[go: nahoru, domu]
Jump to content

Meerut

Coordinates: 28°59′N 77°43′E / 28.98°N 77.71°E / 28.98; 77.71
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.
This article is about the city in Uttar Pradesh, India. For its administrative district, see Meerut district.

Meerut
Mēraṭha
Metropolis[1]
Clockwise from Top: Martyr Memorial, Meerut Clock Tower, Mustafa Castle
Clockwise from Top: Martyr Memorial, Meerut Clock Tower, Mustafa Castle
Meerut is located in Uttar Pradesh
Meerut
Meerut
Meerut is located in India
Meerut
Meerut
Coordinates: 28°59′N 77°43′E / 28.98°N 77.71°E / 28.98; 77.71
Country India
State Uttar Pradesh
DivisionMeerut
DistrictMeerut
Government
 • BodyMeerut Municipal Corporation
 • MayorHarikant Ahluwalia[2] (BJP)
 • Lok Sabha MPArun Govil, (BJP)
 • Divisional CommissionerSelva Kumari J, IAS
 • IG RangePraveen Kumar, IPS
Area
[3]
 • Metropolis[1]450 km2 (170 sq mi)
Elevation
247 m (810 ft)
Population
 (2016)[3][4]
 • Metropolis[1]1,571,434
 • Density3,500/km2 (9,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
[3][5]
1,871,434
Language
 • OfficialHindi[6]
 • Additional officialUrdu[6]
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
250 0xx
Telephone code91- 121- XXXX XXX
Vehicle registrationUP-15
Websitemeerut.nic.in
[7]

Meerut (Hindi pronunciation: [me:rʌʈʰ] ISO: Mēraṭha) is a city in the western region of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Located in the Meerut district, the city is 80 km (80,000 m) northeast of the national capital New Delhi, and is 480 km (300 mi) west of the state capital, Lucknow.[8] Meerut is the second-most populous city in the National Capital Region (NCR), a region centered on Delhi.[9] As of 2024, Meerut is the 34th most populous city in India.[10][11][12]

Meerut rose to prominence in 1803 during the British colonial era, where it was the site of one of colonial India's largest cantonments.[13] The city is famous for being the starting point of the 1857 rebellion against Company rule in India. Known as the "Sports City of India", Meerut is one of the largest producers of sports goods in the country. The city is also known as the largest producer of musical instruments in the country, as well as one of Asia's biggest gold markets. The city is also an education hub in western Uttar Pradesh. It has the 3rd-highest per capita income in the state after Ghaziabad[a]and Gautam Budh Nagar (Noida and Greater Noida).[14]

Meerut has been proposed as the capital of a future state of Harit Pradesh, comprising the western region of Uttar Pradesh, a new separate state. India's first Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi Meerut RRTS is currently being constructed in Meerut. It will be an inter-city high-speed metro corridor.[15] It is also known as the expressway capital of Western Uttar Pradesh, having three different expressways.[16]

Origin of the name

The city may have derived its name from 'Mayarashtra' (Sanskrit: मयराष्ट्र), the capital of the kingdom of Mayasura, Mandodari's father and Ravana's father-in-law. This name may have mutated to Mairashtra, Mai-dant-ka-khera, Mairaath and eventually Meerut.[17][18]

According to another version, Maya(sura), being a distinguished architect, received from King Yudhishthira the land on which the city of Meerut now stands and he called this place Maharashtra, a name which over time became shortened to Meerut. Tradition also has it that the city formed a part of the dominions of Mahipala, the king of Indraprastha, and the word Meerut is associated with his name.[19]

History

Ancient era

In Ramayana, It was known as 'Maydant Ka Kheda', the capital of May Danav. It was hometown of Mandodari, wife of Ravana.[20]

After the archaeological excavations at Vidura-ka-tila, a collection of several mounds named after Vidura, in 1950–52, a site 37 km (23 miles) north-east of Meerut, it was concluded to be remains of the ancient city of Hastinapur, the capital of Kauravas and Pandavas of Mahabharata, which was washed away by Ganges floods.[21][22][23]

Fragment of the 6th Ashoka Pillar in sandstone, with the inscription of Edicts of Ashoka, in Brahmi, originally from Meerut, now on display in the British Museum.[24]

Meerut also contained a Harappan settlement known as Alamgirpur. It was also the easternmost settlement of the Indus Valley civilisation. Meerut had been a centre of Buddhism in the period of Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (r. 273 BC to 232 BC.), and remains of Buddhist structures were found near the Jama Masjid in the present day city.[25] The Ashoka Pillar, at Delhi ridge, next to the ‘Bara Hindu Rao Hospital’, near Delhi University, was carried to Delhi from Meerut, by Firuz Shah Tughluq (r. 1351–1388);[22][26][27] it was later damaged in a 1713 explosion, and restored in 1867.[28]

Muslim conquests

In the eleventh century AD, the region to the south-west of the city was ruled by Har Dat, the Dor Raja of Bulandshahr who built a fort, which was long known for its strength and finds mention in Ain-i-Akbari.[29] He was later defeated by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1018, surrendering along with his forces to Mahmud.[30] The prominent local landmark known as the Jama Masjid, dates from this period and is said to have been built by Mahmud's vizir. Shortly after its capture the city was regained by the local Hindu Raja and part of his fortifications, built for the city's defence, survived until recent times.[31] Muhammad of Ghor's mamluk general Qutb-ud-din Aybak who went on to establish the Delhi Sultanate in 1206, attacked and captured Meerut in 1193.[32]

Timur in 1399 attacked and sacked Meerut. It was held by Ilyas Afghan and his son Maula Muhammad Thaneswari who was assisted by non-Muslims led by Safi. Timur tried to negotiate a surrender, to which the inhabitants of the fort replied by stating that Tarmashirin had tried to capture it in the past but failed. Incensed, he set forth with 10,000 cavalry. The forces scaled the walls and Safi was killed in the battle. The inhabitants were killed and their wives and children enslaved. The fortifications and houses were razed to the ground with prisoners ordered to be flayed alive.[33][34]

The city then came under the rule of the Mughal Empire and saw a period of relative tranquility.[35] During the rule of Mughal Emperor, Akbar (r. 1556–1605), there was a mint for copper coins here.[25] Also occurring during the reign of Akbar, Meerut was listed in the Ain-i-Akbari as a pargana under Delhi sarkar, producing a revenue of 4,391,996 dams for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 300 infantry and 100 cavalry.[36]

Main entrance to Kot Fort, Abdullapur built in the early 16th century

Major part of the Meerut was in the control of Sayyid Jagirdars of Abdullapur Meerut from 16th to late 18th century, Sayyed Mir Abdulla Naqvi Al Bukhari built Kot Fort in Abdullapur in 16th century, this place was his main residence.[37][38][39] The descendants of Syed Sadarudin Shah Kabir Naqvi Al Kannauji Bukhari still present in this town, Sadarudin was a chief advisor of Sikandar Lodi and the father of great saint Shah Jewna.[40][41][42][43] Famous Pakistani writer Syed Qudrat Naqvi Al Bukhari was born in Meerut.[44][45][46]

Nawab Mansab Ali Khan was one of the most influential personalities of this city, he built the famous Karbala and Masjid known as Mansabiya in 1882.[47][48]

The city saw Sikh and Maratha invasions in the 18th century, with interruptions by Taga Brahman and Rohillas. Walter Reinhardt, a European soldier, established himself at Sardhana and some parts of the district came under his rule. Upon his death, they came into the hands of Begum Samru. During this time, the southern part of the district had remained under Marathas rule.[49]

Colonial era

In 1803, with the fall of Delhi, Daulat Rao Scindia of the Marathas ceded the territory to the British East India Company (EIC). The cantonment of Meerut was set up in 1806 with particular key interests including its closeness to Delhi and its area inside the rich Ganga – Yamuna doab. The city was made headquarters of the eponymous district in 1818.[35][50][51]

1857 Mutineers' Mosque

Meerut is famously associated with the 1857 rebellion against Company rule in India.[52] The famous slogan "Dilli Chalo" ("Let's march to Delhi!") was first spoken in the city, and the Meerut cantonment was the place where the rebellion started.[citation needed]

The revolt, which catapulted Meerut into international prominence, started in March 1857 at Barrackpore, Bengal. Indian sepoy Mangal Pandey shot at two of his commanding officers, missed, made an unsuccessful attempt to commit suicide, and was executed. By April, the fire of Pandey's Uprising scorched north India and reached Meerut, the second-largest East India Company garrison. Here, Europeans and native sepoys were evenly balanced, with a little more than 2,000 on each side. The European cantonment was separated from the Indian one. Close by were Sadar Bazar and Lal Kurti Bazar, the latter named after the red uniforms worn by the Presidency armies. On 24 April 1857, Meerut's commander, Colonel Carmichael Smyth, paraded 90 Indian sepoys of the Bengal Cavalry, most of whom had come from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. He ordered them to fire the new Enfield cartridges- 85 refused. The cartridges were covered with paper that had to be torn off; Muslim soldiers believed the paper was greased with pig fat and Hindus, with cow fat.[53]

All 85 soldiers were stripped of their uniforms, court-martialed; they were all sentenced to a decade in prison. The prisoners, who were upper-class members of a cavalry regiment, were shocked at the harsh sentences handed down to them. On 10 May 1857, Kotwal Dhan Singh Gurjar opened the gates of the prison. These soldiers, along with the other imprisoned soldiers, escaped prison and declared themselves free, mutinied, attacked, and killed several Company officials in the city to bring it under their control. This marked the beginning of a widespread revolt across northern India as these soldiers marched towards Delhi. 10 May is still celebrated as a local holiday in Meerut.[54]

The United Provinces in 1903

Meerut was also the venue of the Meerut Conspiracy Case in March 1929, in which several trade unionists, including three Englishmen, were arrested by the colonial authorities for organising a railway strike action. The case quickly became the subject of attention in England, inspiring a 1932 play titled Meerut Prisoners by left-wing Manchester street theatre group the Red Megaphones, which highlighted the detrimental effects of capitalism and industrialisation.[55] Electricity was first introduced to Meerut in 1931.[50] In the 1940s, during the height of the Indian independence movement, cinema-goers in Meerut had an unofficial policy of refusing to stand up when God Save the Queen played before the film was shown.[citation needed] The last session of the Indian National Congress (INC) before the independence of India in 1947 was held at Victoria Park in Meerut on 26 November 1946. It was in this session that the Constitution-making committee was constituted.[56]

Post-independence era

The city and district also suffered from communal (Hindu-Sikh) riots in 1984[57] and (Hindu-Muslim) riots in 1982[58] and in 1987, during which the Hashimpura massacre took place, in May 1987, when personnel of the Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) shot dead 42 Muslims, the trial of the case is still pending.[59][60] In 2006, a fire at a consumer electronics "Brand India" fair in Victoria Park Stadium killed at least 100 people, with authorities already confirming 45 fatalities, although a specific figure on a toll was difficult to put and was predicted to be much higher.[61]

Geography

For description of the geography of the district, see Meerut district § Geography.

Meerut is the largest city in NCR after Delhi also known as the sports city of India.[citation needed] Meerut lies between the plains of the Ganges and those of the Yamuna. In area, Meerut district covers 2,522 km2 (974 sq mi), which is larger than Delhi (Delhi covers an area of 1,484 km2 [573 sq mi]).

Climate

Main article: Climate of Uttar Pradesh

Meerut has a monsoon influenced humid subtropical climate characterised by hot summers and cooler winters. Summers last from early April to late June during and are extremely hot, with temperatures reaching 49 °C (120 °F).[62]

The monsoon arrives in late June and continues till the middle of September. Temperatures drop slightly, with plenty of cloud cover but with higher humidity. Temperatures rise again in October and the city then has a mild, dry winter season from November to the middle of March[62] The lowest temperature ever recorded is −0.4 °C (31.3 °F), recorded on Sunday, 6 January 2013.[63] Rainfall is about 845 millimetres (33 in) per annum, which is suitable for growing crops. Most of the rainfall is received during the monsoon. Humidity varies from 30 to 100%.[62]

Meerut has been ranked 25th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' [64]

Climate data for Meerut (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.3
(84.7) 		32.2
(90.0) 		39.5
(103.1) 		43.8
(110.8) 		45.8
(114.4) 		46.1
(115.0) 		46.0
(114.8) 		40.0
(104.0) 		39.0
(102.2) 		38.0
(100.4) 		34.5
(94.1) 		30.0
(86.0) 		46.1
(115.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		28.7
(83.7) 		36.0
(96.8) 		38.4
(101.1) 		36.6
(97.9) 		33.7
(92.7) 		33.1
(91.6) 		33.1
(91.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		30.3
(86.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		14.2
(57.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.1
(77.2) 		23.5
(74.3) 		17.5
(63.5) 		11.8
(53.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		17.5
(63.5)
Record low °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 		0.1
(32.2) 		5.4
(41.7) 		8.3
(46.9) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		7.2
(45.0) 		1.8
(35.2) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−0.4
(31.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 20.1
(0.79) 		32.2
(1.27) 		24.2
(0.95) 		15.7
(0.62) 		28.7
(1.13) 		81.9
(3.22) 		226.4
(8.91) 		217.9
(8.58) 		119.1
(4.69) 		16.4
(0.65) 		1.4
(0.06) 		4.9
(0.19) 		788.9
(31.06)
Average rainy days 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.2 2.1 4.4 9.0 9.0 5.4 0.9 0.2 0.5 37.8
Average relative humidity (%) 64 55 48 34 35 51 71 73 69 59 58 62 56
Source: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2012)[65][66][67][68][69]

Administration

General Administration

Meerut division which consists of six districts, and is headed by the Divisional Commissioner of Meerut, who is an IAS officer of high seniority, the Commissioner is the head of local government institutions (including Municipal Corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructural development in his division.[70][71][72][73][74] The District Magistrate of Meerut reports to the Divisional Commissioner. The current Commissioner is Selva Kumari J.[75][76]

Meerut district administration is headed by the District Magistrate of Meerut, who is an IAS officer. The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the elections held in the city.[70][77][78][79][80] The district is subdivided into three tehsils, namely Meerut, Mawana and Sardhana, each headed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate. The tehsils are further divided into 12 blocks.[81] The current District Magistrate of Meerut is Depak Meena.[82]

Police Administration

Meerut district comes under Meerut police zone and Meerut police range of Uttar Pradesh Police. Meerut zone is headed by an IPS officer in the rank of Additional Director General of Police (ADG), whereas Meerut range is headed by an IPS officer in the rank of Inspector General of Police (IG). The Current ADG, Meerut Zone is Rajeev Sabharwal,[83] whereas the current IG, Meerut Range is Praveen Kumar.[84]

District Police of Meerut is headed by the Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) who is an IPS officer. He is assisted by four Superintendents of Police (SP)/Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl. SP) (City, Rural Area, Traffic and Crime). The Meerut district is divided into numerous police circles, each headed by a Circle Officer in the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police. SP (Traffic) and SP (Crime) are assisted by one Circle Officer in the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police.[85] The current SSP is Rohit Singh Sajwan.[85]

Infrastructure and Civic Administration

The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by the Meerut Development Authority (MDA), which comes under the Housing Department of Uttar Pradesh government. The Divisional Commissioner of Meerut acts as the ex-officio Chairman of MDA, whereas a vice-chairman, a government-appointed IAS officer, looks after the daily matters of the authority. The current vice-chairman of Meerut Development Authority is Sita Ram Yadav.[86]

The city is administered by Meerut Municipal Corporation, which is responsible for performing civic administrative functions administered by the Municipal Commissioner (PCS Officer) whereas the Mayor is the ceremonial head of the corporation. The current Municipal Commissioner of Meerut Municipal Corporation is Manoj Kumar Chauhan.

Central Government Offices

The office of the Chief Commissioner, Customs & Central Excise, Meerut Zone, has jurisdiction over 13 districts of Uttrakhand and 14 districts of Uttar Pradesh. This jurisdiction was carved out of the Lucknow Zone. It comprises the erstwhile Customs & Central Excise Commissioners of Meerut & Noida. The Meerut Commissionerate was bifurcated into two Commissionerates, namely, ‘Meerut-I and Ghaziabad’ and the Noida Commissionerate was bifurcated into ‘Noida and Meerut-II’. In addition, jurisdiction of Central Excise Division Bareilly was included in the jurisdiction of Meerut-II Commissionerate.[87]

CGHS department of Meerut provides comprehensive health care facilities for the central govt employees and pensioners and their dependents residing in this city.

District management

  • The Janikhurd Block is established on 1 October 1962.
  • The Rohta block is established on 1 October 1959.
  • The Daurala block is established on 1 October 1962.
  • The Rajpura block is established on 1 October 1959.
  • The Kharkhoda block is established on 1 October 1959.
  • The Mawana block is established on 1 April 1957.
  • The Meerut block is established on 1 April 1957.
  • The Hastinapur block is established on 1 April 1963.
  • The Sardhana block is established on 26 January 1955.
  • The Saroorpur khurd block is established on 1 April 1959.
  • The Machchhara block is established on 1 October 1961.
  • The Parikshitgarh block is established on 1 April 1958.

Demand for High Court Bench in Meerut

Almost 54% of all cases reaching the High Court originate from the 22 districts of Western UP. Still, western Uttar Pradesh does not have a High Court. People have to travel 700 km away to Allahabad for hearings. Six high courts (Shimla, Delhi, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Nainital, Jammu) from other states are closer than Allahabad from western Uttar Pradesh.[88]

Western Uttar Pradesh has been advocating to have a high court bench in Meerut so that Western Uttar Pradesh can get justice. Notably, west UP accounts for 51.71% of state GDP.[89]

The Bench in the western part of the state was first proposed by the government in 1955.

Meerut Cantonment

Mall Road in Meerut Cantonment

Meerut Cantonment was established by the British East India Company in 1803 after the Battle of Laswari. It is one of the largest cantonments of India both in land area 3,568.06 hectares (35.68 km2) and population of 93684 (civil + military) people as per 2011 census.[90] The Revolt of 1857 started from "Kali Paltan" in Meerut Cantonment and Indian soldiers stationed here actively participated in the rebellion.[8][91] The cantonment surrounds the old city from 3 sides – from Pallavpuram to Sainik Vihar to Ganga Nagar.[92] It is well connected with the rest of country by roads as well as by rail. The Delhi Niti Paas Road (State Highway No. 45) passes through Meerut Cantonment.[91] Meerut cantonment was the divisional headquarters of the 7th (Meerut) Division of the British Indian Army from 1829 to 1920.

Economy

Development

Atop an under-construction overpass

Meerut is the 63rd-fastest-growing urban area in the world.[93] It is the 14th fastest developing city in India. A June 2011 report by US financial services firm Morgan Stanley gave Meerut the 5th spot on the "vibrancy" index, ahead of Delhi and Mumbai.[94] Meerut ranked second on both the financial penetration index, which measures things like the presence of ATMs and bank branches, and on the consumption index, indicating the city's transformation into an urban town.

While the city ranked in the bottom 10 in job creation, the report suggests that overall there are plenty of signs of "potential for urbanisation," including future employment opportunities.[95] The infrastructure segment of Meerut is currently going through a boom phase with many new projects like Expressways, Metro, Freight corridors coming up in and around the city.[96][97] The Upper Ganga Canal Expressway development has also been completed. On the India City Competitiveness Index, the city ranked 45th in 2010, 37th in 2011and 39th in 2012.[98][99][100]

Meerut is one of the biggest industrial centers in India. It has the largest sports and goods manufacturing in India. It is one of the largest gold markets in Asia. Scissors, metals, and musical instrument manufacturing is also a big market. It is India's largest refined sugar producer.[101]

Meerut is upcoming Logistic Hub in western Uttar Pradesh due to projects like Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor and expressway projects like - Delhi Meerut Expressway, Ganga Expressway, Delhi Meerut RRTS.

Industry

The cover of the book Sangeet Puranmal Ka (lit. The Music of Puranmal) by Ramlal. The book was published in 1879 from the city.

Meerut is one of the important industrial towns of western Uttar Pradesh with several traditional and modern industries.[62] It is traditionally known for handloom works and scissors industry.[102] Meerut was one of the first cities in northern India where publishing was set up during the 19th century. It was a major center of commercial publishing during the 1860s and 1870s.[103]

Meerut is a rich agricultural area, being in proximity of Delhi, it is ideal for industry. As of 2011, it is home to 520 micro, small, and medium-scale industries.[104] As of August 2006, Meerut has about 23,471 industrial units, including 15,510 small-scale units and 7,922 cottage industries.[105] Sanspareils Greenlands (SG) and BDM one of India's biggest sports goods manufacturers are based out of Meerut

Existing industries in the city include tyres, textiles, transformers, sugar, distillery, chemical, engineering, paper, publishing, and sports goods manufacturing.[102][106][104] Prospective industries include IT and ITES, Logistics.[107]

Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation (UPSIDC) has two industrial estates in the city, namely Partapur and Udyog Puram.[108][109]

Transport

Road

Delhi–Meerut Expressway
Delhi Meerut Expressway

Meerut is well-connected by road to major cities like Delhi, Noida, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Haridwar, Bulandshahr, etc. A large number of people commute to Delhi, Noida, Greater Noida, and Ghaziabad every day for work.[110]

Three national highways (NH-58, NH-119 & NH-235) and two Expressways pass through Meerut. The Delhi–Meerut Expressway - a 90 km long controlled-access expressway connects Meerut with Delhi via Dasna in Ghaziabad district. Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for the expressway on 31 December 2015, and the expressway was completed and opened for public on 1 April 2021, also an under construction Ganga Expressway.[111]

There are 2 main bus terminals, namely Bhainsali bus terminal and Sohrab Gate bus terminal from where Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) buses ply to cities all over the state and all nearby cities. A JNNURM scheme was put in place.[112] Low Floor City Buses (under JNNURM),[citation needed] Normal City Buses, auto rickshaws and rickshaws are convenient public transport options to commute within the city.[113]

Many new transport infrastructure projects like the inner ring road, outer ring road and construction of new flyovers are proposed and being made as well.[114] The under-construction Ganga Expressway will start from Meerut till Allahabad, and in the future, it will be extended from Meerut to Haridwar. Other expressways that will pass nearby Meerut are the Upper Ganga Canal Expressway, Delhi–Saharanpur–Dehradun Expressway and Gorakhpur–Shamli Expressway.

Railways

Meerut lies on the Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line,[115] and has four railway stations: Meerut City, Meerut Cantt., Partapur and Pabli Khas. Meerut City railway station is the busiest. The railway line between Delhi and Meerut was constructed in 1864,[50] and the Meerut Cantt. station, which serves as a secondary railway station, was founded in 1865.

About 20,000 passengers travel daily to Delhi and back.[116] Around 27 pairs of trains run between Meerut and Delhi, and four between Meerut and Khurja. Two trains are available for Lucknow daily, namely Nauchandi Express and Rajya Rani Express. A weekly train goes to Chennai and Kochuveli. Daily trains connect Meerut to Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Rajkot and many cities in other states.[citation needed]

Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor

Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor or Eastern DFC is an broad gauge freight corridor in India. The railway will run between Ludhiana in Punjab and Dankuni (near Kolkata) in West Bengal via Meerut and Khurja in Uttar Pradesh.

Apart from this Delhi Meerut RRTS (RapidX) will also be used for inter-city cargo movement. Vinay Kumar Singh, managing director of NCRTC said, “During non-peak hours, the ridership would be low, so we can use the time to move cargo, including perishable goods.”[117]

Uttar Pradesh government has allocated land for building a large logistic hub in Modipuram region of Uttar Pradesh.[118]

Metro project

Main article: Meerut Metro

On 30 December 2014, the Uttar Pradesh Cabinet approved the proposed metro rail project in Meerut, to boost the urban mass transport infrastructure in the city. The state government nominated RITES Limited and Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC) to prepare the respective detailed project report (DPR) and as a coordinator, respectively. The development authorities are nodal agencies for the DPR.[119]

The metro project got approval from the divisional commissioner. It was decided in the meeting that the project would be along two corridors, by dividing the project into two phases–Phase I from Partapur to Pallavpuram, and Phase II from Rajban Market to Gokalpur village. The main stations on the first corridor in the first phase will be Partapur, Panchwati Enclave, Rithani, Rithani West, Shatabdi Nagar, Devlok, Madhavpuram, Meerut Railway Station Road, Lajpat Bazaar, Begampul, Gandhi Bagh, Lekha Nagar, Pallavpuram Dorli, Ansal City and Pallavpuram. While in the second phase, the corridor in the Partapur-Pallavpuram route will cover 20 km and will have a total number of 18 stations in between, the 10 km-long route from Rajban Market to Gokalpur village will have nine stations.[120]

Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS)

Main article: Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System
Meerut Metro Trainset

The NCR Transport Plan 2021 proposed a rail-based mass transit system, called the Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) between Delhi to Meerut, with the Shahdara-Ghaziabad section scheduled for construction during 2001-11, and the Ghaziabad-Meerut section scheduled for 2011–21.[121]

In September 2010, the RRTS was reported to be proposed between Anand Vihar and Meerut with the project in its initial stages. The cost was projected to be around ₹1,000 crore (US$120 million) with the expected time of the journey being 45 minutes.[122] In November 2010, the train speed was proposed to be between 130 and 160 kmph, with stations at Anand Vihar, Sahibabad, Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad, Guldhar, Duhai, Moradnagar, Modinagar, Meerut South, Shatabdi Nagar, Meerut Centre, Begumpul, Meerut North, Pallavpuram being the stops.[123]

On 14 December 2010, the NCR Planning Board, Meerut Development Authority (MDA), and Meerut Municipal Corporation approved the project.[124] In August 2011, it was reported that the project tender had been awarded to Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System (DIMTS). The proposed system was to have dedicated trains between Anand Vihar and Meerut, with no stops in between, and trains that will stop at stations will be constructed after a gap of 4–5 km. The reported stations were Anand Vihar, Vaishali, Mohan Nagar, Meerut Road (Airtel Cut), Morta, Duhai, Muradnagar, Gang Nahar, Modinagar, Mohiuddinpur, Meerut Bypass Cut and Pallavpuram, with completion expected in 2017. The track between Anand Vihar to Dabur was proposed to be underground with the rest of the track overhead.[125]

On 11 July 2013, the Union Cabinet of India approved the formation of the National Capital Region Transport Corporation Limited (NCRTCL), with a seed capital of ₹100 crore (US$12 million). The corporation will take up the construction of the 90 km-long Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut corridor on a priority basis (along with two other corridors) with planned completion in 2016.[126] It was reported that the Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for the three corridors were under the process of finalisation.[127]

In December 2013, problems were reported in the proposed alignment of the Delhi-Meerut corridor.[128] In January 2014, it was reported that the proposed alignment had to be changed due to objections by NHAI and the feasibility report had to be prepared again. The new proposed alignment increased the length from 90 km to 106 km.[129]

In March 2018, the project's construction was started after the foundation stone was laid by Prime Minister, Narendra Modi.[130] As of 2023, the alignment is 82 km (51 mi) long, and the 17-km first stretch, as the priority corridor, from Sahibabad to Duhai is almost completed, and will be opened by March 2023, while the next stretch till South Meerut will be completed by the first quarter of 2024. The entire corridor will be completed by March 2025.[131][132][133]

Air

The nearest airport is Hindon Airport at Ghaziabad, located 64 km (40 mi) away, while the major airport, Indira Gandhi International Airport at Delhi is about 100 km (62 mi) away.

The Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Airport is located at Partapur. It was proposed by the state government that the airstrip be converted to an international airport to reduce pressure on Delhi Airport.[134] However, plans to expand the Domestic airport were called off after protests against land acquisition started in other parts of the state.[135] Following an accident in May 2012, the city administration barred private flights from using the airstrip.[136]

The city has long demanded an airport. However, the government has stalled the project multiple times due to land acquisition reasons and project costs. Even Ajit Singh, the minister of civil aviation announced the project but still, the project was not completed.

BJP MP Rajendra Agarwal met Civil Aviation Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia minister promised that the Ministry of Civil Aviation will begin running the airport as soon as the Uttar Pradesh government satisfied the demand for land.

As of October 2023, the project is awaiting approval for land acquisition from Uttar Pradesh Government.[137]

Expressways

Since Meerut has a very favourable location for industries and is suitable for being a logistics hub, it has many expressways like Delhi Meerut Expressway, Ganga Expressway. It also is nearby (within 30 miles) of other expressways like Delhi Mumbai Expressway, Yamuna Expressway, KMP Expressway, and Eastern Peripheral Expressway.

Demographics

See also: Meerut district § Demographics
Religions in Meerut City (2011)[138]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 61.15%
Islam
 
 36.05%
Jainism
 
 0.92%
Sikhism
 
 0.60%
Christian
 
 0.41%
Others†
 
 0.96%
Distribution of religions
†Includes Buddhists (<0.09%).

According to the 2011 census, the Meerut Urban Agglomeration (Meerut UA) has a population of around 1.42 million,[5] (comparable to the kingdom of Bahrain or Trinidad and Tobago) with the municipality contributing roughly 1.31 million of it.[4] The Meerut Urban Agglomeration consists of area falling under Meerut Municipal Corporation, Meerut Cantonment Board and 4 census towns of Sindhawali, Amehra Adipur, Aminagar Urf Bhurbaral and Mohiuddinpur.[139][140] This makes Meerut the 33rd most populous urban agglomeration and the 28th most populous city in India. The sex ratio in Meerut UA is 897, lower than the state average of 908; while the child sex ratio is 895, lower than the state average of 899. 12.99% of the population is under 6 years of age.[140] The overall literacy rate is 88.29%, higher than the state average of 69.72%.[5][141] In Meerut Municipal Corporation, 83.78% of the population spoke Hindi and 15.25% Urdu as their first language.[142]

As of 2017, Meerut ranks 328 (based on population), 189 (based on population density), 648 (based on built-up area) among world's urban areas.[143]

According to the 2001 census, the city ranked 2nd in terms of population in NCR[144] and 25th in India.[145]

Demographics of Meerut Metropolitan area (Meerut UA) (Census 2011, updated)[140]
Metropolis City/Town/Village [i] Population Sex Ratio Literacy Rate[ii]
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Meerut UA Meerut (CB) 53024 40288 93,312 760 87.99% 79.48% 84.33%
Meerut (M Corp.) 688118 617311 1,305,429 897 80.97% 69.79% 75.66%
Mohiuddinpur (CT) 2811 2389 5,200 850 89.17% 69.63% 80.13%
Aminagar Urf Bhurbaral (CT) 3314 2827 6,141 853 91.01% 69.68% 81.02%
Amehra Adipur (CT) 2844 2641 5,485 929 85.68% 68.05% 77.14%
Sindhawali (CT) 2782 2553 5,335 918 79.92% 64.44% 72.53%
Meerut UA - Total 752,893 668,009 1,420,902 887 81.57 % 70.36 % 76.28 %
  1. ^ M Corp. = Municipal Corporation, NP = Nagar panchayat, NPP = Nagar Palika Parishad, CB = Cantonment Board, CT = Census Town
  2. ^ For literacy rate, the population aged 7 and above only is considered in India.
Historical Population Statistics[29][50][146][b]
Year Male Female Total Growth
1847 NA NA 29,014
1853 NA NA 82,035 182.74%
1872 NA NA 81,386 -0.79%
1881 NA NA 99,565 22.34%
1891 NA NA 119,390 19.91%
1901 65,822 (55.53%) 52,717 (44.47%) 118,539 -0.71%
1911 66,542 (57.05%) 50,089 (42.95%) 116,631 -1.6%
1921 71,816 (58.57%) 50,793 (41.43%) 122,609 5.12%
1931 80,073 (58.57%) 56,636 (41.43%) 136,709 11.49%
1941 98,829 (58.38%) 70,461 (41.62%) 169,290 23.83%
1951 133,094 (57.08%) 100,089 (42.92%) 233,183 37.74%
1961 157,572 (55.48%) 126,425 (44.52%) 283,997 21.79%
  1. ^ Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation is divided into five zones: City Zone, Kavi Nagar Zone, Vijay Nagar Zone, Mohan Nagar Zone, and Vasundhara Zone
  2. ^ Includes municipality and cantonment populations
Meerut Urban Agglomeration (Meerut UA) Population Statistics[a]
Year Male Female Total Growth rate Sex ratio[b]
2001[147] 621,481 (53.50%) 540,235 (46.50%) 1,161,716 NA NA
2011[5][140][c] 752,893 (52.99%) 668,009 (47.01%) 1,420,902 22.31% 887
  1. ^ For Meerut Urban Agglomeration, includes municipality and cantonment populations and 4 census towns of Sindhawali, Amehra Adipur, Aminagar Urf Bhurbaral and Mohiuddinpur.
  2. ^ In females per 1000 males
  3. ^ Provisional Data was revised and finalized when govt. updated 2011 census data on 20 May 2013.
Literacy Rate (Percentage)
Year Male Female Total
2001[148] 65.22 53.17 59.62
2011[140][5] 83.74 (+18.52) 72.19 (+19.02) 78.29 (+18.67)
2021[75][5] 95.24 (+11.5) 84.69 (+12.5) 90.29 (+12)
Crime Rate in Meerut (Total cognisable crimes under IPC per lakh population)
Year Rate in Meerut Rate in UP Rate in India
2011[149] 305.5 97.8 192.2
2012[150] 309.1 96.4 196.7
2013[151] 368.5 108.4 215.5
2014[152][153] 430.9 113.2 229.2
2015[154][155] 408.6 112.1 234.2

Culture

Mustafa Castle was built in 1900

Most traditional Indian festivals, including Holi, Dussehra, Diwali, Eid among others are celebrated with fervor in the city. Notably, a fair by the name of Nauchandi Fair is held two weeks after Holi every year.[156] The fair, which started in 1672,[157] continues for about 15 days and is attended by lakhs of people. It includes events such as poetry recitations in Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi etc.[158]

Meerut is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Meerut Diocese, which covers the districts of Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, Dehradun, Haridwar, Moradabad, Rampur, Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Ghaziabad, Baghpat and Dhampur Tehsil of Bijnor district.[159]

Nauchandi Mela (Fair)

Main article: Nauchandi Mela
One of the entrance gates of Nauchandi mela ground at Meerut.

The Nauchandi Mela is an annual fair held at Nauchandi Ground in Meerut.[160][161] The fair stretches for about a month and is organized by the Municipal Corporation of Meerut. It generally starts from the second Sunday after Holi.[160] The main exhibits are the artistic and religious rituals followed in rustic Uttar Pradesh. The fair witnesses more than 50,000 visitors every year. The Indian Railways' Nauchandi Express train is named after this fair.

The fair has a prominent history dating back several hundreds of years. It started in the year 1672 AD as a one-day cattle trading fair. The fair has been held every year, excluding 1858, the year after 1857 revolt, which started from Meerut.[162]

Since then cattle trading has been replaced by many other activities. The fair feature shops for Lucknow's Chikan work, Moradabad's brassware, Varanasi's carpets, rugs and silk sarees, Agra's footwear, Meerut's leather items, etc. Meerut's own products like sports goods, scissors, gajaks,[what language is this?] nan-khatai[what language is this?] are also sold.[161] Giant rides, wheels, circus, and various other recreational arenas where artists perform stunts, remain a big attraction of the fair.[163]

Film and television

Meerut is home to a film industry, which has a following in Western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. The films are usually folklore stories, comedies, or localised versions of Bollywood hits.[164] The films which have been shot here include Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety, Zero, and Rajma Chawal.

Notable people from Meerut in the film and television industry include Bharat Bhushan, Aziz Mian, Mandakini,[165] Achint Kaur,[166][167] Kailash Kher,[168] Chitrangada Singh,[167][169] Vishal Bhardwaj,[167] Deepti Bhatnagar[167][169][170] and Pravesh Rana.[171]

Education

Main article: List of educational institutions in Meerut district
Chaudhary Charan Singh University

Meerut is an education hub of Western Uttar Pradesh with about four or five universities, approximately 50 engineering colleges, 23 management colleges, seven pharmacy colleges, four colleges offering hotel management, one college offering fashion design, over 150 academic colleges, and over 50 schools. The city is home to Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology and IIMT University. The city has one government-run engineering college, Sir Chhotu Ram Institute of Engineering and Technology, a constituent college of Chaudhary Charan Singh University. There are schools affiliated with recognized boards such as ICSE, CBSE, IB, and the state board. St. Mary's Academy, Meerut (a Patrician Brothers school) is a nationally top-ranked boys' school. St. John's Sr. Sec School (established by Begum Samru) which is over 130 years old, also the first IB school in Uttar Pradesh was Vidya Global School.

Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology is the only Deemed-to-be University in Meerut district. It was notified in 2006 by the Ministry of HRD, Government of India u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956

IIMT Engineering College which is now called IIMT University is the oldest engineering institute in Meerut district. It was established in 1997.

Chaudhary Charan Singh University (CCSU) is a public and state university that has many degree colleges affiliated with it. They fall into two divisions: Saharanpur and Meerut with nine districts including Saharanpur, Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Ghaziabad ,Shamli, Gautam Budh Nagar, Bagpat, Hapur and Bulandshahr administered by Vice-Chancellor and Registrar (PCS officer). The Indian Film and Television Institute is located at the western bypass of the city. The city has three medical colleges: Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Subharti Medical College and Mulayam Singh Yadav Medical College & Hospital.

Notable Schools

Media

Meerut is becoming a media centre, as journalists from all over Uttar Pradesh and other Indian states are working in Meerut. Radio stations shared with Delhi are Radio City 91.1 MHz, Big FM 92.7 MHz, Red FM 93.5 MHz, Radio One 94.3 MHz, Hit 95 (95 MHz), Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz, AIR FM Rainbow 102.6 MHz, Meow FM 104.8 MHz, AIR FM Gold 106.4 MHz. Radio IIMT (90.4 MHz) is the only radio station located in the city. The Hindi-language daily newspapers Hindustan (newspaper), Rajasthan Patrika, Dainik Jagran,[172] Amar Ujala, Dainik Janwani, The Hindu, Rashtrasewa, Dainik Jagran iNext are published from the city. The English daily Times of India, Meerut edition[173] and the English language supplement HT City, Meerut with Hindustan Times is also published there. Moneymakers, an English daily is also published there. Asian Express, Hindi newspaper, and news magazine Citizen of the World are also published there.

Sports industries

Meerut is one of the prominent centre in the country besides Jalandhar for the manufacture of sports goods.[174] There are numerous sports companies in the city especially for cricket namely SS, SF, SG, RM Sports,[175] BDM, GEM etc. Players like MS Dhoni, Virender Sehwag, Yuvraj Singh, Kieron Pollard, Virat Kohli, Kumar Sangakkara and many others have used bats made in Meerut.[176] 40,000-capacity Kailash Prakash Stadium is located in Meerut.

Tourist destinations

Ashtapad Jain temple, Hastinapur NCR
Augarnath Temple at 2nd Navratri night
Statue of Mangal Pandey at Martyr's Memorial

Tourist destinations in and around Meerut include:

  • Digamber Jain Bada Mandir Hastinapur – Located on the banks of the old ravine of the Ganges, Hastinapur NCR is considered one of the holiest places on earth by Jains. It is believed to be the birthplace of three Jain Tirthankaras. There are many ancient Jain temples in Hastinapur NCR. Shri Digamber Jain Mandir, Jambudweep, Kailash Parvat Rachna, and Shwetambar Jain Temple are the main and famous temples in Hastinapur NCR. Apart from Jain temples, Pandeshwar temple, Historical Gurdwara, and Hastinapur Sanctuary are worth being seen.[177]
  • Government Freedom Struggle Museum and Shaheed Smarak - Government Freedom Struggle Museum, Meerut was established in 1997. It is located in the Shaheed Smarak compound on Delhi Road, about 6 km north-east of the city railway station and at a distance of about 200 meters from the Delhi Bus Station. Visitors can stay in various guesthouses, private lodges, and hotels. The museum's main aim is the collection, preservation, documentation, and exhibition of cultural property and to make it available for educational activities as well as for the creation of awareness about our glorious past. Some postal stamps, pictures, postcards, memorial coins related to the events of 1857, and later coins are also in the collection of the museum. The museum is in the developing stages and efforts are being made to collect more specimens. The museum organises educational programs such as lectures, seminars, and competitions related to history, culture, philosophy, the freedom struggle, and religion. It also aims to coordinate with other cultural and educational organizations for disseminating Indian culture, particularly the events related to the long-drawn freedom struggle of India.[178]
  • Shahi Jama Masjid – The Jama Masjid was built by Hasan Mahdi, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi's Wazir (=Chief Minister) in 1019 AD (older than the Qutb Minar).[21][179] It is considered the first Masjid in North India.[180] Although it was restored by Humayun,[21][179] it is one of the oldest mosques in India. Some believe that the first North Indian Mosque is Quwwat/Qubbat ul Islam in Delhi and then Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer.
  • St. John's Church – This church was established by Chaplain the Reverend Henry Fisher on behalf of the East India Company in 1819 in the cantonment area and was completed in 1822.[21][157] It is considered one of the oldest churches in North India. The Church was dedicated to the people by Bishop Wilson. It has a seating capacity of 10,000 people.[21] During the War of 1857, this church was the scene of heavy fighting between Indian and British forces.[181]
  • Augarnath Temple – This temple (also known as Kalipaltan Mandir locally) is located at the site where the soldiers of the War of 1857 planned their operations. The temple also houses a memorial built to honour the martyrs of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The old temple has been replaced by a modern version.[182]
  • Mansabiya Karbala – Mansabiya's Mosque and Karbala was built by Nawab Mansab Ali Khan in 1882.[47]
  • Martyr's Memorial (Shaheed Smarak): The memorial is a 30 metres (98 feet) high pillar of marble situated at Bhainsali. Functions are organised at the memorial around the national holidays of India.[23] The memorial complex also houses the Government Freedom Struggle Museum which is dedicated to the first war of Indian independence.[183]
An entrance to Gandhi Bagh

Other places of interest include Mansa Devi Temple, Baleni, Basilica of Our Lady of Graces, Sardhana and the Chandi Devi Temple which was built by Holkar queen Devi Ahiliyabai Holkar.[21][23]

Notable people

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Films and music

Kings and monarchs

Politics

Sports

Scholars

See also

References

  1. ^ "Six cities to get metropolitan status". The Times of India. 20 October 2006. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  2. ^ "BJP's Harikant Ahluwalia Wins Mayoral Polls in Meerut". Jagran English. 13 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "Meerut City". www.meerutnagarnigam.com. Nagar Nigam Meerut.
  4. ^ a b "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  6. ^ a b "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  7. ^ "Meerut Municipal Corporation e-Newsletter April 2017" (PDF). Meerut Municipal Corporation E-Newsletter. April 2017. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  8. ^ a b "Chapter 3.0 - City Profile". City Development Plan Final Report - Consultancy Services for preparation of the City Development Plan(CDP) for Meerut in the state of Uttar Pradesh under JNNURM (PDF) (Report). Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. August 2006. p. 37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  9. ^ "About District". Government of Uttar Pradesh. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  10. ^ "Welcome to the National Capital Region(U.P)". Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  11. ^ "NCR". DelhiLive. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  12. ^ "Population of cities in India 2024 - StatisticsTimes.com". m.statisticstimes.com. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  13. ^ Sharma, Manoj (8 May 2023). "Meerut on cusp of great socio-economic change". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  14. ^ "Home Page". meerutgdp.com. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  15. ^ "1st phase of Delhi-Meerut RRTS to open in March – The Financial Express". NCRTC. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  16. ^ "Ganga Expressway". upeida.up.gov.in. Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  17. ^ a b "Homepage". District Meerut. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008.
  18. ^ Uma Varma. Uttar Pradesh State Gazetteer: Social services, culture, places of interest. Vol. 5. Government of Uttar Pradesh, Department of District Gazetteers. p. 359.
  19. ^ Jagdish Kumar Pundir (1998). Banking, Bureaucracy, and Social Networks: Scheduled Castes in the Process of Development. Sarup & Sons. pp. 49–50. ISBN 9788176250245.
  20. ^ "इस मंदिर में मंदोदरी करती थीं शिव पूजा, यहीं पर रावण से हुई थी मुलाकात" [Mandodari used to worship Shiva in this temple, it was here that she met Ravana]. Dainik Bhaskar (in Hindi). 21 October 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Tourist places – Meerut". Archived from the original on 19 June 2009.
  22. ^ a b "History". The Imperial Gazetteer. Vol. 17. Digital South Asia Library. 1909. p. 254.
  23. ^ a b c "Major Attractions". Meerut Development Authority. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  24. ^ "British Museum Highlights". Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  25. ^ a b "The Hindu temples on the plains near Meerut". British Library. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011.
  26. ^ "Ashoka Pillar". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  27. ^ Pratiyogita Darpan: General Studies Indian History. Upkar Prakashan. p. 71. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  28. ^ "Ashokan Pillar". Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  29. ^ a b "District Meerut". The Imperial Gazetteer. Vol. 17. Digital South Asia Library. 1909. p. 264.
  30. ^ Murray Thurston Titus (1930). Indian Islam: a religious history of Islam in India. Oxford University Press. p. 21.
  31. ^ Sylvia Vatuk (1972). Kinship and Urbanization: White Collar Migrants in North India. University of California Preas. p. 1. ISBN 9780520020641. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  32. ^ Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. 6 October 2015. p. 56. ISBN 9781317321279.
  33. ^ E.T. Atkinson, ed. (1876). Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western Provinces of India. Oxford University. p. 321.
  34. ^ The Cambridge Shorter History of India. Cambridge University Press. 2016. p. 252. ISBN 9781317208716.
  35. ^ a b "History". The Imperial Gazetteer. Vol. 17. Digital South Asia Library. 1909. p. 255.
  36. ^ Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak (1891). The Ain-i-Akbari. Translated by Henry Sullivan Jarrett. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 288. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  37. ^ "Studio Dharma - by Nikhil Jain". STUDIO DHARMA. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  38. ^ "Abdullapur Pin Code, Abdullapur, Meerut Map, Latitude and Longitude, Uttar Pradesh". indiamapia.com. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  39. ^ "दास्तान ए कर्बला सुन अश्कबार हुई आंखें" [Eyes filled with tears after listening to the story of Karbala]. Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  40. ^ Indian Journal of Archaeology https://web.archive.org/web/20210118035325/http://ijarch.org/CurrentIssue.aspx. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[full citation needed]
  41. ^ "Pir-e-Kamil Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  42. ^ "Pir Shah Jewna: The soul still exudes spirituality". The Nation. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  43. ^ Meerut. 1904.
  44. ^ Parekh, Rauf (12 December 2017). "Syed Qudrat Naqvi and his research on Ghalib". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  45. ^ "Urdu Books of Syed Qudrat Naqvi". Rekhta. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  46. ^ Zaidi, Ali Jawad (1965). "URDU". Indian Literature. 8 (2): 133–143. ISSN 0019-5804. JSTOR 23329150.
  47. ^ a b "शिया जामा मस्जिद के सामने मिलती है गंगा-जमुनी विरासत की झलक" [A glimpse of Ganga-Jamuni heritage is found in front of Shia Jama Masjid]. Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  48. ^ "MANSABIA ARABIC COLLEGE RAILWAY ROAD MRT - Ward 55, District Meerut (Uttar Pradesh)". schools.org.in. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  49. ^ "Meerut District – History". The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 17. Digital South Asia Library. 1909. pp. 256–257, 261.
  50. ^ a b c d Sylvia Vatuk (1972). Kinship and Urbanization: White Collar Migrants in North India. University of California Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9780520020641. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  51. ^ "Population". The Imperial Gazetteer. Vol. 17. Digital South Asia Library. 1909. p. 256.
  52. ^ "Postcolonial Studies". Emory University. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  53. ^ "Hashimpura and the echoes of 1857: Meerut is common to both". The Times of India Blogs. 5 April 2015. Archived from the original on 26 July 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  54. ^ "History of Meerut district". www.meerutdistrict.com/. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  55. ^ "Ewan MacColl: The Red Megaphones". Working Class Movement Library. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011.
  56. ^ KD Sharma (15 August 2013). "Victoria's secret". Meerut Plus, Times of India.
  57. ^ "The voice of a monologue". The Hindu. 18 July 2004. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  58. ^ "Looking for justice". The Hindu. 30 May 2002. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  59. ^ "The art of not forgetting". Indian Express. 27 February 1998. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009.
  60. ^ "Justice out of sight". Frontline. Vol. 22, no. 10. 20 May 2005. Archived from the original on 10 August 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  61. ^ "Indian Electronics Show Kills More than 100". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  62. ^ a b c d "Chapter 3 – Findings: Metro Cities of India" (PDF). Central Pollution Control Board. p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  63. ^ "Frozen Meerut" (in Hindi). iNext. 7 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  64. ^ "Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024" (PDF). Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024. 7 September 2024.
  65. ^ "Station: Meerut Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 509–510. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  66. ^ "Meerut Climatological Table Period: 1971–2000". India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  67. ^ "Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  68. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  69. ^ "Climatological Tables 1991-2020" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  70. ^ a b "CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP". Government of Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  71. ^ Maheshwari, S.R. (2000). Indian Administration (6th ed.). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. pp. 563–572. ISBN 9788125019886.
  72. ^ Singh, G.P. (1993). Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar. Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 26–129. ISBN 978-8170993810.
  73. ^ Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd ed.). Noida: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 5.1–5.2. ISBN 978-9339204785.
  74. ^ "Role and Functions of Divisional Commissioner". Your Article Library. 6 January 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  75. ^ a b "Office of the Divisional Commissioner, Meerut Division". Office of the Divisional Commissioner, Meerut. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  76. ^ "Commissioners of Meerut Division". Meerut District. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  77. ^ Maheshwari, S.R. (2000). Indian Administration (6th ed.). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. pp. 573–597. ISBN 9788125019886.
  78. ^ Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd ed.). Noida: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 6.1–6.6. ISBN 978-9339204785.
  79. ^ Singh, G.P. (1993). Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar. Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 50–124. ISBN 978-8170993810.
  80. ^ "Powers Of District Magistrate in India". Important India. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  81. ^ MSME-Development Institute, Agra. "Brief Industrial Profile of District Meerut" (PDF). Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, Govt. of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  82. ^ "District Magistrates of Meerut". Meerut District. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  83. ^ "Officers posted at Meerut Zone". Uttar Pradesh Police. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  84. ^ "Officers posted at Meerut Range". Uttar Pradesh Police. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  85. ^ a b "Officers posted at Meerut". Uttar Pradesh Police. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  86. ^ "Telephone Directory". Meerut Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  87. ^ "About Us". Customs, Central Excise and Service Tax Meerut Zone. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
  88. ^ "Lawyers rally for Meerut HC bench, suspend all work on Saturdays". The Times of India. 3 September 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  89. ^ "Noida tops Uttar Pradesh GDP & per capita income again, Lucknow is second". The Times of India. 13 March 2020. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  90. ^ "Welcome To Meerut Cantonment Board". www.cbmrt.org.in. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  91. ^ a b "Meerut Cantonment: Historical Background". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  92. ^ "Chapter 5 - SWOT Analysis, Section 5.2 - Weakness". City Development Plan Final Report - Consultancy Services for preparation of the City Development Plan(CDP) for Meerut in the state of Uttar Pradesh under JNNURM (PDF) (Report). Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. August 2006. p. 57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  93. ^ "City Mayors: World's fastest growing urban areas (1)". Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  94. ^ "MORGAN STANLEY AlphaWise City Vibrancy Index: A Guide to India's Urbanization". Morgan Stanley. June 2011. p. 15. Archived from the original (pdf) on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  95. ^ Sahni, Diksha (15 June 2011). "Why Meerut is More Vibrant Than Mumbai". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  96. ^ "Realty Boom in Meerut – Credai-NCR". credaincr.org. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  97. ^ "Realty Boom in Meerut". The Times of India. India. 8 January 2011. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  98. ^ Srikant Srinivas; Amit Kapoor (13 December 2010). "Boulevards of Dreams" (PDF). Businessworld. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  99. ^ "India's 50 most Competitive cities". Rediff. 13 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  100. ^ "Ranks of 50 Cities as per the India City Competitiveness Index 2012" (PDF). Institute of Competitiveness, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  101. ^ "Uttar Pradesh tops country in sugar production, beats Maharashtra". The Times of India. 12 February 2020. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  102. ^ a b "Executive Summary, Section 3.1.3 - Economic Base". City Development Plan Final Report - Consultancy Services for preparation of the City Development Plan(CDP) for Meerut in the state of Uttar Pradesh under JNNURM (PDF) (Report). Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. August 2006. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  103. ^ Swapan Chakravorty; Abhijit Gupta (2004). Print areas: book history in India. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-7824-082-4. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  104. ^ a b "Industrial Directory, District-Meerut" (PDF). Meerut Official Website. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  105. ^ "Chapter 3 - City Profile, Section 3.5.1 - Industries". City Development Plan Final Report - Consultancy Services for preparation of the City Development Plan(CDP) for Meerut in the state of Uttar Pradesh under JNNURM (PDF) (Report). Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. August 2006. p. 46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  106. ^ "Chapter 1 - Introduction, Section 1.1 - Background". City Development Plan Final Report - Consultancy Services for preparation of the City Development Plan(CDP) for Meerut in the state of Uttar Pradesh under JNNURM (PDF) (Report). Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. August 2006. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  107. ^ "Chapter 5 - SWOT Analysis, Section 5.3 - Opportunity". City Development Plan Final Report - Consultancy Services for preparation of the City Development Plan(CDP) for Meerut in the state of Uttar Pradesh under JNNURM (PDF) (Report). Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. August 2006. p. 58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  108. ^ "Industrial Area Description – UPSIDC". UPSIDC. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  109. ^ "Industrial Area Description". UPSIDC. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  110. ^ Singh, Anjali (19 August 2024). "Daily grind to pure blitz as Rapid Rail enters Meerut". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  111. ^ "Delhi-Meerut Expressway open for public, cuts travel time to 45 minutes". The Economic Times. 1 April 2021.
  112. ^ "Executive Summary, Section 1.0 - Introduction". City Development Plan Final Report - Consultancy Services for preparation of the City Development Plan(CDP) for Meerut in the state of Uttar Pradesh under JNNURM (PDF) (Report). Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. August 2006. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  113. ^ "Chapter 6 - Urban Infrastructure, Section 6.6.5 - Transportation systems in the City". City Development Plan Final Report - Consultancy Services for preparation of the City Development Plan(CDP) for Meerut in the state of Uttar Pradesh under JNNURM (PDF) (Report). Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. August 2006. p. 74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  114. ^ *Urban Mass Transit Company Ltd. "Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Meerut City" (PDF). meerut.nic.in. pp. 12, 32.
  115. ^ "Ghaziabad-Saharanpur rail route electrified: Railways". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  116. ^ Khandelwal, Peeyush (6 August 2024). "Spike in RRTS ridership during Kanwar diversions". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  117. ^ Rana, Karvi (31 May 2023). "Delhi Meerut RRTS Train to move cargo at 180kmph". Logistics Insider. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  118. ^ "मुजफ्फरनगर, मेरठ में भी बनेगा फ्रेट कारिडोर का लॉजिस्टिक हब: संजीव बालियान" [Logistics hub of freight corridor will also be built in Muzaffarnagar and Meerut: Sanjeev Balyan]. Hindustan (in Hindi). Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  119. ^ Virendra Singh Rawat (5 March 2015). "Akhilesh plans four metro rail projects before next assembly polls". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  120. ^ NYOOOZ. "City in search of new sites for metro". NYOOOZ. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  121. ^ "NCR Transport Plan 2021" (PDF). pp. 6–7, 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  122. ^ Pragya Kaushika (15 September 2010). "Soon, Meerut 45 mins away on rapid transit". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 21 September 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  123. ^ Pragya Kaushika (20 November 2010). "Anand Vihar to Meerut RTS: 7 of 14 stations likely to be in Ghaziabad". The Indian Express. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  124. ^ "High speed train route gets approval". Hindustan Times. 14 December 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
  125. ^ "Delhi to Meerut in 45 Minutes". National Real Estate Development Council (NAREDCO), NEW DELHI. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  126. ^ Press Trust of India (11 July 2013). "Government approves setting up of NCR transport corporation". Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  127. ^ "Press Release - Formation of National Capital Region Transport Corporation Limited (NCRTC)". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 11 July 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  128. ^ "Metro projects in India cheapest in the world". NDTV. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  129. ^ "बदला मेरठ-दिल्ली हाईस्पीड ट्रेन का रूट" [Meerut-Delhi Highspeed train route changed] (in Hindi). Dainik Jagran. 3 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  130. ^ "PM Narendra Modi laid down the foundation stone for the project". The Financial Express. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  131. ^ "RRTS trials to south Meerut by year-end". The Times of India. 4 February 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  132. ^ "NCRTC Conducts Successful Trial Run Of India's First High-Speed RRTS Train From Duhai To Ghaziabad". India.com. 4 January 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  133. ^ "Ghaziabad: Four RRTS stations on 17km priority line to be ready by mid-March". Hindustan Times. 25 February 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  134. ^ Lalit Kumar (23 February 2010). "UP for Meerut Airport, Greater Noida Realty may skid" (XHTML 1.0 Transitional). The Times of India. India. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  135. ^ "Maya govt scraps plan to expand Meerut airstrip". 29 August 2010. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  136. ^ "Meerut admin bars private flights from Partapur airstrip". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 16 May 2012.
  137. ^ Goel, Sparsh (3 August 2023). "Meerut News: Airport Gets Green Signal for Operations, Receives Approval from Civil Aviation Ministry". DNP INDIA. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  138. ^ "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  139. ^ "CONSTITUENTS OF URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS HAVING POPULATION 1 LAKH & ABOVE, CENSUS 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  140. ^ a b c d e "Meerut City Population Census 2011 | Uttar Pradesh". www.census2011.co.in. Archived from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  141. ^ "Census of India 2011 – Provisional Population Totals – Uttar Pradesh – Data Sheet" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  142. ^ "2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue - Uttar Pradesh (Town Level)". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  143. ^ "Demographia : World Urban Areas" (PDF). www.demographia.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  144. ^ "Area, Population and Density of Cities and Towns of India - 2001 - Chapter II - Area and Density – All Cities and Towns" (PDF). Socio-economic and Monitoring Division, Town and Country Planning Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. December 2007.[permanent dead link]
  145. ^ "India's largest cities / urban areas". Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  146. ^ "Meerut City". The Imperial Gazetteer. Vol. 17. Digital South Asia Library. 1909. p. 263.
  147. ^ "Census of India 2001: View Population Details: Meerut UA". Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  148. ^ "Table - 3 : Population, population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex - Cities/Towns (in alphabetic order): 2001". Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original on 14 August 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  149. ^ "Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) In States, UTs & Cities During 2011" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  150. ^ "Crime in India – 2012 Statistics" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. 2012. pp. 28–29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  151. ^ "Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) In States, UTs & Cities During 2013" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  152. ^ "Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) During 2014" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  153. ^ "Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) During 2014" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  154. ^ "Cases Reported & Rates of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) During 2015" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2021.
  155. ^ "Cases Reported & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) During 2015" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  156. ^ "Nauchandi Mela". religiousportal.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  157. ^ a b "The first war of Indian independence". Uttar Pradesh Tourism. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007.
  158. ^ Fairs of India. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-81-87100-43-0. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  159. ^ "Short History of Meerut Diocese". UCAN India. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  160. ^ a b "Nauchandi Mela : Meerut Nagar Nigam" (PDF). meerutnagarnigam.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2018.
  161. ^ a b "Nauchandi Mela of Meerut". www.indiaprofile.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  162. ^ "Nauchandi Fair in Meerut, Historical Significance Nauchandi Fair". www.meerutonline.in. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  163. ^ "Nauchandi Mela 2017 - Nauchandi Mela Meerut - Nauchandi Mela in Uttar Pradesh, India". journeymart.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  164. ^ "Mollywood dreams-Audience applauds as Meerut's showbiz aspirations take wing". Archived from the original on 15 April 2014.
  165. ^ T. M. Ramachandran (1985). 70 years of Indian cinema, 1913–1983. Cinema India-International. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-86132-090-5. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  166. ^ "Playing historical character is not easy: Achint Kaur". Mumbai: Indo-Asian News Service. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  167. ^ a b c d Sandeep Rai (15 August 2012). "Stars on the horizon". Meerut Plus, Times of India.
  168. ^ "Biography – Kailash Kher". Archived from the original on 18 May 2012.
  169. ^ a b "Vishal Bhardwaj mentors Chitrangada". Mumbai: Mid-day. 20 March 2012. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  170. ^ "Interview with Vishal Bhardwaj: Glamsham.com". Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  171. ^ "Pravesh toes the family line". The Times of India. 26 September 2012. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  172. ^ "Dainik Jagran:About Us". Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  173. ^ Abid Hasan (5 August 2014). "TOI launches editions in Agra, Bareli, Meerut, Dehradun". Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  174. ^ "Bat like Meerut". The Times of India. 11 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  175. ^ "rm sports india". ani. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  176. ^ Sameen Husain (11 August 2014). "Bat like Meerut". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  177. ^ "Home". Hamarameerut.com. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  178. ^ "Shaheed Smarak". Government of Uttar Pradesh | India.
  179. ^ a b c "Meerut City". The Imperial Gazetteer. Vol. 17. Digital South Asia Library. 1909. p. 265.
  180. ^ "North India's first mosque going strong after 999 years". 8 June 2018.
  181. ^ "St John's Church". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  182. ^ "Heritage Sites". Cantonment Board Meerut. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  183. ^ a b "Places of interest – Meerut". Uttar Pradesh tourism. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  184. ^ a b "Revised Draft Report – Volume 2 for Preparing a 'Master Plan for Development of Tourism in the U.P. NCR'" (PDF). Uttar Pradesh Tourism. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  185. ^ "List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Agra". Archaeological Survey of India. p. 1. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  186. ^ Malika Mohammada (2007). The foundations of the composite culture in India. Aakar Books. p. 219. ISBN 978-81-89833-18-3. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014.
  187. ^ "Up police will learn the history of dhansingh kotwal". Live Hindustan. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  188. ^ Stokes, Eric (1980). The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-52129-770-7. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  189. ^ "Deepti Bhatnagar - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos". BookMyShow. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  190. ^ "Rajendra Agrawal". www.india.gov.in. National Portal of India. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  191. ^ "2012 Election Results". Election Commission of India.
  192. ^ "Baghpat Assembly Constituency Election Result 2022 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News". Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  193. ^ "Arrest warrant against UP Minister". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  194. ^ "Greater Noida: BJP's Tejpal Singh Nagar wins the battle of the Gujjars in Dadri". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  195. ^ "Asian Games 2018: Who is shooter Saurabh Chaudhary?". The Indian Express. 24 February 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  196. ^ "Meet 116 years old Dharampal Singh Gujjar, world's oldest athlete". Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  197. ^ "International Cricket Council". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  198. ^ "Garg, Anu 1967". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 25 June 2020.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meerut.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meerut&oldid=1255679182"