Editing Multisensory integration
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====Double-flash illusion==== |
====Double-flash illusion==== |
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The double flash illusion was reported as the first illusion to show that visual stimuli can be qualitatively altered by audio stimuli.<ref name="Shams 2000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shams L, Kamitani Y, Shimojo S |title=Illusions. What you see is what you hear |journal=Nature |volume=408 |issue=6814 |pages=788 |date=December 2000 |pmid=11130706 |doi=10.1038/35048669 |bibcode=2000Natur.408..788S |s2cid=205012107 |
The double flash illusion was reported as the first illusion to show that visual stimuli can be qualitatively altered by audio stimuli.<ref name="Shams 2000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shams L, Kamitani Y, Shimojo S |title=Illusions. What you see is what you hear |journal=Nature |volume=408 |issue=6814 |pages=788 |date=December 2000 |pmid=11130706 |doi=10.1038/35048669 |bibcode=2000Natur.408..788S |s2cid=205012107 }}</ref> In the standard paradigm participants are presented combinations of one to four flashes accompanied by zero to 4 beeps. They were then asked to say how many flashes they perceived. Participants perceived illusory flashes when there were more beeps than flashes. fMRI studies have shown that there is crossmodal activation in early, low level visual areas, which was qualitatively similar to the perception of a real flash. This suggests that the illusion reflects subjective perception of the extra flash.<ref name="Watkins 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Watkins S, Shams L, Josephs O, Rees G |title=Activity in human V1 follows multisensory perception |journal=NeuroImage |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=572–8 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17604652 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.027 |s2cid=17477883 }}</ref> Further, studies suggest that timing of multisensory activation in unisensory cortexes is too fast to be mediated by a higher order integration suggesting feed forward or lateral connections.<ref name="Shams 2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shams L, Iwaki S, Chawla A, Bhattacharya J |title=Early modulation of visual cortex by sound: an MEG study |journal=Neurosci. Lett. |volume=378 |issue=2 |pages=76–81 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15774261 |doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.035 |s2cid=4675944 }}</ref> One study has revealed the same effect but from vision to audition, as well as fission rather than fusion effects, although the level of the auditory stimulus was reduced to make it less salient for those illusions affecting audition.<ref name="Andersen 2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Andersen TS, Tiippana K, Sams M |title=Factors influencing audiovisual fission and fusion illusions |journal=Brain Res Cogn Brain Res |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=301–308 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15511646 |doi=10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.06.004 }}</ref> |
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====Rubber hand illusion==== |
====Rubber hand illusion==== |