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Chremistica ochracea

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Chremistica ochracea
Chremistica ochracea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hemiptera
Superfamily:
Cicadoidea
Family:
Cicadidae
Genus:
Chremistica

Chremistica ochracea (Walker, 1850) is a cicada species under the Chremistica genus. They are called 'thin winged cicada'[1][2] by the Taiwanese people and 'peaceful cicada' by the Chinese people[2]. They can be identified by their green appearance with thin, greenish, transparent wings[2]. They are distributed in China, Taiwan, Japan, Kwangtung, India and Malaya [3].

They are also known as Rihana ochracea which was introduced by Distant (1904), claiming Rihana as a new genus. Genus Rihana however, was also known as a subgenus of Cicada Linnaeus and to some species from Cicada Stål, Chremistica Stål and Diceroprocta Stål[3].

Characteristics

The operculum can be seen clearly on this cicada. It is round and located on the abdomen, close to the thorax.

Based on diagnosis on all Chremistica species, their eyes are small or medium sized, very prominent laterally from the triangular head with the piece of frontoclypeus anteriorly prominent. Its tymbal is completely covered with tymbal covering. Looking at the abdomen, the 8th tergum appear much longer than the 7th tergum in median length. Femur on the forelegs have two big spines with small spines on the ventral part. Operculum of males are longitudinal and overlapped each other but not exceeding the posterior margin of the third abdominal sternum. In most cases, the apex of the operculum is broadly rounded[2].

Some of these species may have light green, earthy red or yellow (ochreous) coloured body[2][4]. A transverse black fascia can be seen along its anterior head margin[2][4] and black markings on margin of each ocellus with castaneous eyes[2]. Their ventral side can appear powdery or scaly (pollinosity) white on a pale ochreous or pale green body surface. Similar to majority of other cicadas, their wings are translucent and glassy (hyaline) without any darkening or tinge (infuscation). The adults can grow up to 31 mm in body length for males, 24.4 mm for females and total length can reach to 45 mm for males and 43 mm for females[2].

Chremistica pontianaka seen in Malaysia. They are very different to Chremistica ochracea due to their dark coloured body and dark red eyes, also their hyaline wings but with a darker outline.

Regarding grouping, Chremistica ochracea is placed under the pontianaka group due to their external morphology similarity and characteristics of the male genitalia[3]. The researchers have come to a conclusion that cicadas under the pontianaka group are absent with arc-shaped lateral clasper lobes. Their medial and lateral clasper lobes however, are well developed[3].

Biology

Cicada sound-producing organs and musculature. a, Body of male from below, showing cover-plates; b, From above, showing drumlike tymbals; c, Section, muscles that vibrate tymbals; d, A tymbal at rest; e, Thrown into vibration, as when singing.

This species is commonly found in the lowlands and low montane areas of Taiwan, the Oriental region (China) and America[2]. Some are also seen in parts of Peninsular Malaysia[2]. Adult species are actively found in April to September, where males will sing to attract the females around their area. The male singing sounds like a chorus, starting with one male then followed by the males in the nearby area and the song will finish at the same time[2]. This usually happens in the evening, often in the early season. Adult cicadas are seen active during the day, usually spotted on twigs in the month of June and July, and very attracted to light during night time. The chirping/buzzing sound is only produced by adult males and it sounds monotonous with continuous buzzing. The male singing will normally last from tens of seconds to a few minutes and finishes at once[2].

Use in research

As cicada uses loud callings to attract their mates, they are sometimes used to study the impact of noise pollution to the wild. In a study, the male singing of Chremistica ochracea was recorded and compared between cicada species from urban areas and the mountain environments[5]. Chremistica ochracea in this study was found abundant in the city areas of Taiwan. In another study, this species was collected to measure mercury levels in terrestrial forested systems in Southwest China[6]. This is because insects can easily accumulate heavy metals in their body which will then result in physiological toxicity and ecological stress[7][8]. It is reported that female cicada usually has a higher mercury level than the males due to having a smaller body mass and more concentrated mercury concentrations[9][10], but the mercury concentrations in both of the sexes in this research was significantly similar as there were no significant differences in body mass[6]. They also argued that the higher mercury levels in cicada as compared to longicorn is due to the special life cycle of cicada[6]. The larvae of cicada can live for 4 to 5 years underground before they undergo their last molting and rely on sucking plant roots for survival, which may contain a relatively higher mercury levels than in wood or bark of the tree[6][11].

Chremistica ochracea with brgiht green body and hyaline wings in the wild[12].

See also

In a paper, Chremistica ochracea is recognised under pontianaka group, with some other Chremistica genus[3].

References

  1. ^ "Chremistica ochracea (Walker, 1850) 薄翅蟬 | 台灣生物多樣性資訊入口網". taibif.tw (in Traditional Chinese). Retrieved 2018-09-12.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Lee, Young June; Hayashi, Masami (2003-06-30). "Taxonomic Review of Cicadidae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha) from Taiwan, Part 1. Platypleurini, Tibicenini, Polyneurini, and Dundubiini (Dundubiina)". Insecta Koreana. 20: 149–185.
  3. ^ a b c d e Salmah, Y.; Duffels, J.P.; Zaidi, M.I. (2005). "Taxonomic Notes of the Malaysian Species of Chremistica Stål (Homoptera: Cicadidae)". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 8 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1016/s1226-8615(08)60067-9. ISSN 1226-8615.
  4. ^ a b Yaakop, S.; Duffels, J. P.; Visser, H. (2005-01-01). "The cicada genus Chremistica Stål (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Sundaland". Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 148 (2): 247–306. doi:10.1163/22119434-900000172. ISSN 2211-9434.
  5. ^ Shieh, Bao-Sen; Liang, Shih-Hsiung; Chiu, Yuh-Wen (2015-01-15). "Acoustic and Temporal Partitioning of Cicada Assemblages in City and Mountain Environments". PLOS ONE. 10 (1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116794#pone.0116794.s004. ISSN 1932-6203.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ a b c d "Mercury in terrestrial forested systems with highly elevated mercury deposition in southwestern China: The risk to insects and potential release from wildfires". Environmental Pollution. 212: 188–196. 2016-05-01. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.003. ISSN 0269-7491.
  7. ^ Wyman, Katherine E.; Rodenhouse, Nicholas L.; Bank, Michael S. (2011-05-23). "Mercury bioaccumulation, speciation, and influence on web structure in orb-weaving spiders from a forested watershed". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 30 (8): 1873–1878. doi:10.1002/etc.572. ISSN 0730-7268.
  8. ^ Townsend, Jason M.; Driscoll, Charles T.; Rimmer, Christopher C.; McFarland, Kent P. (2013-12-03). "Avian, salamander, and forest floor mercury concentrations increase with elevation in a terrestrial ecosystem". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 33 (1): 208–215. doi:10.1002/etc.2438. ISSN 0730-7268.
  9. ^ "Sex differences noted in mercury bioaccumulation in Magicicada cassini". Chemosphere. 69 (1): 79–81. 2007-08-01. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.063. ISSN 0045-6535.
  10. ^ Zheng, Dongmei; Zhang, Zhongsheng; Wang, Qichao (2010-05-14). "Total and Methyl Mercury Contents and Distribution Characteristics in Cicada, Cryptotympana atrata (Fabricius)". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 84 (6): 749–753. doi:10.1007/s00128-010-0030-0. ISSN 0007-4861. PMC 2882563. PMID 20467725.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  11. ^ Zheng, Dongmei; Zhang, Zhongsheng; Wang, Qichao (2010-05-14). "Total and Methyl Mercury Contents and Distribution Characteristics in Cicada, Cryptotympana atrata (Fabricius)". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 84 (6): 749–753. doi:10.1007/s00128-010-0030-0. ISSN 0007-4861.
  12. ^ "File:薄翅蟬.JPG", Wikipedia, retrieved 2018-09-12
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