Editing 2018 in science
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**The Brazilian government reports that [[Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest|deforestation in the Amazon rainforest]] has reached its highest rate for a decade, with 7,900 km<sup>2</sup> (3,050 sq miles) destroyed between August 2017 and July 2018, largely due to illegal logging.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-46327634|title=Amazon rainforest deforestation 'worst in 10 years', says Brazil|date=24 November 2018|publisher=BBC News|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mma.gov.br/informma/item/15259-governo-federal-divulga-taxa-de-desmatamento-na-amaz%C3%B4nia.html|title=Taxa de desmatamento na Amazônia Legal|date=23 November 2018|publisher=Ministry of Environment|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref> |
**The Brazilian government reports that [[Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest|deforestation in the Amazon rainforest]] has reached its highest rate for a decade, with 7,900 km<sup>2</sup> (3,050 sq miles) destroyed between August 2017 and July 2018, largely due to illegal logging.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-46327634|title=Amazon rainforest deforestation 'worst in 10 years', says Brazil|date=24 November 2018|publisher=BBC News|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mma.gov.br/informma/item/15259-governo-federal-divulga-taxa-de-desmatamento-na-amaz%C3%B4nia.html|title=Taxa de desmatamento na Amazônia Legal|date=23 November 2018|publisher=Ministry of Environment|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref> |
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**Researchers report, after detecting the presence on the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) of five ''[[Enterobacter|Enterobacter bugandensis]]'' bacterial strains, none pathogenic to humans, that [[microorganism]]s on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for [[astronaut]]s.<ref name="EA-20181122">{{cite web |author=BioMed Central |title=ISS microbes should be monitored to avoid threat to astronaut health |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/bc-ims112018.php |date=22 November 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |publisher=AAAS |access-date=25 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="BMC-20181123">{{cite journal |author=Singh, Nitin K. |display-authors=et al |title=Multi-drug resistant Enterobacter bugandensis species isolated from the International Space Station and comparative genomic analyses with human pathogenic strains |date=23 November 2018 |journal=[[BMC Microbiology]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=175 |doi=10.1186/s12866-018-1325-2 |doi-access=free |pmid=30466389 |pmc=6251167 }}</ref> |
**Researchers report, after detecting the presence on the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) of five ''[[Enterobacter|Enterobacter bugandensis]]'' bacterial strains, none pathogenic to humans, that [[microorganism]]s on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for [[astronaut]]s.<ref name="EA-20181122">{{cite web |author=BioMed Central |title=ISS microbes should be monitored to avoid threat to astronaut health |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/bc-ims112018.php |date=22 November 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |publisher=AAAS |access-date=25 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="BMC-20181123">{{cite journal |author=Singh, Nitin K. |display-authors=et al |title=Multi-drug resistant Enterobacter bugandensis species isolated from the International Space Station and comparative genomic analyses with human pathogenic strains |date=23 November 2018 |journal=[[BMC Microbiology]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=175 |doi=10.1186/s12866-018-1325-2 |doi-access=free |pmid=30466389 |pmc=6251167 }}</ref> |
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*24 November – Scientists report that nearly all extant populations of [[animal]]s, including [[human]]s, may be a result of a [[Population growth|population expansion]] that began between one and two hundred thousand years ago, based on genetic [[mitochondrial DNA]] studies.<ref name="INQ-20181124">{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Kristine |title=New Research Has Concluded That All Humans Are Descendants Of Just One Couple Who Lived 200,000 Years Ago - Scientist David Thaler explained that he 'fought against' the conclusions of the 'surprising' study which suggests that human beings are the product of one couple that lived from between 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. |url=https://www.inquisitr.com/5177309/new-research-has-concluded-that-all-humans-are-descendants-of-just-one-couple-who-lived-200000-years-ago/ |date=24 November 2018 |work=[[Inquisitr]] |access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="EXP-20181124">{{cite news |last=O'Callaghan |first=Laura |title=We're ALL related: How [the] whole of mankind descends from ONE couple 200,000 years ago - modern humans descend from a single couple who mated up to 200,000 years ago, scientists have claimed. |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1049898/science-news-human-dna-animals-genetics |date=24 November 2018 |work=[[Daily Express]] |access-date=24 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="HE-2018">{{cite |
*24 November – Scientists report that nearly all extant populations of [[animal]]s, including [[human]]s, may be a result of a [[Population growth|population expansion]] that began between one and two hundred thousand years ago, based on genetic [[mitochondrial DNA]] studies.<ref name="INQ-20181124">{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Kristine |title=New Research Has Concluded That All Humans Are Descendants Of Just One Couple Who Lived 200,000 Years Ago - Scientist David Thaler explained that he 'fought against' the conclusions of the 'surprising' study which suggests that human beings are the product of one couple that lived from between 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. |url=https://www.inquisitr.com/5177309/new-research-has-concluded-that-all-humans-are-descendants-of-just-one-couple-who-lived-200000-years-ago/ |date=24 November 2018 |work=[[Inquisitr]] |access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="EXP-20181124">{{cite news |last=O'Callaghan |first=Laura |title=We're ALL related: How [the] whole of mankind descends from ONE couple 200,000 years ago - modern humans descend from a single couple who mated up to 200,000 years ago, scientists have claimed. |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1049898/science-news-human-dna-animals-genetics |date=24 November 2018 |work=[[Daily Express]] |access-date=24 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="HE-2018">{{cite news |last1=Stoeckle |first1=M.Y. |last2=Thaler |first2=D.S. |title=Why should mitochondria define species? |url=http://www.pontecorboli.com/digital1/humanevolution/blog/2018/05/22/why-should-mitochondria-define-species/ |date=2018 |journal=Human Evolution |volume=33 |number=1–2–2018 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.14673/HE2018121037 |access-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125132538/http://www.pontecorboli.com/digital1/humanevolution/blog/2018/05/22/why-should-mitochondria-define-species/ |archive-date=25 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="HE-2018-pdf">{{cite news |last1=Stoeckle |first1=M.Y. |last2=Thaler |first2=D.S. |title=Why should mitochondria define species? |url=https://phe.rockefeller.edu/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Stoeckle-Thaler-Final-reduced.pdf |date=2018 |journal=Human Evolution |volume=33 |number=1–2–2018 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.14673/HE2018121037 |access-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204044212/https://phe.rockefeller.edu/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Stoeckle-Thaler-Final-reduced.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*25 November – Chinese scientists report the birth of twin human girls, [[Lulu and Nana]], as the world's first [[Genome editing|genetically edited]] babies. The [[human gene]]s were edited to resist [[HIV]].<ref name="MIT-20181125">{{cite news |last=Regalado |first=Antonio |title=Exclusive: Chinese scientists are creating CRISPR babies - A daring effort is under way to create the first children whose DNA has been tailored using gene editing. |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612458/exclusive-chinese-scientists-are-creating-crispr-babies/ |date=25 November 2018 |work=[[MIT Technology Review]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Reuters |title=China Orders Investigation After Scientist Claims First Gene-Edited Babies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/11/26/world/asia/26reuters-health-china-babies-genes.html |date=26 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="AP-20181126">{{cite news |last=Marchione |first=Marilyn |title=Chinese researcher claims first gene-edited babies |url=https://www.apnews.com/4997bb7aa36c45449b488e19ac83e86d |date=26 November 2018 |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20181126">{{cite news |last=Begley |first=Sharon |title=Claim of CRISPR'd baby girls stuns genome editing summit |url=https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/26/claim-of-crispred-baby-girls-stuns-genome-editing-summit/ |date=26 November 2018 |work=[[Stat News]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="BBC-20181126">{{cite news |last=Roberts|first=Michelle |title=China baby gene editing claim 'dubious' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-46342195 |date=26 November 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="CNET-20181125">{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=Jackson |title=Scientists in China claim to have created first gene-edited human babies - A Chinese research group claims to have used CRISPR to genetically edit human embryos leading to the birth of healthy twin girls. |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-in-china-claim-to-have-created-first-gene-edited-human-babies/ |date=25 November 2018 |work=[[CNET]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ZDN-20181126">{{cite news |last=Osborne |first=Charlie |title=Meet Lulu and Nana, claimed to be the world's first gene-edited children - A Chinese scientist claims the twins have been born healthy after coming into the world with edited DNA. |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/meet-lulu-and-nana-the-worlds-first-reported-gene-edited-children/ |date=26 November 2018 |work=[[ZDNet]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref> |
*25 November – Chinese scientists report the birth of twin human girls, [[Lulu and Nana]], as the world's first [[Genome editing|genetically edited]] babies. The [[human gene]]s were edited to resist [[HIV]].<ref name="MIT-20181125">{{cite news |last=Regalado |first=Antonio |title=Exclusive: Chinese scientists are creating CRISPR babies - A daring effort is under way to create the first children whose DNA has been tailored using gene editing. |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612458/exclusive-chinese-scientists-are-creating-crispr-babies/ |date=25 November 2018 |work=[[MIT Technology Review]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Reuters |title=China Orders Investigation After Scientist Claims First Gene-Edited Babies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/11/26/world/asia/26reuters-health-china-babies-genes.html |date=26 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="AP-20181126">{{cite news |last=Marchione |first=Marilyn |title=Chinese researcher claims first gene-edited babies |url=https://www.apnews.com/4997bb7aa36c45449b488e19ac83e86d |date=26 November 2018 |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20181126">{{cite news |last=Begley |first=Sharon |title=Claim of CRISPR'd baby girls stuns genome editing summit |url=https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/26/claim-of-crispred-baby-girls-stuns-genome-editing-summit/ |date=26 November 2018 |work=[[Stat News]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="BBC-20181126">{{cite news |last=Roberts|first=Michelle |title=China baby gene editing claim 'dubious' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-46342195 |date=26 November 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="CNET-20181125">{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=Jackson |title=Scientists in China claim to have created first gene-edited human babies - A Chinese research group claims to have used CRISPR to genetically edit human embryos leading to the birth of healthy twin girls. |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-in-china-claim-to-have-created-first-gene-edited-human-babies/ |date=25 November 2018 |work=[[CNET]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ZDN-20181126">{{cite news |last=Osborne |first=Charlie |title=Meet Lulu and Nana, claimed to be the world's first gene-edited children - A Chinese scientist claims the twins have been born healthy after coming into the world with edited DNA. |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/meet-lulu-and-nana-the-worlds-first-reported-gene-edited-children/ |date=26 November 2018 |work=[[ZDNet]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref> |
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*26 November – [[NASA]] reports that the [[InSight|InSight Lander]] landed successfully on the planet [[Mars]]. Two touch down images are received. Also, from additional received transmissions, the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZK5bOZx2xXs sounds of the winds on Mars] can be heard - for the first time.<ref name="NYT-20181126">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=NASA's Mars InSight Mission Lands on Red Planet's Surface - In the months ahead, the spacecraft will begin its study of the Martian underworld, listening for marsquakes and revealing secrets about the dusty world's formation. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/26/science/nasa-insight-mars-landing.html |date=26 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref> |
*26 November – [[NASA]] reports that the [[InSight|InSight Lander]] landed successfully on the planet [[Mars]]. Two touch down images are received. Also, from additional received transmissions, the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZK5bOZx2xXs sounds of the winds on Mars] can be heard - for the first time.<ref name="NYT-20181126">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=NASA's Mars InSight Mission Lands on Red Planet's Surface - In the months ahead, the spacecraft will begin its study of the Martian underworld, listening for marsquakes and revealing secrets about the dusty world's formation. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/26/science/nasa-insight-mars-landing.html |date=26 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref> |