Medical support in the Korean War: Difference between revisions
excessive section |
|||
Line 68: | Line 68: | ||
* [[United Nations Command]] |
* [[United Nations Command]] |
||
* [[United Nations Memorial Cemetery]] in [[Busan]], where 2,300 casualties from various nations are buried |
* [[United Nations Memorial Cemetery]] in [[Busan]], where 2,300 casualties from various nations are buried |
||
==Further reading== |
|||
* [https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/hisofunforces02/index.html The History of the UN Forces in the Korean War-2 (AUSTRALIA, CANADA, INDIA, NEW ZEALAND, UNITED KINGDOM) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1981 (E-BOOK)] |
|||
* [https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202211020924598030.pdf The History of the UN Forces in the Korean War-2 (AUSTRALIA, CANADA, INDIA, NEW ZEALAND, UNITED KINGDOM) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1981 (PDF)] |
|||
* [https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/hisofunforces03/index.html The History of the UN Forces in the Korean War-3 (BELGIUM, COLOMBIA, FRANCE, GREECE, LUXEMBOURG, NETHERLANDS, DENMARK, ITALY, NORWAY, SWEDEN) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1974 (E-BOOK)] |
|||
* [https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202211020924300990.pdf The History of the UN Forces in the Korean War-3 (BELGIUM, COLOMBIA, FRANCE, GREECE, LUXEMBOURG, NETHERLANDS, DENMARK, ITALY, NORWAY, SWEDEN) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1974 (PDF)] |
|||
* [https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/hisofunforces06/index.html The History of the UN Forces in the Korean War-6 (SUMMARY) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1977 (E-BOOK)] |
|||
* [https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202211020922227920.pdf The History of the UN Forces in the Korean War-6 (SUMMARY) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1977 (PDF)] |
|||
* [https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/625nun/index.html The Korean War and the UN Forces - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2015 (E-BOOK)] {{in lang|ko}} |
|||
* [https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202301161009297680.pdf The Korean War and the UN Forces - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2015 (PDF)] {{in lang|ko}} |
|||
* [https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn2/625_15/index.html The Statistics of the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (E-BOOK)] {{in lang|ko}} |
|||
* [https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf The Statistics of the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (PDF)] {{in lang|ko}} |
|||
* [https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/un/index.html The History of the UN Forces in the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1998 (E-BOOK)] {{in lang|ko}} |
|||
* [https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202304020257196620.pdf The History of the UN Forces in the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1998 (PDF)] {{in lang|ko}} |
|||
* [https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201306250608524620.pdf The Summary of the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1986 (PDF)] {{in lang|ko}} |
|||
* [https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn2/history_of_war_in_korea11/index.html The History of the Korean War-11: The UN Forces (NEW ZEALAND, PHILIPPINES, SOUTH AFRICA, THAILAND, TURKEY, UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED STATES, DENMARK, INDIA, ITALY, NORWAY, SWEDEN) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1980 (E-BOOK)] {{in lang|ko}} |
|||
* [https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201306250725274860.pdf The History of the Korean War-11: The UN Forces (NEW ZEALAND, PHILIPPINES, SOUTH AFRICA, THAILAND, TURKEY, UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED STATES, DENMARK, INDIA, ITALY, NORWAY, SWEDEN) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1980 (PDF)] {{in lang|ko}} |
|||
== References == |
== References == |
Revision as of 13:20, 31 July 2023
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (July 2023) |
After the outbreak of Korean War on 25 June 1950, 6 countries (arrival order): Sweden, India, Denmark, Norway, Italy and West Germany provided medical support for South Korea and UN Forces. The source of statistics in this article is the official book about Korean War statistics published by South Korean Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History in June 2014.[1][2]
Sweden
The Swedish Red Cross Field Hospital was the Swedish mission sent to Korea to deal with the humanitarian situation created by the Korean War, 1950-1953. Following the North Korean invasion, the UN Security Council adopted a resolution asking all UN member states to support South Korea. The Swedish government responded on July 14, 1950 by authorizing the dispatch of a 200-bed mobile field hospital.[3] Shortly before his death, King Gustaf V announced that the Swedish state would cover the hospital's expenses.[4] The Swedish Red Cross Field Hospital personnel arrived in Korea on September 23, 1950 and began medical support on September 25, 1950.[3] Deciding that a 400-bed (stationary) Evacuation Hospital would be more valuable than the smaller but more mobile Field Hospital which opened at the beginning of October, the Swedish Hospital was converted and moved to the compound of the Commercial Middle School in Pusan where it remained until 1958.[3] The hospital was expanded to 600 beds by the end of the war, staffed by 174 Swedish doctors and nurses at any one time, all belonging to the Swedish Red Cross.[3] Among its patients was the ROK Army Major Park Chung-in .[5][6]
After the ceasefire in July 1953, They changed their name to 'Swedish Hospital in Pusan' and the Swedish hospital stayed comparatively unchanged as a civilian hospital until it was closed in March 2017. The closing ceremony was held on 20 March 1957, and personnel left soon afterwards.[7][8].[9] A small advisory group from Sweden stayed in Korea to advise on medical practices until autumn 1958. Over the duration of the conflict 1,124 Swedish men and women served in the Swedish hospital and 19,100 United Nations personnel and 2,400 Korean personnel were treated by Swedish doctors.[3] At the closing ceremony, the hospital received the Republic of Korea Presidential Citation. Some personnel received the Korean Order of Military Merit as belows.[10]
Because of Sweden's reputation for neutrality during the major 20th century conflicts (First World, Second World and Korean Wars), Sweden was included as one of the four founding members of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission and several Swedish military personnel served in Korea enforcing the Panmunjom armistice. Sweden was the first Western European country to establish diplomatic relations and an embassy in North Korea.[11]
India
After the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950, India decided to provide a medical unit—the 60th Parachute Field Ambulance (60th PFA), commanded by Lieutenant Colonel A. G. Rangaraj, arrived on 20 November 1950 and began to operate on 6 December 1950 at Pyongyang front. The main unity was attached to the British 27th Infantry Brigade and the 1st Commonwealth Division and provided medical support at the front, while the detachment served in the hospital at Daegu, providing services to the UN Forces, South Korean Army and Korean civilians.[12] They treated about 20,000 soldiers and civilians from November 1950 to February 1954.[13][14][15]
After Operation Tomahawk on 21 March 1951, for which the 60th PFA was attached to 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team, two members of the unit were awarded with Maha Vir Chakras, while the 60th PFA was awarded the President's Trophy on 10 March 1955.
There was one fallen Indian Army officer—Colonel M. K..Unni Nayar, part of the United Nations Korea Committee, died on 12 August 1950 when he was killed in a mine accident.[16][17][18] He was buried in Daegu, his wife was interred in the same grave in 2012.[19] A memorial to him in Suseong District, Daegu was unveiled on 7 December 1950.[20][21]
Denmark
- Hospital / Unit: Danish Red Cross Hospital Ship - MS Jutlandia
- Arrival: 7 March 1951
- Departure: 16 August 1953
- Hospital / Unit operations: 10 March 1951 – August 1953
- Based in: Port of Busan, Port of Incheon (since 20 November 1952)
- Personnel: 100 (quota) / 630 (total)
- Director or commander: Kai Hammerich (Commander), Mogens Winge (Director of Hospital), Christen Kondrup (Captain) and so on
- Award and commendations:
- Republic of Korea Presidential Citation:[22][23][24] twice (27 March 1952,[25] 27 August 1954)
Norway
Norwegian Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (NORMASH) was the Norwegian field hospital participating in the Korean War from 1951 to 1954 under United Nations Command. On December 29 1950, the Norwegian Red Cross received a request for a hospital to help in Korea. During the first days of 1951 a plan was drafted for a field hospital based on the American Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) with 60 beds and a staff of 83. On March 2 the Norwegian Parliament approved the plan. The first group of personnel left Norway on May 16, and was followed by the second group on May 23. The route from Stavanger to Tokyo ran via Munich, Nice, Naples, Beirut, Cairo, Karachi, Calcutta, Bangkok and Hong Kong. From Tokyo the personnel were transported to Seoul by military transport aircraft. They arrived in South Korea on 22 June and NORMASH was first established at Uijongbu, approximately 12 miles north of Seoul, on 19 July.
The hospital consisted of both Nissen huts and tents and had a surgery with four operating tables. The hospital was later moved to Tongduchon about 40 miles north of Seoul, and was moved a third time to its final location a few miles further north. In total, NORMASH treated 90,000 patients, of which the largest groups were the U.S. (36%), South Korea (33%) and the various British and Commonwealth troops (27%). The unit also treated 172 North Korean and Chinese POWs. NORMASH performed on average eight surgeries per day. In the fall of 1951 it was decided to increase the personnel from 83 to 105, and on October 26 the decision was made to maintain the hospital as an army hospital for the duration of the UN operation in Korea.
With the signing of the Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953, the hospital stopped receiving wounded soldiers, but a substantial number of civilian Koreans were now treated. Though an armistice was in effect, the stability of it was questionable, and the hospital was kept at the ready in case of a breaking of the ceasefire. In the fall of 1953 NORMASH was the only hospital for four divisions in the 1st Army Corps. The hospital was kept awaiting the establishment of a Scandinavian training hospital in Seoul,[26] and it was not until October 17 1954 that the hospital received orders to return to Norway. Four days later the last patient was released, and on November 10 all equipment was returned to the US Army.
In total 623 men and women served in NORMASH over seven contingents, two of which were after the Armistice. The hospital lost two personnel; driver Arne Christiansen was shot and killed in 1952, while laboratory technician Brit Reisæther was killed in a car accident in 1954. NORMASH twice received the United States Meritorious Unit Commendation and the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation (6 October 1952, 23 November 1953). All personnel also received the Norwegian Korea Medal, and were visited by Marilyn Monroe.[citation needed]
Italy
- Hospital / Unit: Italian Red Cross Hospital 68 (L’OSPEDALE Croce Rossa Italiana N°68)[27]
- Arrival: 16 November 1951
- Departure: 2 January 1955
- Hospital / Unit operations: 6 December 1951 – 30 December 1954
- Based in: Yeongdeungpo District, Seoul[28][29]
- Personnel: 72 (quota) / 189 (total)[30]
- Award and commendations:
- Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation: twice (6 October 1952, 22 December 1954)
Germany
On 7 April 1953, Chancellor of Germany Adenauer visited Unites States and met President Eisenhower, where he proposed that West Germany offer medical support. Two parties of medical personnel left Germany for Korea in January and February 1954.[31][32] The hospital opened on 17 May in Busan with 80 personnel[33][34] and closed nearly five years later on 14 March 1959, with a total of 200 Germans having treated about 2,400,000 civilians.[35][36] President Moon Jae-in visited Germany in July 2017 where he met the surviving staff member, Karl Hauser, and the others' descendants, acknowledging their contributions; Hauser was awarded the Republic of Korea Presidential Citation.[37][38] The former staff of the hospital and their descendants visited South Korea in November 2017;[39] the South Korean Government acknowledged Germany's support in June 2018.[40] There is a memorial in Seo District, Busan[41]
Memorials
On 20 September 1976, Memorial for Sweden, India, Denmark, Norway, Italy was unveiled in Yeongdo District, Busan.[42]
See also
- United Nations Forces in the Korean War
- United Nations Command
- United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan, where 2,300 casualties from various nations are buried
References
- ^ The Statistics of the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (E-BOOK) (in Korean)
- ^ The Statistics of the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (PDF) (in Korean)
- ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference
korean-war1
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "WHKMLA : Sweden's Contribution during the Korean War". Zum.de. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
- ^ 朴定仁(박정인,88세 백골사단장 별세 골수반공 야전형 일생]
- ^ 6.25전쟁 전투 리더십 '전투 중 복부 관통상 스웨덴 야전병원 후송'
- ^ 고마운瑞典病院(서전병원)의功績(공적)
- ^ 瑞典赤十字病院(서전적십자병원)을 感謝(감사)로써보낸다
- ^ 瑞典病院職員(서전병원직원) 이달末(말)에離韓(이한)
- ^ Official Database of Awards - Republic of Korea Ministry of the Interior and Safety
- ^ Johnson, Simon. "It never got paid for the Volvos, but could Sweden mediate with..." U.S. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
- ^ 6·25 부상병 20만 명 치료한 인도軍 군의관
- ^ The Statistics of the Korean War, 391 Page - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (E-BOOK) (in Korean)
- ^ The Statistics of the Korean War, 391 Page - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (PDF) (in Korean)
- ^ Kumar, Sanjay (7 March 2022). "Exhibition showcases Indian chapter in Korean War". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- ^ 잊혀진 한 인도군 장교의 죽음
- ^ 68년 만에 6·25전쟁 전사자 명비에 오르는 인도인 장교
- ^ 유엔기념공원에 인도군 전사자 빠졌다
- ^ 6·25전쟁의 격전지와 기념시설물 - 6·25전쟁 UN참전 기념시설물유엔한국위원단 인도 대표 나야 대령 기념비
- ^ 제68회 현충일 나야 대령 기념비 참배식
- ^ 나야대령 기념비
- ^ Not to be confused with Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation:
- ^ Photo of award ceremony in 28 March 1952 - National Archives of Korea
- ^ 유號(호)(丁抹病院船(정말병원선))떠나다 齒科課長(치과과장)에最高文化勳章(최고문화훈장)
- ^ Award ceremony was held in 28 March 1952.
- ^ "National Medical Center, Seoul". norway.or.kr. 2012. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ GLI ITALIANI NELLA GUERRA DI COREA – L’OSPEDALE CRI N°68
- ^ Italy supported war-torn Korea with medical aid
- ^ The Activity of the 68th Red Cross Hospital
- ^ 「참전기념 시설물 소개」 ⑳ 이탈리아 의무부대 6.25전쟁 참전기념비
- ^ 후호敎授一行(교수일행) 二十八日着韓(이십팔일착한) 西獨醫療團先發隊(서독의료단선발대)
- ^ 派韓西獨醫療隊(파한서독의요대) 四八名(사팔명)이또向韓(향한)
- ^ 釜山西獨病院(부산서독병원) 十七日(십칠일)에開院(개원)
- ^ The Germans who healed Koreans
- ^ 西獨病院閉院式(서독병원폐원식)
- ^ 派韓西獨醫療隊(파한서독의요대) 四八名(사팔명)이또向韓(향한)
- ^ President Moon meets with German medical personnel
- ^ 文대통령, 한국 파견 獨 의료지원단에“영원히 감사”
- ^ 6·25 獨 의료지원단 중 ‘유일 생존자’ 칼 하우저 來韓
- ^ 독일, 마침내 한국전쟁 의료지원국으로 포함되었습니다.
- ^ 독일 적십자 병원터 기념비
- ^ 의료지원단 참전기념비