylum in Qatar. Despite the protests of the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]], Qatar then forcibly deported Obeidy back to [[Benghazi]] on 2 June 2011 for unknown reasons,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/03/world/africa/03briefs-Libya.html|agency=The New York Times|title=Libya: Qatar Deports Dissident Woman|first=David|last=Kirkpatrick|date=2 June 2011|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> and Obeidy publicly blamed the NTC for her deportation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2011/06/libya-qatar-eman-obeidy-rape-victim-kadafi-beaten-deported.html|agency=The Los Angeles Times|date=4 June 2011|accessdate=21 September 2011|title=LIBYA/QATAR: Alleged rape victim Eman Obeidy reportedly beaten, deported back to Libya|first=Alexandra|last=Sandels}}</ref> Despite this incident, Qatari cooperation with the NTC remained close throughout the war, with close consultations between officials of the two governments in [[Doha]] becoming so frequent that some anti-Gaddafi fighters complained that their leadership was spending too much time in Qatar and not enough time in Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/world/africa/09libya.html|agency=The New York Times|date=9 August 2011|title=Libyan Rebels Dissolve Cabinet Amid Discord|first=Kareem|last=Fahim|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> Qatari military advisers also reportedly accompanied some anti-Gaddafi brigades in the [[Nafusa Mountains]]<ref name="jamestown2">{{cite news|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=38275&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=b870a2216372e948ea0b636c8e1adc11|title=Special Commentary from Inside Western Libya-- The Nalut Offensive: A View from the Battlefield|first=Derek Henry|last=Flood|date=3 August 2011|accessdate=6 August 2011|agency=The Jamestown Foundation}}</ref> and during the [[2011 Libyan rebel coastal offensive|coastal offensive]] in [[Tripolitania]], even helping to direct some fighters in the storming of Gaddafi's [[Bab al-Aziziya]] compound in central [[Tripoli]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/83509,news-comment,news-politics,qatari-special-forces-led-libyan-attack-on-colonel-gaddafis-tripoli-compound|title=Qatari special forces led Libyan attack on compound|date=24 August 2011|first=Nigel|last=Horne|accessdate=21 September 2011|agency=The First Post}}</ref>
The NTC faced one of its first diplomatic quandaries after [[Eman al-Obeidy]], a Libyan woman who accused Gaddafi-loyal militiamen of beating and gang-raping her at a checkpoint in a high-profile appearance before journalists at the [[Rixos Al Nasr]] in [[Tripoli]], was granted asylum in Qatar. Despite the protests of the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]], Qatar then forcibly deported Obeidy back to [[Benghazi]] on 2 June 2011 for unknown reasons,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/03/world/africa/03briefs-Libya.html|agency=The New York Times|title=Libya: Qatar Deports Dissident Woman|first=David|last=Kirkpatrick|date=2 June 2011|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> and Obeidy publicly blamed the NTC for her deportation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2011/06/libya-qatar-eman-obeidy-rape-victim-kadafi-beaten-deported.html|agency=The Los Angeles Times|date=4 June 2011|accessdate=21 September 2011|title=LIBYA/QATAR: Alleged rape victim Eman Obeidy reportedly beaten, deported back to Libya|first=Alexandra|last=Sandels}}</ref> Despite this incident, Qatari cooperation with the NTC remained close throughout the war, with close consultations between officials of the two governments in [[Doha]] becoming so frequent that some anti-Gaddafi fighters complained that their leadership was spending too much time in Qatar and not enough time in Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/world/africa/09libya.html|agency=The New York Times|date=9 August 2011|title=Libyan Rebels Dissolve Cabinet Amid Discord|first=Kareem|last=Fahim|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> Qatari military advisers also reportedly accompanied some anti-Gaddafi brigades in the [[Nafusa Mountains]]<ref name="jamestown2">{{cite news|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=38275&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=b870a2216372e948ea0b636c8e1adc11|title=Special Commentary from Inside Western Libya-- The Nalut Offensive: A View from the Battlefield|first=Derek Henry|last=Flood|date=3 August 2011|accessdate=6 August 2011|agency=The Jamestown Foundation}}</ref> and during the [[2011 Libyan rebel coastal offensive|coastal offensive]] in [[Tripolitania]], even helping to direct some fighters in the storming of Gaddafi's [[Bab al-Aziziya]] compound in central [[Tripoli]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/83509,news-comment,news-politics,qatari-special-forces-led-libyan-attack-on-colonel-gaddafis-tripoli-compound|title=Qatari special forces led Libyan attack on compound|date=24 August 2011|first=Nigel|last=Horne|accessdate=21 September 2011|agency=The First Post}}</ref>

====Syria====
President [[Bashar al-Assad]], the [[Syria]]n head of state, responded to the [[2011 Syrian uprising]] in a manner frequently compared by protesters to [[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s crackdown in February 2011 and beyond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/22/syria-protesters-gaddafi-assad_n_932868.html|agency=The Huffington Post|date=22 August 2011|accessdate=10 October 2011|title=Syria Protesters: Gaddafi Is Gone, Assad Will Follow}}</ref> Syria voted at the [[United Nations General Assembly]] to accredit the NTC as representative of Libya on 16 September 2011.<ref name="sixty-sixth"/> However, Assad's government has allowed Al-Rai TV, a Syrian station, to broadcast pro-Gaddafi propaganda since the leader's fall from power, including audio messages from Gaddafi, members of his family, and former Information Minister [[Moussa Ibrahim]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/09/20/Gadhafi-His-government-wont-be-ousted/UPI-42191316527125/?spt=htr|agency=UPI|date=20 September 2011|accessdate=10 October 2011|title=Gadhafi: His government won't be ousted}}</ref>

On 10 October 2011, Libya became the first and only country to recognise the [[Syrian National Council]], an umbrella group of opposition leaders within and outside Syria formed as an alternative to the regime in Damascus, as "the sole legitimate government in Syria", according to NTC official [[Mussa al-Koni]], who serves as a representative of the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] of Libya. Koni said the NTC also ordered the Syrian Embassy in [[Tripoli]] to be shuttered until further notice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/international/2011/October/international_October385.xml&section=international&col=|agency=Khaleej Times|date=11 October 2011|accessdate=10 October 2011|title=Libya NTC says recognises Syrian National Council}}</ref>


====Turkey====
====Turkey====

Revision as of 21:42, 10 October 2011

This article is about the foreign relations of Libya under the National Transitional Council. For other uses, see Foreign relations of Libya (disambiguation).
Politics of Libya

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The foreign relations of Libya concern both the stances of the National Transitional Council, the interim governing authority of the North African state of Libya, towards other countries and international organisations and the stances of those countries and international organisations toward the NTC. These foreign relations began during the 2011 Libyan civil war, when the NTC was established and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was reduced to a rump.

Foreign policy

In its 5 March 2011 "Founding Statement", the council stated, "[We] request from the international community to fulfill its obligations to protect the Libyan people from any further genocide and crimes against humanity without any direct military intervention on Libyan soil."[1] Ali Al-Issawi was designated the Council's foreign affairs spokesperson in March 2011.[2] Mahmoud Jebril later replaced Ali Al-Issawi and was designated as the Head of International Affairs.

The NTC has also called on the international community to render assistance to its efforts to dislodge Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, the ruler of Libya since 1969, and his loyalists. Officials have asked for medical supplies,[3] money,[4] and weapons,[5] among other forms of foreign aid. In late June 2011, it proposed using internationally based frozen assets belonging to Gaddafi and his inner circle as collateral for loans, with Finance Minister Ali Tarhouni warning that his government is virtually out of money.[6] The NTC has previously asked for those assets to be unfrozen and transferred to Benghazi,[7] a request officials of the Obama administration in the United States indicated they would try to fulfill.[8][9]

NTC officials have said that they intend to reward countries that have been early to recognise the council as the legitimate representative of Libya, as well as countries that have been involved in the international military intervention to suppress Gaddafi's forces. Among the incentives the council has offered to these countries, which it considers to be allies, are favorable oil contracts[10][11] and other economic ties.[12] On 15 July 2011, a council spokesman told members of the Libya Contact Group meeting in Istanbul, Turkey, that his government would not forge any new oil contracts and that an elected government must be in place before new deals could be made.[13]

After anti-Gaddafi forces stormed Tripoli, the Libyan capital city, the information manager at NTC-run oil firm AGOCO said on 22 August that once Libya resumed oil exports, its new government "may have some political issues with Russia, China and Brazil" and favor Western and Arab countries that supported the uprising against Gaddafi when awarding oil contracts.[14] However, on 23 August, Brazilian Foreign Minister Antonio Patriota said his government had been assured that if the NTC took power in Libya, "contracts will be respected" and Brazil would not be punished for its stance.[15] On 1 September, an NTC representative in Paris claimed that the new Libyan government would not award oil contracts based on politics, though he said that a number of Western companies, including BP, Total, Eni, and "major American companies", had a particularly "good track record in the Libyan oil sector".[16]

Africa

Algeria

Main article: Algeria–Libya relations

The NTC occasionally took an aggressive posture toward governments it accused of supporting Gaddafi in the civil war,[17] especially that of Algeria, which it claimed allowed Gaddafi's government to transport mercenaries and military equipment through its territory.[18][19][20][21]

The NTC reacted harshly after several members of the Gaddafi regime, including members of his family, entered Algeria and were granted political asylum in Algiers. On 29 August 2011, it said that Algeria sheltering Gaddafi or his family members would be viewed as an "act of aggression".[22]

Niger

Libyan relations with Niger since the formation of the National Transitional Council have been somewhat tenuous, though Niger recognised the NTC as Libya's legitimate governing authority on 27 August 2011.[23]

In early September 2011, a large convoy of Libyan military vehicles that the NTC said included stockpiles of gold bullion belonging to the Libyan treasury, as well as members of the Gaddafi regime, crossed into Niger, allegedly with assistance from Nigerian Tuaregs. The NTC called on the Nigerien government to stop the convoy and arrest wanted members of the regime, warning of consequences for Libya–Niger relations if it failed to do so.[24] However, after briefly denying the convoy's presence in Niger,[25] the Nigerien government later said it was considering granting refugee status to the Libyans, including military commanders Ali Kana and Mansour Daw, both wanted by the NTC on charges of crimes against the Libyan people, as they were not sought by the International Criminal Court.[26] A similar scenario played out when Al-Saadi al-Gaddafi, one of Muammar Gaddafi's sons and a top military commander during the war, entered Niger and was placed under house arrest by the government[27] but was then granted refuge in the country, over the protests of the NTC and its allies. On 1 October, Nigerien Justice Minister Marou Amadou reiterated his government's refusal to extradite Al-Saadi al-Gaddafi, but said the NTC was welcome to interrogate him in Niamey, Niger's capital.[28] The Nigerien government has officially acknowledged receiving 32 wanted members of the regime, but refuses to turn them over to the NTC on humanitarian grounds.[29]

South Africa

The relationship between Libya and South Africa was historically friendly prior to the civil war,[30][31] and the South African government maintained a policy of neutrality during the conflict by refusing to recognise the NTC until after the UN General Assembly voted to do so.[32] South Africa did, however, vote for United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 establishing a no-fly zone over Libya, though President Jacob Zuma later said he would have instructed the South African representative to vote against it if he had known that it would lead to a NATO-led bombing campaign.[33] South African officials met with representatives of both the NTC and the Gaddafi government during the war.[34] As an ostensibly neutral party, the South African government championed the African Union "roadmap" to peace,[32] designed in part by Zuma, a member of the AU Ad Hoc High Level Committee on Libya.[35]

During the war, it was rumoured that South Africa would offer Muammar Gaddafi and members of his family asylum, and during the Battle of Tripoli, some outlets reported that South African aircraft were on standby to whisk the Libyan leader and members of his regime out of the country. The South African government denied these reports.[36]

Europe

Czech Republic

Main article: Czech Republic – Libya relations

The Czech Republic was relatively slow, among European Union member states, to establish full diplomatic relations with the NTC. Meetings between Czech and Libyan officials of the NTC began in mid-June 2011,[37] and by the end of the month, Foreign Minister Karel Schwarzenberg was quoted as saying, while visiting Benghazi to deliver a shipment of medical supplies, that the Czech Republic recognised the NTC as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people.[38] However, Schwarzenberg later clarified that he had not expressed his government's recognition of the NTC as a legitimate government, a position he maintained until the end of the Battle of Tripoli.[39][40]

On 21 September 2011, the Czech Republic joined the Friends of Libya Conference, a group of countries and international organisations committed to helping rebuild a democratic, internationalist Libya.[41]

France

Main article: France–Libya relations

France was the first country to recognise the NTC as Libya's sole legitimate representative, doing so on 10 March 2011.[42] Just over a week later, France co-sponsored United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, and the French Air Force was the first military coalition component to engage Gaddafi-loyal forces on the ground in Libya, intervening to turn the tide at the Second Battle of Benghazi on 19 March by destroying advancing columns of Libyan Army tanks, armoured personnel carriers, and artillery pieces.[43]

In late August 2011, France unblocked 20 percent of frozen Libyan assets held in the country.[44] President Nicolas Sarkozy visited Tripoli on 15 September, becoming (together with British Prime Minister David Cameron) one of the first world leaders to make a state visit to Libya since the conquest of the capital.[45]

Italy

Main article: Italy–Libya relations

As Italy was a relatively strong supporter of Muammar Gaddafi prior to the 2011 uprising, as well as Libya's largest international trade partner, Rome's decision to reject Gaddafi as a negotiating party and recognise the NTC in early April 2011 was seen as a major diplomatic coup for NTC envoy Mahmoud Jibril.[46] Although Italy joined international military efforts to weaken Gaddafi's grip on the country, granting the use of military bases in Italian territory and participating in Operation Unified Protector, Foreign Minister Franco Frattini called for an "immediate cessation of hostilities" in June 2011 to allow for the delivery of humanitarian aid, a suggestion that NATO ignored.[47]

In late August 2011, Frattini vowed that Italian oil company Eni would "play a number one role in the future" in Libya and resume oil production as soon as Libya's oilfields reopened for business.[47] Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi also announced the release of $505 million in frozen Libyan assets as a "first payment" to Libya's new government as its forces battled to secure Tripoli.[48] Just under a month later, Jibril's office disclosed to Reuters that it was considering former Eni executive Abdul-Rahman Ben Yezza for the position of oil minister in the new cabinet.[49]

Malta

Main article: Libya–Malta relations

On 21 February 2011, days before the establishment of the NTC in Benghazi, two Libyan Air Force fighter jets defected to Malta rather than bomb the restive eastern cities. The Maltese government's refusal to extradite the pilots or return the aircraft to Libya swiftly established the island state as an unfriendly neighbour of the Gaddafi regime amidst the Libyan uprising.[50]

After the fall of Tripoli to anti-Gaddafi forces in late August 2011, Maltese Foreign Affairs Minister Tonio Borg announced on 10 September that Malta would become the first EU country to reopen its embassy in the Libyan capital.[51] The following day, Libyan Finance Minister Ali Tarhouni commissioned an investigation into companies with joint Libyan and Maltese shareholding, with the intent of locating businessmen both in Libya and in Malta who had assisted the Gaddafi regime during the war, such as by facilitating the importation of oil to Gaddafi-loyal ports in defiance of the UN embargo. A spokesman for Tarhouni's office said that "all honest businessmen have no need to worry" and indicated the probe was not a critique of the Maltese government.[52]

Russia

Main article: Libya–Russia relations

Russia sharply criticised the NATO-led military intervention in the Libyan civil war, though it chose not to use its veto power on the United Nations Security Council to block it. On 27 May 2011, Russian President Dmitri Medvedev said that although Moscow opposed the military operations, it believed Gaddafi should leave power.[53]

In early June 2011, Russian envoy Mikhail Margelov was received in Benghazi, the de facto headquarters of the Libyan opposition. Margelov's stated objective was to broker a truce between anti-Gaddafi forces and the Gaddafi-led government.[54] He left Benghazi with an invitation from the NTC for Russia to open a representative office in the city,[55] though it opted not to do so before recognising the council as Libya's sole legitimate representative, which it did on 1 September 2011.[56]

United Kingdom

Main article: Libya – United Kingdom relations

The United Kingdom co-sponsored UNSCR 1973 and was one of the largest contributors to Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-led intervention to degrade the military strength of Muammar Gaddafi's forces, though it carried out considerably fewer strike missions than fellow coalition partners France and the United States.[57]

In early September 2011, the Royal Air Force flew crateloads of unfrozen Libyan funds in the form of dinar banknotes to Benghazi, the location of the NTC's interim central bank.[58] On 15 September, Prime Minister David Cameron visited Tripoli together with French President Sarkozy to meet with leaders of the NTC.[45]

Middle East

Egypt

Main article: Egypt–Libya relations

During the 2011 civil war, it was rumoured that Egypt had sent Unit 777, a special forces division, to clandestinely aid Libyan revolutionaries on the eastern front. These reports were never confirmed, but established an early narrative that the post-revolutionary government of Egypt was seeking to aid a revolution in neighbouring Libya as part of a North African solidarity effort.[59]

Egypt supported the Arab League's readmission of Libya under the NTC in August 2011, officially recognising the NTC on the same day, 22 August, as the pan-Arab organisation, headed by former Egyptian Foreign Minister Naril Elaraby, voted to do so.[60]

Israel

Democratic Party of Libya figure Ahmad Shabani said on 23 August that the Libyan opposition wanted the support of the international community, including Israel, despite the state's current lack of diplomatic relations with Libya. When asked if a democratically elected Libyan government would recognise Israel, Shabani responded, "The question is whether Israel will recognize us." He said his party supports a two-state solution for Israel and Palestine.[61] The DPL is not an official organ of the NTC, but it supports the council's transitional role.

On 16 September 2011, Israel voted in the United Nations General Assembly to accredit the NTC as Libya's legal representative.[62]

Qatar

Qatar was the second country to recognise the NTC and the first to announce a trade agreement with it, declaring on 27 March 2011 that it would market Libyan oil exports from eastern terminals controlled by anti-Gaddafi elements.[63] It was also the first Arab country to join international military operations in Libya, sending interceptors to help enforce the no-fly zone starting on 25 March.[64] The Qatari government is also closely tied to Al Jazeera, one of the first international news networks to begin covering the 2011 uprising.[65]

The NTC faced one of its first diplomatic quandaries after Eman al-Obeidy, a Libyan woman who accused Gaddafi-loyal militiamen of beating and gang-raping her at a checkpoint in a high-profile appearance before journalists at the Rixos Al Nasr in Tripoli, was granted asylum in Qatar. Despite the protests of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Qatar then forcibly deported Obeidy back to Benghazi on 2 June 2011 for unknown reasons,[66] and Obeidy publicly blamed the NTC for her deportation.[67] Despite this incident, Qatari cooperation with the NTC remained close throughout the war, with close consultations between officials of the two governments in Doha becoming so frequent that some anti-Gaddafi fighters complained that their leadership was spending too much time in Qatar and not enough time in Libya.[68] Qatari military advisers also reportedly accompanied some anti-Gaddafi brigades in the Nafusa Mountains[69] and during the coastal offensive in Tripolitania, even helping to direct some fighters in the storming of Gaddafi's Bab al-Aziziya compound in central Tripoli.[70]

Syria

President Bashar al-Assad, the Syrian head of state, responded to the 2011 Syrian uprising in a manner frequently compared by protesters to Muammar Gaddafi's crackdown in February 2011 and beyond.[71] Syria voted at the United Nations General Assembly to accredit the NTC as representative of Libya on 16 September 2011.[62] However, Assad's government has allowed Al-Rai TV, a Syrian station, to broadcast pro-Gaddafi propaganda since the leader's fall from power, including audio messages from Gaddafi, members of his family, and former Information Minister Moussa Ibrahim.[72]

On 10 October 2011, Libya became the first and only country to recognise the Syrian National Council, an umbrella group of opposition leaders within and outside Syria formed as an alternative to the regime in Damascus, as "the sole legitimate government in Syria", according to NTC official Mussa al-Koni, who serves as a representative of the Tuareg of Libya. Koni said the NTC also ordered the Syrian Embassy in Tripoli to be shuttered until further notice.[73]

Turkey

Turkey was a prominent backer of the Libyan opposition during the civil war, although it was initially strongly opposed to the international military intervention[74] and expressed concern about the violence.[75] However, Turkey became a strong advocate for a leading NATO role in Libya by the end of March and joined in operations to enforce an embargo on Gaddafi-held ports.[74]

With Turkey's reversal on the international military mission, as well as its decision to recognise the NTC in early July 2011,[76] it gained considerably more influence with the ultimately victorious rebels. It also provided $300 million in aid to the NTC prior to the start of Ramadan,[77] as well several fuel shipments via the Turkish Petroleum International Company.[78] Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu visited Benghazi in late August, just as Tripoli was being taken by anti-Gaddafi forces.[79] When Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan visited Tripoli the following month, he received a rock star welcome from gratified Libyans.[77] The Turkish Air Force also worked with the NTC to airdrop humanitarian aid to Waddan, and the Libyan South near Qatrun in mid-September 2011, delivering at least 14 tons of food to the areas selected by Libyan and Turkish officials.[80]

Others

Indonesia

Relations between Indonesia and Libya under the NTC are incomplete. On 3 September 2011, Indonesian Foreign Affairs Minister Marty Natalegawa said his government supported the NTC "in carrying out the peaceful transition towards democracy".[81][82] However, he stopped short of expressing Indonesian recognition of the NTC as the country's legitimate authority, and at the United Nations General Assembly vote on accrediting the representative of Libya designated by the council on 16 September, Indonesia abstained.[83]

Indonesian energy firm MedcoEnergi reopened its Tripoli office in mid-September 2011 and said later in the month that it would resume oil exploration and production in the Area-47 block of the Libyan oilfields in October 2011.[84] Medco President-Director Lukman Mahfoedz said that under the terms of a new contract between Libya's provisional government and the company, Tripoli would subsidise half the cost of Medco's operations in the Ghadames Basin, while the remaining 50 percent of costs would be split between Medco and the Libyan Investment Authority, one of the corporation's largest shareholders.[85]

People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China did not initially support the Libyan uprising, instead urging Muammar Gaddafi's government to work quickly to "restore social stability and normalcy".[86] However, as the conflict dragged on, PRC officials began to meet with their NTC counterparts, inviting Mahmoud Jibril to Beijing in late June 2011 for bilateral talks.[87]

The PRC opposed the 2011 military intervention in Libya throughout the civil war, accusing the West of using force in an attempt to bring Libya into its sphere of influence and seeking to counter by gradually giving more diplomatic standing to the NTC,[88] culminating in full diplomatic recognition in mid-September 2011, which Beijing's state news agency Xinhua defended as "a mature decision made at the right time".[89] Both governments expressed desire for Chinese participation in rebuilding the country and resuming suspended construction projects.[90][91] However, relations between the NTC and the PRC were shaken by reports that state-controlled weapons manufacturers in Mainland China met with a high-level delegation from the Gaddafi regime in July 2011 in defiance of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970.[92] The PRC claimed ignorance of the meeting, which several NTC officials openly questioned.[93]

United States

Main article: Libya – United States relations

The United States was a major ally of the NTC during the war against Gaddafi, launching Operation Odyssey Dawn on 19 March 2011 after Susan Rice, its ambassador to the UN, successfully persuaded sceptics of the proposed Libyan no-fly zone on the United Nations Security Council to abstain from voting on the resolution rather than voting "no" or exercising veto power.[94] The United States Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy played an instrumental role in suppressing Libyan air defenses in late March[95][96] before shifting toward a supporting role in Operation Unified Protector.[97]

The US took longer than other leading NTC allies to formally recognise the council as Libya's legitimate authority, but it ultimately handed over the Libyan Embassy in Washington, D.C., to the NTC in early August 2011.[98] Later that month, the US led an effort at the United Nations to repeal parts of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 in order to allow unfrozen Libyan assets to be transferred to the interim government.[99]

International response

  Libya
  Countries that have recognised the National Transitional Council as the sole legitimate representative of Libya
  Countries with informal relations with the NTC, or which voted in favour of it assuming Libya's UN seat, but have not established formal recognition
  Countries which opposed the NTC assuming Libya's UN seat, yet have not made a formal statement on recognition
  Countries which have formally opposed the NTC
Main article: International recognition of the National Transitional Council

As of October 4th, 2011, 98 countries and numerous international organisations, including the United Nations, have expressly recognised the NTC as Libya's legitimate authority.

Membership in supranational organisations

Libya was suspended from Arab League proceedings in late February 2011 over the bombardment of civilians by Gaddafi's forces during widespread protests against his regime.[100] In early June, Vice Chairman Abdul Hafiz Ghoga, a frequent spokesman for the council, emphasised his government's intention to reintegrate Libya into the Arab world.[101] It was reinstated on 27 August with the NTC as its representative.[102]

The African Union's Peace and Security Council decided on 26 August 2011 to call for a national unity government including the remnants of the Gaddafi regime as well as members of the NTC instead of transferring its diplomatic recognition to the NTC as Libya's legal representative.[103] After Chairman Mustafa Abdul Jalil pledged the council's commitment to protecting human rights, shepherding Libya through the process of postwar reconciliation, and transitioning to full democracy at a Libya Contact Group conference in Paris on 1 September, a spokesman for the African Union Commission said the commission was "reassured" and would bring the issue of recognition up for discussion again.[104] Relations between the AU and the NTC have been strained by persistent reports of hate crimes, including arbitrary detentions and lynchings, being perpetrated against black people in Taworgha, Tripoli, and other places in Libya.[105][106][107] On 20 September 2011, the African Union officially recognised the National Transitional Council as the legitimate representative of Libya.[108]

The NTC asked to take up Libya's seat at the United Nations.[109] The UN was also a member of the Libya Contact Group. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the UN's nominal leader, said on 1 September that the UN would work with "Libyan authority" to help Libya transition toward democracy. Ban also backed a proposed United Nations Security Council resolution to codify the international body's role in supporting Libyan democracy and stability.[110] Although the NTC welcomed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which authorised the NATO-led bombing of Libyan military targets, it has rejected proposals for a United Nations peacekeeping contingent in postwar Libya, saying it wants no foreign troops deployed on Libyan soil.[111] The United Nations General Assembly, with 114 member states in favor to 17 opposed, voted on 16 September 2011 to recognise the NTC as holding Libya's seat at the United Nations.[112][113]

Representation of Libya abroad appointed by NTC

The National Transitional Council has opened, or is planning to open, representative missions abroad. Several countries have recognised the council as the sole "governing authority" in Libya and some of these countries have invited the council to appoint diplomatic envoys and to take over Libyan embassies in their capitals. A number of embassies and diplomatic offices in other countries have declared allegiance to the council unilaterally, but it is unclear whether they are in communication with it.

Representative missions of the National Transitional Council:

See also

References

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  117. ^ On 11 August Lene Espersen the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Denmark proposed NTC to send an diplomatic envoy. NTC has not appointed such, but sent a representative. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/Denmark+extends+Libya+mission+says+rebels+can+send+envoy/-/1066/1217276/-/view/printVersion/-/8sr4goz/-/index.html
  118. ^ http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files_156/libya_283/appointment-of-mansour-seif-al-nasr-the-transitional-national-council-special-envoy-to-france-29.07.11_16040.html
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  122. ^ http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23976642-libyan-embassy-opens-under-national-transitional-council-control.do
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  124. ^ http://ntclibyaus.org/welcome/
  125. ^ Ben Fishman (9 September 2011). "First Ambassador of Free Libya Presents Credentials to President Obama". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  126. ^ http://www.libyanmission-un.org/
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