1856–57 United States Senate elections: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox election |
{{Infobox election |
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| election_name |
| election_name = 1856–57 United States Senate elections |
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| country |
| country = United States |
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| flag_year |
| flag_year = 1851 |
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| type |
| type = legislative |
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| ongoing |
| > |
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| previous_election |
| previous_election = 1854–55 United States Senate elections |
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| previous_year |
| previous_year = {{Nowrap|1854 & 1855}} |
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| next_election |
| next_election = 1858–59 United States Senate elections |
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| next_year |
| next_year = {{Nowrap|1858 & 1859}} |
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| seats_for_election = 21 of the 62 seats in the [[United States Senate]] (with special elections) |
| seats_for_election = 21 of the 62 seats in the [[United States Senate]] (with special elections) |
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| majority_seats |
| majority_seats = 32 |
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| election_date |
| election_date = Various dates |
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| image_size |
| image_size = 100px |
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| 1blank |
| 1blank = Seats up |
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| last_election1 = '''33 seats''' |
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| seats_before1 = '''37''' |
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| seats1 = '''9''' |
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| seats_after1 = '''34''' |
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| seats_after1 = '''34''' |
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| 1data2 = 3 |
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| image3 = |
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| seats3 = 0 |
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| 1data3 = 5 |
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| image4 = |
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| 1data3 = 5 |
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| seats_before4 = 1 |
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| seats_after4 = 2 |
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| 1data4 = 0 |
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| image5 = |
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| seats_before5 = 2 |
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| seats5 = 0 |
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| image5 = |
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| seats_before5 = 2 |
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| before_election = |
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| map_image = File:1856senatemap.svg |
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| map_caption = '''Results of the elections:'''<br />{{legend0|#0671B0|Democratic gain}} {{legend0|#92C5DE|Democratic hold}}<br />{{legend0|#CA0120|Republican gain}} {{legend0|#F48882|Republican hold}}<br />{{legend0|#9229adff|Know Nothing Gain}} {{legend0|#000000|Legislature failed to elect}} |
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| map_size = 380px |
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| before_election = |
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The '''1856–57 United States Senate elections''' were held on various dates in various states. As these [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] elections were prior to the ratification of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Seventeenth Amendment]] in 1913, senators were chosen by [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]]. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1856 and 1857, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to [[Gridlock (politics)|legislative deadlock]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/17th-amendment|title=17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)|website=National Archives and Records Administration|date=February 8, 2022}}</ref> In these elections, terms were up for the senators in [[Classes of United States senators|Class 1]]. |
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⚫ | The |
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As this election was prior to ratification of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|seventeenth amendment]], senators were chosen by [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]]. |
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== Results summary == |
== Results summary == |
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Senate |
Senate party division, [[35th United States Congress|35th Congress]] (1857–1859) |
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* Majority party: Democratic (37–42) |
* Majority party: Democratic (37–42) |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James S. Green]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James S. Green]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[William M. Gwin]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[William M. Gwin]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Martin W. Bates]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Martin W. Bates]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Amos Nourse]]''' (Republican) |
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Amos Nourse]]''' (Republican) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Harlan (senator)|James Harlan]]''' (Republican) |
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Harlan (senator)|James Harlan]]''' (Republican) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Graham N. Fitch]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Graham N. Fitch]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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|} |
|} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[David C. Broderick]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[David C. Broderick]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Dixon]]''' (Republican) |
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Dixon]]''' (Republican) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James A. Bayard Jr.]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James A. Bayard Jr.]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Stephen Mallory]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Stephen Mallory]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Jesse D. Bright]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Jesse D. Bright]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Hannibal Hamlin]]''' (Republican) |
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Hannibal Hamlin]]''' (Republican) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Know Nothing}}'''{{aye}} [[Anthony Kennedy (Maryland politician)|Anthony Kennedy]]''' (Know Nothing) |
* {{Party stripe|Know Nothing}}'''{{aye}} [[Anthony Kennedy (Maryland politician)|Anthony Kennedy]]''' (Know Nothing) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Charles Sumner]]''' (Republican) |
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Charles Sumner]]''' (Republican) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Zachariah Chandler]]''' (Republican) |
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Zachariah Chandler]]''' (Republican) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Jefferson Davis]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Jefferson Davis]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Trusten Polk]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Trusten Polk]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[John Renshaw Thomson]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[John Renshaw Thomson]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Benjamin Wade]]''' (Republican) |
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Benjamin Wade]]''' (Republican) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James F. Simmons]]''' (Republican) |
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James F. Simmons]]''' (Republican) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Tennessee, 1851|1851]] |
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Tennessee, 1851|1851]] |
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| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>Legislature failed to elect.<br/>'''Whig loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until October 8, 1857, see below. |
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>Legislature failed to elect.<br/>'''Whig loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until October 8, 1857, see below. |
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| nowrap | {{ |
| nowrap | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Thomas Jefferson Rusk|Thomas J. Rusk]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Thomas Jefferson Rusk|Thomas J. Rusk]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Solomon Foot]]''' (Republican) |
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Solomon Foot]]''' (Republican) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Murray Mason|James M. Mason]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Murray Mason|James M. Mason]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James R. Doolittle]]''' (Republican) |
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James R. Doolittle]]''' (Republican) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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|} |
|} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Daniel Clark (New Hampshire)|Daniel Clark]]''' (Republican) |
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Daniel Clark (New Hampshire)|Daniel Clark]]''' (Republican) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Andrew Johnson]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Andrew Johnson]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
| nowrap | {{Plainlist| |
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* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Henry Hammond|James H. Hammond]]''' (Democratic) |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Henry Hammond|James H. Hammond]]''' (Democratic) |
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* {{ |
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
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}} |
}} |
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|} |
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[[Anthony Kennedy (Maryland politician)|Anthony Kennedy]] won election by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 1 seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=122896|title=Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1857|access-date=2022-11-05|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}</ref> |
[[Anthony Kennedy (Maryland politician)|Anthony Kennedy]] won election by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 1 seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=122896|title=Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1857|access-date=2022-11-05|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}</ref> |
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{{Clear}} |
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=== New York === |
=== New York === |
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In 1855, the [[United States Whig Party|Whig Party]] and the [[Anti-Nebraska Party]] merged in New York to form the [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]]. |
In 1855, the [[United States Whig Party|Whig Party]] and the [[Anti-Nebraska Party]] merged in New York to form the [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]]. |
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At the [[New York state election, 1855|State election in November 1855]], 16 Republicans, 11 Americans, 4 Democrats and 1 [[Temperance movement|Temperance]] man were elected for a two-year term ( |
At the [[New York state election, 1855|State election in November 1855]], 16 Republicans, 11 Americans, 4 Democrats and 1 [[Temperance movement|Temperance]] man were elected for a two-year term (1856–1857) in the State Senate. At the [[New York state election, 1856|State election in November 1856]], 81 Republicans, 31 Democrats and 8 Americans were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1857. The [[80th New York State Legislature]] met from January 6 to April 18, 1857, at [[Albany, New York]]. |
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Preston King was nominated by a caucus of [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] State legislators. King had been a Democratic congressman from 1843 to 1847, a [[Free Soil Party|Free Soil]] congressman from 1849 to 1853, and had joined the Republican Party upon its foundation at the State convention in September 1855. The convention nominated King for Secretary of State, but he was defeated by Joel T. Headley in a four-way race. [[Secretary of State of New York|Secretary of State]] Joel T. Headley was the candidate of the [[Know Nothing|American Party]]. State Senator Daniel E. Sickles was the candidate of the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]. |
Preston King was nominated by a caucus of [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] State legislators. King had been a Democratic congressman from 1843 to 1847, a [[Free Soil Party|Free Soil]] congressman from 1849 to 1853, and had joined the Republican Party upon its foundation at the State convention in September 1855. The convention nominated King for Secretary of State, but he was defeated by Joel T. Headley in a four-way race. [[Secretary of State of New York|Secretary of State]] Joel T. Headley was the candidate of the [[Know Nothing|American Party]]. State Senator Daniel E. Sickles was the candidate of the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]. |
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The [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] had previously convened on February 13, 1855, for the regularly scheduled Senate election for the term beginning on March 4, 1855. Two ballots were recorded on February 13, followed by three on February 27, 1855. On the fifth and final ballot during this convention, former Senator [[Simon Cameron]] had led with 55 votes to future Senator [[Charles R. Buckalew]]'s 23. No candidate was elected, however, and the hung election convention adjourned by a vote of 66 to 65. Upon the expiration of incumbent [[James Cooper (Pennsylvania politician)|James Cooper]]'s term on March 4, 1855, the seat was vacated and would remain vacant until William Bigler's election in January 1856.<ref name=results2>{{cite web|title=U.S. Senate Election - 13 February 1855, 27 February 1855 |url=http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/sen/PaSen1855.pdf|publisher=Wilkes University|access-date=December 22, 2013}}</ref> |
The [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] had previously convened on February 13, 1855, for the regularly scheduled Senate election for the term beginning on March 4, 1855. Two ballots were recorded on February 13, followed by three on February 27, 1855. On the fifth and final ballot during this convention, former Senator [[Simon Cameron]] had led with 55 votes to future Senator [[Charles R. Buckalew]]'s 23. No candidate was elected, however, and the hung election convention adjourned by a vote of 66 to 65. Upon the expiration of incumbent [[James Cooper (Pennsylvania politician)|James Cooper]]'s term on March 4, 1855, the seat was vacated and would remain vacant until William Bigler's election in January 1856.<ref name=results2>{{cite web|title=U.S. Senate Election - 13 February 1855, 27 February 1855 |url=http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/sen/PaSen1855.pdf|publisher=Wilkes University|access-date=December 22, 2013}}</ref> |
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On January 14, 1856, the election convention of the General Assembly re-convened and elected Democratic former [[List of Governors of Pennsylvania|Governor of Pennsylvania]] William Bigler on the first ballot to serve the remainder of the term that began on March 4, 1855 and would expire on March 4, 1861. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: |
On January 14, 1856, the election convention of the General Assembly re-convened and elected Democratic former [[List of Governors of Pennsylvania|Governor of Pennsylvania]] William Bigler on the first ballot to serve the remainder of the term that began on March 4, 1855, and would expire on March 4, 1861. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: |
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{{Election box begin no change| title=State legislature results<ref name=results3/>}} |
{{Election box begin no change| title=State legislature results<ref name=results3/>}} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[United States elections |
* [[1856 United States elections]] |
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** [[1856 United States presidential election]] |
** [[1856 United States presidential election]] |
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** [[United States House of Representatives elections |
** [[1856–57 United States House of Representatives elections]] |
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* [[34th United States Congress]] |
* [[34th United States Congress]] |
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* [[35th United States Congress]] |
* [[35th United States Congress]] |
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{{United States Senate elections}} |
{{United States Senate elections}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:1856-57 United States Senate elections}} |
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[[Category:1856 United States Senate elections| ]] |
[[Category:1856 United States Senate elections| ]] |
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[[Category:1857 United States Senate elections| ]] |
[[Category:1857 United States Senate elections| ]] |
Latest revision as of 03:52, 11 February 2024
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21 of the 62 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections) 32 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Results of the elections: Democratic gain Democratic hold Republican gain Republican hold Know Nothing Gain Legislature failed to elect | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1856–57 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1856 and 1857, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.
The young Republican Party assumed its position as one of the United States's two main political parties. The Whigs and Free Soilers were gone by the time the next Congress began.
Results summary[edit]
Senate party division, 35th Congress (1857–1859)
- Majority party: Democratic (37–42)
- Minority party: Republican (20)
- Other party: American (4)
- Vacant: 1–0
- Total seats: 62–66
Change in composition[edit]
Before the elections[edit]
After the January 14, 1856 special election in Pennsylvania.
D1 | |||||||||
D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 | D11 |
D21 | D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 |
D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 | D26 Ran |
D27 Ran |
D28 Ran |
D29 Ran |
D30 Ran |
D31 Ran |
Majority → | D32 Ran | ||||||||
KN1 | V1 | V2 | V3 | D37 Retired |
D36 Retired |
D35 Unknown |
D34 Unknown |
D33 Unknown | |
FS2 Ran |
FS1 | R11 Unknown |
R10 Ran |
R9 Ran |
R8 | R7 | R6 | R5 | R4 |
W2 | W3 | W4 Unknown |
W5 Retired |
W6 Retired |
W7 Retired |
W8 Retired |
R1 | R2 | R3 |
W1 |
As a result of the elections[edit]
D1 | |||||||||
D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 | D11 |
D21 | D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 |
D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 | D26 Re-elected |
D27 Re-elected |
D28 Re-elected |
D29 Re-elected |
D30 Re-elected |
D31 Re-elected |
Majority → | D32 Hold | ||||||||
FS1 | KN1 | KN2 Gain |
V1 W Loss |
V2 | V3 | V4 | D34 Gain |
D33 Hold | |
R18 Gain |
R17 Re-elected Diff. party |
R16 Hold |
R15 Re-elected |
R14 Re-elected |
R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 |
W2 | W3 | R1 Gain |
R2 Gain |
R3 Gain |
R4 Gain |
R5 Gain |
R6 | R7 | R8 |
W1 |
Beginning of the next Congress[edit]
D1 | |||||||||
D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 | D11 |
D21 | D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 |
D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 | D26 | D27 | D28 | D29 | D30 | D31 |
Majority → | D32 | ||||||||
KN2 | KN3 Changed |
KN4 Changed |
V1 | D37 Gain |
D36 Gain |
D35 Gain |
D34 Changed |
D33 Changed | |
KN1 | R20 | R19 | R18 | R17 | R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 |
R2 Changed |
R3 Changed |
R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 |
R1 Changed |
Key: |
|
---|
Race summaries[edit]
Elections during the 34th Congress[edit]
In these elections, the winners were seated during 1856 or in 1857 before March 4; ordered by election date.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
Pennsylvania (Class 3) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. Winner elected January 14, 1856. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Missouri (Class 3) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. Winner elected January 12, 1857. Democratic gain. |
| ||
California (Class 3) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. Incumbent was then elected January 13, 1857. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Delaware (Class 2) |
Joseph P. Comegys | Whig | 1856 (Appointed) | Interim appointee retired. Winner elected January 14, 1857. Democratic gain. |
|
Maine (Class 1) |
Hannibal Hamlin | Democratic | 1856 (Appointed) | Incumbent resigned to become Governor of Maine. Winner elected January 16, 1857. Republican gain. Winner was not elected to the next term, see below. |
|
Iowa (Class 3) |
James Harlan | Free Soil | 1855 | Election invalidated January 5, 1857. Incumbent re-elected January 29, 1857 to a different party. Republican gain. |
|
Indiana (Class 3) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. Winner elected February 4, 1857. Democratic gain. |
|
Races leading to the 35th Congress[edit]
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1857; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
California | John B. Weller | Democratic | 1852 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1856. Democratic hold. |
|
Connecticut | Isaac Toucey | Democratic | 1852 | Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1856. Republican gain. |
|
Delaware | James A. Bayard Jr. | Democratic | 1851 | Incumbent re-elected in 1857. |
|
Florida | Stephen Mallory | Democratic | 1851 | Incumbent re-elected in 1857. |
|
Indiana | Jesse D. Bright | Democratic | 1844 1850 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1856. |
|
Maine | Amos Nourse | Republican | 1857 (special) | Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected in 1857. Republican hold. |
|
Maryland | Thomas Pratt | Whig | 1850 (special) 1851 |
Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected in 1856 or 1857. Know Nothing gain. |
|
Massachusetts | Charles Sumner | Free Soil | 1851 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1857 to a different party. Republican gain. |
|
Michigan | Lewis Cass | Democratic | 1844 or 1845 1848 (Resigned) 1849 (special) |
Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected in January 1857. Republican gain. |
|
Mississippi | Stephen Adams | Democratic | 1852 (special) | Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected in 1856 or 1857. Democratic hold. |
|
Missouri | Henry S. Geyer | Whig | 1851 | Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1857. Democratic gain. |
|
New Jersey | John Renshaw Thomson | Democratic | 1853 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1857. |
|
New York | Hamilton Fish | Whig | 1851 | Incumbent retired. Winner elected February 3, 1857. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio | Benjamin Wade | Republican | 1851 | Incumbent re-elected in 1856. |
|
Pennsylvania | Richard Brodhead | Democratic | 1851 | Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected January 13, 1857. Republican gain. |
|
Rhode Island | Charles T. James | Democratic | 1850 or 1851 | Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1856. Republican gain. |
|
Tennessee | James C. Jones | Whig | 1851 | Incumbent retired. Legislature failed to elect. Whig loss. Seat would remain vacant until October 8, 1857, see below. |
[data missing] |
Texas | Thomas J. Rusk | Democratic | 1846 1851 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1857. |
|
Vermont | Solomon Foot | Republican | 1850 | Incumbent re-elected in 1856. |
|
Virginia | James M. Mason | Democratic | 1847 (special) 1850 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1856. |
|
Wisconsin | Henry Dodge | Democratic | 1848 1851 |
Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1857. Republican gain. |
|
Elections during the 35th Congress[edit]
In these elections, the winners were elected in 1857 after March 4; ordered by election date.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
New Hampshire (Class 3) |
James Bell | Republican | 1855 | Incumbent died May 25, 1857. Winner elected June 27, 1857. Republican hold. |
|
Tennessee (Class 1) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. Winner elected October 8, 1857. Democratic gain. |
| ||
South Carolina (Class 3) |
Andrew Butler | Democratic | 1846 (Appointed) ? (special) 1848 1854 |
Incumbent died May 25, 1857. Winner elected December 7, 1857. Democratic hold. |
|
Complete list of states[edit]
Maryland[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2022) |
| ||||||||||||||||
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Anthony Kennedy won election by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 1 seat.[2]
New York[edit]
The New York election was held February 3, 1857, by the New York State Legislature. Whig Hamilton Fish had been elected in 1851 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1857.
In 1855, the Whig Party and the Anti-Nebraska Party merged in New York to form the Republican Party.
At the State election in November 1855, 16 Republicans, 11 Americans, 4 Democrats and 1 Temperance man were elected for a two-year term (1856–1857) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1856, 81 Republicans, 31 Democrats and 8 Americans were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1857. The 80th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 18, 1857, at Albany, New York.
Preston King was nominated by a caucus of Republican State legislators. King had been a Democratic congressman from 1843 to 1847, a Free Soil congressman from 1849 to 1853, and had joined the Republican Party upon its foundation at the State convention in September 1855. The convention nominated King for Secretary of State, but he was defeated by Joel T. Headley in a four-way race. Secretary of State Joel T. Headley was the candidate of the American Party. State Senator Daniel E. Sickles was the candidate of the Democratic Party.
In the Assembly the vote confirmed the party caucus selections. When State Senator Sickles received votes, the same objection to his eligibility was raised as was in 1833 regarding Nathaniel P. Tallmadge. This time, Speaker DeWitt C. Littlejohn ruled that the objection was "partially tenable and partially not so." However, the Speaker held that any member could vote for anybody, and only if the candidate received sufficient votes to win the election, a decision would be required. Otherwise, like in this case, the eligibility of an also-ran was irrelevant.
In the State Senate, only 24 votes were given. Zenas Clark (Rep.) and John B. Halsted (Rep.) were sick at home. Eaton J. Richardson (Rep.) paired with Sidney Sweet (Am.). Joseph H. Petty (Am.) was absent. William Kelly (Dem.), Mark Spencer (Dem.), and the Democratic candidate Sickles himself, declined to vote.
State Senator Justin A. Smith (Am.) raised the question if the vote for Sickles could be counted. A new State Constitution had been adopted in 1846, which had clarified the question of eligibility of State legislators. Smith quoted from the State Constitution: "No member of the Legislature shall receive any civil appointment within this State, or to the Senate of the United States, from the Governor, the Governor and Senate, or from the Legislature, during the term for which he shall have been elected; and all votes given for any such member, for any such office or appointment, shall be void." Lt. Gov. Henry R. Selden (later a judge of the New York Court of Appeals) decided to count the vote, holding that the United States Constitution described the eligibility for the office and devolved on the State legislatures only the power to prescribe the "times, places and manners of holding the elections for that office", thus not implying a right for the State governments to exclude any person who would be eligible under the U.S. Constitution.[3]
Preston King was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.
House | Republican | Democrat | American | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State Senate (32 members) | Preston King | 14 | Daniel E. Sickles | 1 | Joel T. Headley | 9 |
State Assembly (128 members) | Preston King | 77 | Daniel E. Sickles | 33 | Joel T. Headley | 6 |
Pennsylvania[edit]
Pennsylvania (special)[edit]
The Class 3 election was held on January 14, 1856. William Bigler was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[4]
The Pennsylvania General Assembly had previously convened on February 13, 1855, for the regularly scheduled Senate election for the term beginning on March 4, 1855. Two ballots were recorded on February 13, followed by three on February 27, 1855. On the fifth and final ballot during this convention, former Senator Simon Cameron had led with 55 votes to future Senator Charles R. Buckalew's 23. No candidate was elected, however, and the hung election convention adjourned by a vote of 66 to 65. Upon the expiration of incumbent James Cooper's term on March 4, 1855, the seat was vacated and would remain vacant until William Bigler's election in January 1856.[5]
On January 14, 1856, the election convention of the General Assembly re-convened and elected Democratic former Governor of Pennsylvania William Bigler on the first ballot to serve the remainder of the term that began on March 4, 1855, and would expire on March 4, 1861. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | William Bigler | 82 | 61.65 | |
Republican | Edward Joy Morris | 43 | 32.33 | |
Unknown | John C. Flenniken | 1 | 0.75 | |
N/A | Not voting | 7 | 5.26 | |
Totals | 133 | 100.00% |
Pennsylvania (regular)[edit]
The Class 1 election in Pennsylvania was held on January 13, 1857. Simon Cameron was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[6]
The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 13, 1857, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1857. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Simon Cameron | 67 | 50.38 | |
Democratic | John W. Forney | 58 | 43.61 | |
Democratic | Henry D. Foster | 7 | 5.26 | |
Democratic | William Wilkins | 1 | 0.75 | |
Totals | 133 | 100.00% |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1857". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
- ^ Journal of the Senate of the State of New York (80th Session) (pages 171f)
- ^ a b "U.S. Senate Election - 14 January 1856" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ "U.S. Senate Election - 13 February 1855, 27 February 1855" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- ^ a b "U.S. Senate Election - 13 January 1857" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
- ^ "PA US Senate - 1857". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
- Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
- The New York Civil List compiled in 1858 (see: pg. 63 for U.S. Senators [gives wrong date "February 6"]; pg. 137 for State Senators 1857; pg. 252ff for Members of Assembly 1857)
- STATE AFFAIRS.; The Election of Preston King as United States Senator in NYT on February 4, 1857
- Result NY Senate: Journal of the Senate (80th Session) (1857; pg. 171)
- Result NY Assembly: Journal of the Assembly (80th Session) (1857; pg. 245f)
- Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project