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| name = Magnus Ladulås
| name = Magnus Ladulås
| image = Magnus III Barnlock of Sweden as Duke bust 2009 Skara (2).jpg
| image = Magnus III Barnlock of Sweden as Duke bust 2009 Skara (2).jpg
| caption = Bust of Magnus as duke at [[Skara Cathedral]]
| caption = Bust of Magnus as duke at [[Skara Cathedral]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Svanberg | first=Jan | title=Furstebilder från Folkungatid | publisher=Skaraborgs länsmuseum | publication-place=Skara | date=1987 | isbn=91-85884-52-9 | language=sv|pages=110–128}}</ref>
| succession = [[King of Sweden]]
| succession = [[King of Sweden]]
| reign = 1275 – 18 December 1290
| reign = 1275 – 18 December 1290
Line 9: Line 9:
| predecessor = [[Valdemar, King of Sweden|Valdemar]]
| predecessor = [[Valdemar, King of Sweden|Valdemar]]
| successor = [[Birger, King of Sweden|Birger]]
| successor = [[Birger, King of Sweden|Birger]]
| house = [[House of Bjelbo|Bjelbo]]
| house = [[House of Bjälbo|Bjälbo]]
| father = [[Birger Jarl]]
| father = [[Birger Jarl]]
| mother = [[Ingeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden]]
| mother = [[Ingeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden]]
| spouse = [[Helwig of Holstein]]
| spouse = [[Helvig of Holstein]]
| issue = {{plainlist|
| issue = {{plainlist|
*[[Ingeborg Magnusdotter of Sweden|Ingeborg, Queen of Denmark]]
*[[Ingeborg Magnusdotter|Ingeborg, Queen of Denmark]]
*[[Birger, King of Sweden]]
*[[Birger, King of Sweden]]
*[[Eric, Duke of Sudermannia]]
*[[Eric, Duke of Södermanland]]
*[[Valdemar, Duke of Finland]]
*[[Valdemar, Duke of Finland]]
*[[Richeza Magnusdotter of Sweden|Richeza, Abbess of St. Clara Priory]]}}
*[[Rikissa Magnusdotter|Rikissa, Abbess of St. Clara Priory]]}}
| issue-link = #Children
| issue-link = #Children
| issue-pipe = more...
| issue-pipe = more...
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}}
}}
[[File:Magnus Ladulas sigill.jpg|thumb|Seal of King Magnus]]
[[File:Magnus Ladulas sigill.jpg|thumb|Seal of King Magnus]]
[[File:Magnus III Barnlock of Sweden c 1440.jpg|thumb|14th-century depiction of King Magnus on a high tower wall of his burial church]]
[[File:Magnus III Barnlock of Sweden effigy by Lucas van der Werdt in 1574.jpg|thumb|Magnus's 16th century grave monument over his family crypts in [[Riddarholm Church]]]]
[[File:Magnus III Barnlock of Sweden effigy by Lucas van der Werdt in 1574.jpg|thumb|Magnus's 16th century grave monument over his family crypts in [[Riddarholm Church]]]]
'''Magnus Ladulås''' ({{IPA-sv|/l'ɑːdɵloːs/}}, {{literal translation|Barnlock}}; {{circa}} 1240&nbsp;– 18 December 1290), was [[King of Sweden]] from 1275 until his death in 1290.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pennanochsvardet.se/militarhistoria/svenskakrig/krig-1222-1388/magnus-birgersson-ladulas
'''Magnus Ladulås''' ({{IPA|sv|l'ɑːdɵloːs|pron}}, {{literal translation|Barnlock}}) or '''Magnus Birgersson''' ({{circa}} 1240&nbsp;– 18 December 1290) was [[King of Sweden]] from 1275 until his death in 1290.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pennanochsvardet.se/militarhistoria/svenskakrig/krig-1222-1388/magnus-birgersson-ladulas
|title= Magnus Birgersson 'Ladulås' |publisher= Pennan & Svärdet |author= Ulf Sundberg |date= 1999 |access-date=January 1, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190320150611/https://www.pennanochsvardet.se/militarhistoria/svenskakrig/krig-1222-1388/magnus-birgersson-ladulas|archive-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref>
|title= Magnus Birgersson 'Ladulås' |publisher= Pennan & Svärdet |author= Ulf Sundberg |date= 1999 |access-date=January 1, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190320150611/https://www.pennanochsvardet.se/militarhistoria/svenskakrig/krig-1222-1388/magnus-birgersson-ladulas|archive-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref>
⚫
He was the second son of [[Birger Jarl]], and became a king after a rebellion against his brother [[Valdemar, King of Sweden|Valdemar]]. He was succeeded by his ten-year-old son [[Birger Magnusson]] with [[Torkel Knutsson]] acting as his guardian.


⚫
He was a son of [[Birger Jarl]], and became a king after a rebellion against his brother [[Valdemar, King of Sweden|Valdemar]]. He was succeeded by his ten-year-old son [[Birger Magnusson]] with [[Torkel Knutsson]] acting as his guardian.
⚫
Medieval Swedish kings did not use [[Regnal number|regnal numbers]] as part of their title.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lagerqvist |first=Lars O. |url=http://archive.org/details/kingsrulersofswe0000lage |title=Kings and rulers of Sweden : a pocket encyclopedia |date=1995 |publisher=Stockholm, Sweden : Vincent Publications |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-91-87064-15-9 |pages=5}}</ref> In modern literature he may be referred to as either '''Magnus I'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Magnus I {{!}} Viking Age, Reformer & Lawgiver |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Magnus-I |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> or '''Magnus III'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lagerqvist |first=Lars O. |url=http://archive.org/details/kingsrulersofswe0000lage |title=Kings and rulers of Sweden : a pocket encyclopedia |date=1995 |publisher=Stockholm, Sweden : Vincent Publications |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-91-87064-15-9 |pages=22}}</ref>

⚫
Medieval Swedish kings did not use [[Regnal number|regnal numbers]] as part of their title.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lagerqvist |first=Lars O. |url=http://archive.org/details/kingsrulersofswe0000lage |title=Kings and rulers of Sweden : a pocket encyclopedia |date=1995 |publisher=Stockholm, Sweden : Vincent Publications |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-91-87064-15-9 |pages=5}}</ref> In modern literature he may be referred to as either '''Magnus I'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Magnus I {{!}} Viking Age, Reformer & Lawgiver |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Magnus-I |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> or '''Magnus III'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lagerqvist |first=Lars O. |url=http://archive.org/details/kingsrulersofswe0000lage |title=Kings and rulers of Sweden : a pocket encyclopedia |date=1995 |publisher=Stockholm, Sweden : Vincent Publications |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-91-87064-15-9 |pages=22}}</ref><ref>''[[Centuries of Selfies]]'' pp. 22-23, 106</ref>


== Epithet ==
== Epithet ==
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In 1275, Duke Magnus started a rebellion against Valdemar, supported by his younger brother [[Eric Birgersson|Eric]] and King [[Eric V of Denmark|Eric Klipping]] of Denmark. Valdemar was deposed by Magnus after the [[Battle of Hova]] in the forest of [[Tiveden]] on 14 June 1275 with the help of Danish and German horsemen. In July, Magnus was elected king at the [[Stones of Mora]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Huldén
 |first=Lena |date=December 2014 |title=Magnus Ladulås |url=https://www.urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:sls-4013-1416928956619 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Biografiskt lexikon för Finland}}</ref>
In 1275, Duke Magnus started a rebellion against Valdemar, supported by his younger brother [[Eric Birgersson|Eric]] and King [[Eric V of Denmark|Eric Klipping]] of Denmark. Valdemar was deposed by Magnus after the [[Battle of Hova]] in the forest of [[Tiveden]] on 14 June 1275 with the help of Danish and German horsemen. In July, Magnus was elected king at the [[Stones of Mora]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Huldén
 |first=Lena |date=December 2014 |title=Magnus Ladulås |url=https://www.urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:sls-4013-1416928956619 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Biografiskt lexikon för Finland}}</ref>


In 1276, Magnus allegedly married a second wife [[Helwig of Holstein|Helwig]], daughter of [[Gerhard I, Count of Holstein-Itzehoe|Gerard I of Holstein]]. Through her mother, Elizabeth of Mecklenburg, Helwig was a descendant of Christina, the putative daughter of [[Sverker II of Sweden|King Sverker II]]. A papal annulment of Magnus' alleged first marriage and a dispensation for the second (necessary because of [[consanguinity]]) were issued ten years later, in 1286. Helwig later acted as regent, probably 1290–1302 and 1320–1327.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.knivstashistoria.se/mora-stenar
In 1276, Magnus allegedly married a second wife [[Helvig of Holstein|Helvig]], daughter of [[Gerhard I, Count of Holstein-Itzehoe|Gerard I of Holstein]]. Through her mother, Elizabeth of Mecklenburg, Helvig was a descendant of Christina, the putative daughter of [[Sverker II of Sweden|King Sverker II]]. A papal annulment of Magnus' alleged first marriage and a dispensation for the second (necessary because of [[consanguinity]]) were issued ten years later, in 1286. Helvig later acted as regent, probably 1290–1302 and 1320–1327.<ref name=":2" />
|title= Mora Stenar|publisher= knivstashistoria.se|access-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2" />


== Reign ==
== Reign ==
The deposed King Valdemar managed, with Danish help in turn, to regain provinces in [[Gothenland]] in the southern part of the kingdom, and Magnus had to recognize that in 1277. However, Magnus regained them about 1278 and assumed the additional title ''rex Gothorum'', [[King of the Goths]], starting the tradition of "King of the Swedes and the Goths".
The deposed King Valdemar managed, with Danish help in turn, to regain provinces in [[Gothenland]] in the southern part of the kingdom, and Magnus had to recognize that in 1277. However, Magnus regained them about 1278 and assumed the additional title ''rex Gothorum'', [[King of the Goths]], starting the tradition of "King of the Swedes and the Goths".


King Magnus's youngest brother, [[Benedict, Duke of Finland|Benedict]] (1254–1291), then [[archdeacon]], acted as his [[Lord High Chancellor of Sweden]], and in 1284 Magnus rewarded him with the [[Duchy of Finland]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=18481|title= Bengt Birgersson|publisher= Svenskt biografiskt lexikon|author=Sten Engström |access-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref>
King Magnus's youngest brother, [[Bengt Birgersson|Bengt]] (1254–1291), then [[archdeacon]], acted as his [[Lord High Chancellor of Sweden]], and in 1284 Magnus rewarded him with the [[Duchy of Finland]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=18481|title= Bengt Birgersson|publisher= Svenskt biografiskt lexikon|author=Sten Engström |access-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref>


Magnus died when his sons were yet underage. Magnus ordered his kinsman [[Torkel Knutsson]], the [[Lord High Constable of Sweden]] as the guardian of his heir, the future [[King Birger]], who was about ten years old at father's death.
Magnus died when his sons were yet underage. Magnus ordered his kinsman [[Torkel Knutsson]], the [[Lord High Constable of Sweden]] as the guardian of his heir, the future [[King Birger]], who was about ten years old at father's death.


==Modern research==
==Modern research==
In spring 2011, [[archaeologist]]s and [[osteologist]]s from the [[University of Stockholm]] were given permission to open one of the royal graves in [[Riddarholmen Church]] in order to study the remains of what was presumed to be Magnus Ladulås and some of his relatives. [[Sveriges Television|SVT]] broadcast a presentation of the preliminary studies, where a number of results were presented; among others his sickly disposition. [[Carbon-14]] tests dated the bones to the 15th century, indicating the remains could not be those of the king and his family.<ref name="sn111209" /> In December 2011, the researchers applied for permission to open the neighbouring sarcophagus, which has hitherto been presumed to contain the bones of a later king, [[Charles VIII of Sweden|Charles VIII]].<ref name=":2" />
In spring 2011, [[archaeologist]]s and [[osteologist]]s from the [[University of Stockholm]] were granted permission to open one of the royal tombs in the [[Riddarholmen Church]], traditionally believed to contain the remains of Magnus Ladulås and some of his relatives. A thorough osteological and [[odontological]] examination revealed the presence of five male and two female skeletons. Preliminary studies indicated a notable sickly disposition in one skeleton, previously presumed to belong to Magnus Ladulås based on descriptions of his ailments. Contrary to expectations, [[radiocarbon dating]] indicated that the skeletons were from the 15th and early 16th centuries, and could not belong to the king and his family.<ref name="vretemark"/>

In 2012, the research team was permitted to open the adjacent tomb, traditionally believed to contain King [[Karl Knutsson]] ({{circa}} 1408–1470). The analysis showed that these remains were from the 15th and early 16th century, and one skeleton matched the expected profile for King Karl. The location of Magnus Ladulås's grave remains unresolved. In 2014, the team discovered a previously unknown brick chamber between the two tombs, but further excavation was halted due to legal and administrative challenges.<ref name="vretemark">{{Cite journal |last1=Annerbäck |first1=Lin |last2=Vretemark |first2=Maria |title=Sökandet efter Magnus Ladulås |journal=Årsbok 2015 KVHAA |pages=51–62 |publisher=Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien |date=2015 |isbn=978-91-7402-441-8 |language=sv |url=https://www.vitterhetsakademien.se/publikationer/publikationskatalog/arsbok/kunglvitterhetshistorieochantikvitetsakademiensarsbok.4.39f98b4f1722babea8d2a23c.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Magnus Ladulås gravöppningsblogg - Dagbok för forskningsprojektet kring Magnus Ladulås och hans anhöriga. |url=http://magnusladulas.blogg.se/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=magnusladulas.blogg.se}}</ref>


== Issue ==
== Issue ==
From his alleged first (annulled) marriage to an unknown woman:
From his alleged first (annulled) marriage to an unknown woman:
* Eric Magnusson (born c. 1275&nbsp;– c. 1277)
* Erik (born c. 1275&nbsp;– c. 1277)


From his second marriage to [[Helwig of Holstein]]:
From his second marriage to [[Helvig of Holstein]]:
* [[Ingeborg Magnusdotter of Sweden]] (born c. 1279); married King [[Eric VI of Denmark]].
* [[Ingeborg Magnusdotter|Ingeborg]] (1277 – 1319); married King [[Eric VI of Denmark]].
* [[Birger, King of Sweden]] (born c. 1280)
* [[Birger, King of Sweden|Birger]] (1280 – 1321), King of Sweden from 1290 to 1318
* [[Eric Magnusson (duke)|Eric]] (c. 1282 – 1318), Duke, father to King [[Magnus Eriksson]]; the ''[[Eric Chronicle|Eric's Chronicle]]'' is named after him
* [[Eric, Duke of Sudermannia|Eric Magnuson]], [[Duke of Södermanland|Duke of Sudermannia]] in 1302 and Halland etc. c 1305, born c. 1282. Died of starvation in 1318 at Nyköpingshus Castle while imprisoned by his brother King Birger.
* [[Valdemar, Duke of Finland|Waldemar Magnuson]], [[Duke of Finland]] in 1302 and Öland 1310. Died of starvation 1318 at [[Nyköpingshus]] Castle while imprisoned by his brother, King Birger.
* [[Valdemar, Duke of Finland|Valdemar]] (after 1282 – 1318), Duke of Finland. Eric and Valdemar died of starvation 1318 at [[Nyköpingshus]] Castle while imprisoned by his brother, King Birger.
* [[Richeza Magnusdotter of Sweden]] (d. after 1347), Abbess of the convent of [[St. Clare's Priory, Stockholm]].
* [[Rikissa Magnusdotter|Rikissa]] (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1285 {{Endash}} after 1347), Abbess of the convent of [[St. Clare's Priory, Stockholm]].


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist
{{reflist}}
| refs =

<ref name="sn111209">
{{cite news
|publisher = Stockholm News
|date = 9 December 2011
|title = Wrong persons found in King's tomb
|url = http://www.stockholmnews.com/more.aspx?NID=8146
|access-date = 17 December 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120126041156/http://www.stockholmnews.com/more.aspx?NID=8146
|archive-date = 26 January 2012
}}
</ref>

}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{S-start}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bjelbo]]||1240|18 December|1290|name=Magnus Ladulås}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bjälbo]]||1240|18 December|1290|name=Magnus Ladulås}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Valdemar, King of Sweden|Valdemar]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Valdemar, King of Sweden|Valdemar]]}}
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[[Category:1290 deaths]]
[[Category:1290 deaths]]
[[Category:13th-century Swedish monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Swedish monarchs]]
[[Category:House of Bjelbo]]
[[Category:House of Bjälbo]]
[[Category:Burials at Riddarholmen Church]]
[[Category:Burials at Riddarholmen Church]]

Latest revision as of 14:28, 28 August 2024

"Magnus Birgersson" redirects here. For the Swedish electronic music artist, see Solar Fields.
Magnus Ladulås
Bust of Magnus as duke at Skara Cathedral[1]
King of Sweden
Reign1275 – 18 December 1290
PredecessorValdemar
SuccessorBirger
Bornc. 1240
Died18 December 1290 (aged c. 50)
Burial
Riddarholm Church
SpouseHelvig of Holstein
Issue
more...
HouseBjälbo
FatherBirger Jarl
MotherIngeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden
Seal of King Magnus
14th-century depiction of King Magnus on a high tower wall of his burial church
Magnus's 16th century grave monument over his family crypts in Riddarholm Church

Magnus Ladulås (pronounced [l'ɑːdɵloːs], lit. 'Barnlock') or Magnus Birgersson (c. 1240 – 18 December 1290) was King of Sweden from 1275 until his death in 1290.[2]

He was a son of Birger Jarl, and became a king after a rebellion against his brother Valdemar. He was succeeded by his ten-year-old son Birger Magnusson with Torkel Knutsson acting as his guardian.

Medieval Swedish kings did not use regnal numbers as part of their title.[3] In modern literature he may be referred to as either Magnus I[4] or Magnus III.[5][6]

Epithet

[edit]

The origin of the epithet Ladulås (lit. 'Barnlock') is not known for certain, due to the lack of source material from the latter half of the 14th century. It appears widely in written documents from the beginning of the 15th century, with the Visby Chronicle from 1412 being the oldest datable document. Lilla rimkrönikan from c. 1450 gives the traditional explanation, ascribing the epithet to the Ordinance of Alsnö. This act by Magnus freed the yeomanry from the duty to provide sustenance for travelling nobles and bishops, and "locked the barns".[7][8]

Another theory is that Ladulås is a corruption of a second name Ladislaus, the Latin equivalent of the Slavic name Vladislav. (Magnus's maternal great-grandmother was Sophia of Minsk, a Rurikid princess.)[8]

Early life

[edit]

Magnus was born c. 1240 as the second son of Birger Jarl (1200–66) and Princess Ingeborg, herself the sister of the childless King Eric XI and daughter of King Eric X. The early life of Magnus is poorly documented, but he seems to have received an extensive education.[7]

King Eric XI ruled until 1250. After his death, Magnus' elder brother Valdemar (1239–1302) became king, but the true power was held by his father Birger Jarl who acted as a regent. In 1255, Magnus was granted the title of a iunior dux, 'junior jarl'.[7][9]

When Birger died in 1266, Magnus assumed his title as the Duke of Sweden. The title was not accompanied by any unified territory, but by a number of scattered estates and rights to collect taxes and fines. He also received Nyköping Castle in Södermanland.[7][10]

There is no indication that he would have received the powers of his father.[9] According to the Eric Chronicle, Magnus wanted to share the Royal power with his brother, which led to a conflict.[7]

Accession and marriage

[edit]

In 1275, Duke Magnus started a rebellion against Valdemar, supported by his younger brother Eric and King Eric Klipping of Denmark. Valdemar was deposed by Magnus after the Battle of Hova in the forest of Tiveden on 14 June 1275 with the help of Danish and German horsemen. In July, Magnus was elected king at the Stones of Mora.[11]

In 1276, Magnus allegedly married a second wife Helvig, daughter of Gerard I of Holstein. Through her mother, Elizabeth of Mecklenburg, Helvig was a descendant of Christina, the putative daughter of King Sverker II. A papal annulment of Magnus' alleged first marriage and a dispensation for the second (necessary because of consanguinity) were issued ten years later, in 1286. Helvig later acted as regent, probably 1290–1302 and 1320–1327.[11]

Reign

[edit]

The deposed King Valdemar managed, with Danish help in turn, to regain provinces in Gothenland in the southern part of the kingdom, and Magnus had to recognize that in 1277. However, Magnus regained them about 1278 and assumed the additional title rex Gothorum, King of the Goths, starting the tradition of "King of the Swedes and the Goths".

King Magnus's youngest brother, Bengt (1254–1291), then archdeacon, acted as his Lord High Chancellor of Sweden, and in 1284 Magnus rewarded him with the Duchy of Finland.[12]

Magnus died when his sons were yet underage. Magnus ordered his kinsman Torkel Knutsson, the Lord High Constable of Sweden as the guardian of his heir, the future King Birger, who was about ten years old at father's death.

Modern research

[edit]

In spring 2011, archaeologists and osteologists from the University of Stockholm were granted permission to open one of the royal tombs in the Riddarholmen Church, traditionally believed to contain the remains of Magnus Ladulås and some of his relatives. A thorough osteological and odontological examination revealed the presence of five male and two female skeletons. Preliminary studies indicated a notable sickly disposition in one skeleton, previously presumed to belong to Magnus Ladulås based on descriptions of his ailments. Contrary to expectations, radiocarbon dating indicated that the skeletons were from the 15th and early 16th centuries, and could not belong to the king and his family.[13]

In 2012, the research team was permitted to open the adjacent tomb, traditionally believed to contain King Karl Knutsson (c. 1408–1470). The analysis showed that these remains were from the 15th and early 16th century, and one skeleton matched the expected profile for King Karl. The location of Magnus Ladulås's grave remains unresolved. In 2014, the team discovered a previously unknown brick chamber between the two tombs, but further excavation was halted due to legal and administrative challenges.[13][14]

Issue

[edit]

From his alleged first (annulled) marriage to an unknown woman:

  • Erik (born c. 1275 – c. 1277)

From his second marriage to Helvig of Holstein:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Svanberg, Jan (1987). Furstebilder från Folkungatid (in Swedish). Skara: Skaraborgs länsmuseum. pp. 110–128. ISBN 91-85884-52-9.
  2. ^ Ulf Sundberg (1999). "Magnus Birgersson 'Ladulås'". Pennan & Svärdet. Archived from the original on March 20, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  3. ^ Lagerqvist, Lars O. (1995). Kings and rulers of Sweden : a pocket encyclopedia. Internet Archive. Stockholm, Sweden : Vincent Publications. p. 5. ISBN 978-91-87064-15-9.
  4. ^ "Magnus I | Viking Age, Reformer & Lawgiver". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024-03-25. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  5. ^ Lagerqvist, Lars O. (1995). Kings and rulers of Sweden : a pocket encyclopedia. Internet Archive. Stockholm, Sweden : Vincent Publications. p. 22. ISBN 978-91-87064-15-9.
  6. ^ Centuries of Selfies pp. 22-23, 106
  7. ^ a b c d e Schück, Herman. "Magnus Birgersson". Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  8. ^ a b Moberg, Vilhelm (2005). A history of the Swedish people. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8166-4656-2.
  9. ^ a b Line, Philip (2006). Kingship and state formation in Sweden, 1130-1290. Leiden: Brill. pp. 131–134. ISBN 978-90-04-15578-7.
  10. ^ Suvanto, Seppo (23 June 2000). "Maunu Ladonlukko". Kansallisbiografia. Studia Biographica 4. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. ISSN 1799-4349. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  11. ^ a b Huldén, Lena (December 2014). "Magnus Ladulås". Biografiskt lexikon för Finland. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  12. ^ Sten Engström. "Bengt Birgersson". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  13. ^ a b Annerbäck, Lin; Vretemark, Maria (2015). "Sökandet efter Magnus Ladulås". Årsbok 2015 KVHAA (in Swedish). Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien: 51–62. ISBN 978-91-7402-441-8.
  14. ^ "Magnus Ladulås gravöppningsblogg - Dagbok för forskningsprojektet kring Magnus Ladulås och hans anhöriga". magnusladulas.blogg.se. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
[edit]
Magnus Ladulås
Born: 1240 Died: 18 December 1290
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Sweden
1275–1290 		Succeeded by
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