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It grows to a maximum height of {{convert|70–150|cm|abbr=on}}. The leaves have a mild [[lemon]] scent similar to [[Mentha|mint]]. During summer, small white [[flower]]s full of nectar appear. It is not to be confused with [[bee balm]] (genus ''[[Monarda]]''), although the white flowers attract [[bee]]s, hence the genus ''[[Melissa]]'' ([[Greek Language|Greek]] for "honey bee"). |
It grows to a maximum height of {{convert|70–150|cm|abbr=on}}. The leaves have a mild [[lemon]] scent similar to [[Mentha|mint]]. During summer, small white [[flower]]s full of nectar appear. It is not to be confused with [[bee balm]] (genus ''[[Monarda]]''), although the white flowers attract [[bee]]s, hence the genus ''[[Melissa]]'' ([[Greek Language|Greek]] for "honey bee"). |
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==Uses== |
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| ⚫ | Lemon balm is used as a flavouring in [[ice cream]] and [[herbal tea]]s, both hot and [[iced tea|iced]], often in combination with other [[herb]]s such as [[spearmint]]. It is also paired with fruit dishes or [[candy|candies]]. Additionally, it can be used in [[List of fish dishes|fish dishes]] and it is the key ingredient in ''lemon balm pesto''.<ref name="HerbSoc" />{{rp|15–16}} Its [[flavour]] comes from [[citronellal]] (24%), [[geranial]] (16%), [[linalyl acetate]] (12%) and [[caryophyllene]] (12%).{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} |
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It is a common addition to [[peppermint tea]], mostly because of its complementing flavor.{{Cn|date=October 2016}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | In [[Traditional medicine|traditional]] [[Healthcare in Austria|Austrian medicine]], ''M. officinalis'' leaves have been prescribed for internal (as tea) or external (essential oil) application for the treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, liver, and bile.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 23770053 | year = 2013 | last1 = Vogl | first1 = S | last2 = Picker | first2 = P | last3 = Mihaly-Bison | first3 = J | last4 = Fakhrudin | first4 = N | last5 = Atanasov | first5 = AG | last6 = Heiss | first6 = EH | last7 = Wawrosch | first7 = C | last8 = Reznicek | first8 = G | last9 = Dirsch | first9 = VM | last10 = Saukel | first10 = Johannes | last11 = Kopp | first11 = Brigitte | title = Ethnopharmacological ''in vitro'' studies on Austria's folk medicine-An unexplored lore ''in vitro'' anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007 | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | pmc=3791396 | volume=149 | issue=3 | pages=750–71| display-authors = 8 }}</ref> Lemon balm is the main ingredient of [[Carmelite Water|Carmelite water]], which is still for sale in [[Healthcare in Germany|German pharmacies]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mayonews.ie/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10742:food-using-lemon-balm-in-the-kitchen&catid=74:tasting&Itemid=100028 | title=FOOD Using lemon balm in the kitchen | publisher=The Mayo News | date=September 6, 2010 | accessdate=May 2, 2012 | author=Hiller, Sabine}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Lemon balm [[essential oil]] is popular in [[aromatherapy]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Masters|first1=Susanne|title=The benefits of lemon balm|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gardening-blog/2013/feb/22/lemon-balm-melissa-officinalis|work=The Guardian|date=22 February 2013}}</ref> The essential oil is commonly co-distilled with [[lemon oil]], [[citronella oil]] or [[List of essential oils|other oils]]. |
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==== Medical research ==== |
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| ⚫ | The composition and pharmacology, and potential uses of lemon balm have been extensively studied, especially with regard to its traditional uses.<ref name="2016rev" /> Randomized, double-blinded clinical studies in people, however, have been limited and have had few subjects. Those studies cannot be used for generalized conclusions about the safety or efficacy of lemon balm and its components; what doses are safe and effective is especially not clear.<ref name="2016rev" /> |
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Studies have been done on the amelioration of laboratory-induced stress, thyroid medication, [[oxidative stress]] status in radiology staff, as a [[mosquito]] repellent, anxiolytic effects as an inhibitor of [[4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase|GABA transaminase]], mood and mental performance, involving [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer]] patients, [[Antibacterials|antibacterial]] properties, [[antioxidant]] activity, and antithyrotropic activity (making it of possible use in the treatment of [[Graves' disease]] or [[hyperthyroidism]]).<ref>{{cite journal|year=2004|title=Attenuation of laboratory-induced stress in humans after acute administration of Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm)|journal=Psychosom Med|volume=66|issue=4|pages=607–13|doi=10.1097/01.psy.0000132877.72833.71|pmid=15272110|vauthors=Kennedy DO, Little W, Scholey AB}}</ref><ref>[http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/lemon-balm-000261.htm#Possible%20Interactions University of Maryland Medical Centre, "Lemon Balm"]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=2011|title=Effects of Melissa officinalis L. on oxidative status and DNA damage in subjects exposed to long-term low-dose ionizing radiation|journal=Toxicology and Industrial Health|volume=27|issue=3|pages=205–212|doi=10.1177/0748233710383889|pmid=20858648|author1=Zeraatpishe A.|author2=Oryan S.|author3=Bagheri M.H.|author4=Pilevarian A.A.|author5=Malekirad A.A.|author6=Baeeri M.|author7=Abdollahi M.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=2005|title=Evaluation of Repellency Effect of Two Natural Aroma Mosquito Repellent Compounds, Citronella and Citronellal|journal=Entomological Research|volume=35|issue=2|pages=117–120|doi=10.1111/j.1748-5967.2005.tb00146.x|author1=Jeong-Kyu KIM|author2=Chang-Soo KANG|author3=Jong-Kwon LEE|author4=Young-Ran KIM|author5=Hye-Yun HAN|author6=Hwa Kyung YUN}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last2=Muhammad|first2=Asim|last3=Durst|first3=Tony|last4=Trudeau|first4=Vance L.|last5=Arnason|first5=John T.|year=2009|title=Bioassay-guided fractionation of lemon balm (''Melissa officinalis'' L.) using an ''in vitro'' measure of GABA transaminase activity|journal=Phytotherapy Research|volume=23|issue=8|pages=1075–81|doi=10.1002/ptr.2712|pmid=19165747|last1=Awad|first1=Rosalie}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last2=Wake|first2=G|last3=Savelev|first3=S|last4=Tildesley|first4=N T J|last5=Perry|first5=E K|last6=Wesnes|first6=K A|last7=Scholey|first7=A B|year=2003|title=Modulation of Mood and Cognitive Performance Following Acute Administration of Single Doses of Melissa Officinalis (Lemon Balm) with Human CNS Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptor-Binding Properties|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology|volume=28|issue=10|pages=1871–81|doi=10.1038/sj.npp.1300230|pmid=12888775|last1=Kennedy|first1=D O}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last2=Noroozian|first2=M|last3=Mohammadi|first3=M|last4=Ohadinia|first4=S|last5=Jamshidi|first5=AH|last6=Khani|first6=M|year=2003|title=Melissa officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry|volume=74|issue=7|pages=863–6|doi=10.1136/jnnp.74.7.863|pmc=1738567|pmid=12810768|last1=Akhondzadeh|first1=S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last2=Locatelli|first2=Juliana|last3=Freitas|first3=Paulo C.|last4=Silva|first4=Giuliana L.|year=2000|title=Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria|journal=Brazilian Journal of Microbiology|volume=31|issue=4|pages=247–56|doi=10.1590/S1517-83822000000400003|last1=Nascimento|first1=Gislene G. F.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last2=Damiendorman|first2=H|last3=Oinonen|first3=P|last4=Darwis|first4=Y|last5=Laakso|first5=I|last6=Hiltunen|first6=R|year=2008|title=Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidative activity of a lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) extract|journal=LWT - Food Science and Technology|volume=41|issue=3|pages=391–400|doi=10.1016/j.lwt.2007.03.007|last1=Dastmalchi|first1=K}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last2=Ingbar|first2=J. C.|last3=Kubota|first3=K.|last4=Amir|first4=S. M.|last5=Ingbar|first5=S. H.|year=1985|title=Extracts and Auto-Oxidized Constituents of Certain Plants Inhibit the Receptor-Binding and the Biological Activity of Graves' Immunoglobulins|journal=Endocrinology|volume=116|issue=5|pages=1687–93|doi=10.1210/endo-116-5-1687|pmid=2985357|last1=Auf'mkolk|first1=M.}}</ref> |
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==Cultivation== |
==Cultivation== |
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''M. officinalis'' may be the "honey-leaf" (μελισσόφυλλον) mentioned by [[Theophrastus]].<ref>Theophrastus, ''Enquiry into Plants'', VI.1.4, identified as "M. officinalis" in the index of the [[Loeb Classical Library]] edition by Arthur F. Hort, 1916 etc.</ref> It was in the [[herbal garden]] of [[John Gerard]], 1596.<ref>As "Melissa" (Common Blam) in both issues of Gerard's ''Catalogus'', 1596, 1599: Benjamin Daydon Jackson, ''A catalogue of plants cultivated in the garden of John Gerard, in the years 1596-1599'', 1876;</ref> |
''M. officinalis'' may be the "honey-leaf" (μελισσόφυλλον) mentioned by [[Theophrastus]].<ref>Theophrastus, ''Enquiry into Plants'', VI.1.4, identified as "M. officinalis" in the index of the [[Loeb Classical Library]] edition by Arthur F. Hort, 1916 etc.</ref> It was in the [[herbal garden]] of [[John Gerard]], 1596.<ref>As "Melissa" (Common Blam) in both issues of Gerard's ''Catalogus'', 1596, 1599: Benjamin Daydon Jackson, ''A catalogue of plants cultivated in the garden of John Gerard, in the years 1596-1599'', 1876;</ref> |
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=== Cultivars === |
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The many cultivars of ''M. officinalis'' include: |
The many cultivars of ''M. officinalis'' include: |
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* ''M. officinalis'' 'Citronella' |
* ''M. officinalis'' 'Citronella' |
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| Line 36: | Line 58: | ||
* ''M. officinalis'' ‘Quedlinburger Niederliegende’ is an improved variety bred for high essential oil content |
* ''M. officinalis'' ‘Quedlinburger Niederliegende’ is an improved variety bred for high essential oil content |
||
== Usage == |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Lemon balm is used as a flavouring in [[ice cream]] and [[herbal tea]]s, both hot and [[iced tea|iced]], often in combination with other [[herb]]s such as [[spearmint]]. It is also paired with fruit dishes or [[candy|candies]]. Additionally, it can be used in [[List of fish dishes|fish dishes]] and it is the key ingredient in ''lemon balm pesto''.<ref name=HerbSoc/>{{rp|15–16}} Its [[flavour]] comes from [[citronellal]] (24%), [[geranial]] (16%), [[linalyl acetate]] (12%) and [[caryophyllene]] (12%).{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | In [[Healthcare in Austria| |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
==Chemistry== |
==Chemistry== |
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Rosmarinic acid appears to be the most important active component, but the the interaction of chemicals within lemon balm, and with chemicals in other herbs with which it has been commonly used in traditional medicines, is poorly understood.<ref name=2016rev>{{cite journal|last1=Shakeri|first1=A|last2=Sahebkar|first2=A|last3=Javadi|first3=B|title=Melissa officinalis L. - A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology.|journal=Journal of ethnopharmacology|date=21 July 2016|volume=188|pages=204-28|pmid=27167460}}</ref> |
Rosmarinic acid appears to be the most important active component, but the the interaction of chemicals within lemon balm, and with chemicals in other herbs with which it has been commonly used in traditional medicines, is poorly understood.<ref name=2016rev>{{cite journal|last1=Shakeri|first1=A|last2=Sahebkar|first2=A|last3=Javadi|first3=B|title=Melissa officinalis L. - A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology.|journal=Journal of ethnopharmacology|date=21 July 2016|volume=188|pages=204-28|pmid=27167460}}</ref> |
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==Research== |
|||
| ⚫ | The composition and pharmacology, and potential uses of lemon balm have been extensively studied, especially with regard to its traditional uses.<ref name=2016rev/> Randomized, double |
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== Gallery == |
== Gallery == |
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Revision as of 20:29, 8 October 2016
| Melissa officinalis Lemon balm | |
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| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | M. officinalis
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| Binomial name | |
| Melissa officinalis | |
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis),[1] balm,[2] common balm,[3] or balm mint, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the mint family Lamiaceae and native to south-central Europe, Iran, and Central Asia, but now naturalized in the Americas and elsewhere.[4]
It grows to a maximum height of 70–150 cm (28–59 in). The leaves have a mild lemon scent similar to mint. During summer, small white flowers full of nectar appear. It is not to be confused with bee balm (genus Monarda), although the white flowers attract bees, hence the genus Melissa (Greek for "honey bee").
Uses
Culinary
Lemon balm is used as a flavouring in ice cream and herbal teas, both hot and iced, often in combination with other herbs such as spearmint. It is also paired with fruit dishes or candies. Additionally, it can be used in fish dishes and it is the key ingredient in lemon balm pesto.[5]: 15–16 Its flavour comes from citronellal (24%), geranial (16%), linalyl acetate (12%) and caryophyllene (12%).[citation needed]
It is a common addition to peppermint tea, mostly because of its complementing flavor.[citation needed]
Traditional medicine
In traditional Austrian medicine, M. officinalis leaves have been prescribed for internal (as tea) or external (essential oil) application for the treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, liver, and bile.[6] Lemon balm is the main ingredient of Carmelite water, which is still for sale in German pharmacies.[7]
In alternative medicine it is used as a sleep aid and digestive aid.[8]
Lemon balm essential oil is popular in aromatherapy.[9] The essential oil is commonly co-distilled with lemon oil, citronella oil or other oils.
Medical research
The composition and pharmacology, and potential uses of lemon balm have been extensively studied, especially with regard to its traditional uses.[10] Randomized, double-blinded clinical studies in people, however, have been limited and have had few subjects. Those studies cannot be used for generalized conclusions about the safety or efficacy of lemon balm and its components; what doses are safe and effective is especially not clear.[10]
Studies have been done on the amelioration of laboratory-induced stress, thyroid medication, oxidative stress status in radiology staff, as a mosquito repellent, anxiolytic effects as an inhibitor of GABA transaminase, mood and mental performance, involving Alzheimer patients, antibacterial properties, antioxidant activity, and antithyrotropic activity (making it of possible use in the treatment of Graves' disease or hyperthyroidism).[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
Cultivation
M. officinalis is native to Europe, central Asia and Iran, but is now naturalized around the world.[5][dead link][21]
Lemon balm seeds require light and at least 20 °C (70 °F) to germinate. Lemon balm grows in clumps and spreads vegetatively, as well as by seed. In mild temperate zones, the stems of the plant die off at the start of the winter, but shoot up again in spring. Lemon balm grows vigorously; it should not be planted where it will spread into other plantings.
M. officinalis may be the "honey-leaf" (μελισσόφυλλον) mentioned by Theophrastus.[22] It was in the herbal garden of John Gerard, 1596.[23]
Cultivars
The many cultivars of M. officinalis include:
- M. officinalis 'Citronella'
- M. officinalis 'Lemonella'
- M. officinalis 'Quedlinburger'
- M. officinalis 'Lime'
- M. officinalis ‘Variegata’
- M. officinalis ‘Aurea’
- M. officinalis ‘Quedlinburger Niederliegende’ is an improved variety bred for high essential oil content
Chemistry
Lemon balm contains eugenol, tannins, and terpenes.[24] It also contains 1-octen-3-ol, 10-alpha-cadinol, 3-octanol, 3-octanone, alpha-cubebene, alpha-humulene, beta-bourbonene, caffeic acid, caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, catechinene, chlorogenic acid, cis-3-hexenol, cis-ocimene, citral A, citral B, citronellal, copaene, delta-cadinene, eugenyl acetate, gamma-cadinene, geranial, geraniol, geranyl acetate, germacrene D, isogeranial, linalool, luteolin-7-glucoside, methylheptenone, neral, nerol, octyl benzoate, oleanolic acid, pomolic acid, protocatechuic acid, rhamnazine, rosmarinic acid, rosmarinin acid, stachyose, succinic acid, thymol, trans-ocimene and ursolic acid.[25] Lemon balm flowers may contain traces of harmine.[26]
Rosmarinic acid appears to be the most important active component, but the the interaction of chemicals within lemon balm, and with chemicals in other herbs with which it has been commonly used in traditional medicines, is poorly understood.[10]
Gallery
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Sketch of leaves and flowers
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Leaves
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Leaves
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Leaves
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Plant
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Spectral comparison showing nectar guide visible in UV
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Lemon balm leaves in the UBC Botanical Garden
References
- ^ "Lemon balm". University of Maryland Medical Center. Apr 5, 2011. Retrieved Oct 18, 2014.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Melissa officinalis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
- ^ Kewe World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ a b Herb Society of America. 2007 Lemon Balm: An Herb Society of America Guide
- ^ Vogl, S; Picker, P; Mihaly-Bison, J; Fakhrudin, N; Atanasov, AG; Heiss, EH; Wawrosch, C; Reznicek, G; et al. (2013). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine-An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 149 (3): 750–71. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.
- ^ Hiller, Sabine (September 6, 2010). "FOOD Using lemon balm in the kitchen". The Mayo News. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
- ^ "Monograph: Lemon Balm". Health Canada. 17 March 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ Masters, Susanne (22 February 2013). "The benefits of lemon balm". The Guardian.
- ^ a b c Shakeri, A; Sahebkar, A; Javadi, B (21 July 2016). "Melissa officinalis L. - A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology". Journal of ethnopharmacology. 188: 204–28. PMID 27167460.
- ^ Kennedy DO, Little W, Scholey AB (2004). "Attenuation of laboratory-induced stress in humans after acute administration of Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm)". Psychosom Med. 66 (4): 607–13. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000132877.72833.71. PMID 15272110.
- ^ University of Maryland Medical Centre, "Lemon Balm"
- ^ Zeraatpishe A.; Oryan S.; Bagheri M.H.; Pilevarian A.A.; Malekirad A.A.; Baeeri M.; Abdollahi M. (2011). "Effects of Melissa officinalis L. on oxidative status and DNA damage in subjects exposed to long-term low-dose ionizing radiation". Toxicology and Industrial Health. 27 (3): 205–212. doi:10.1177/0748233710383889. PMID 20858648.
- ^ Jeong-Kyu KIM; Chang-Soo KANG; Jong-Kwon LEE; Young-Ran KIM; Hye-Yun HAN; Hwa Kyung YUN (2005). "Evaluation of Repellency Effect of Two Natural Aroma Mosquito Repellent Compounds, Citronella and Citronellal". Entomological Research. 35 (2): 117–120. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2005.tb00146.x.
- ^ Awad, Rosalie; Muhammad, Asim; Durst, Tony; Trudeau, Vance L.; Arnason, John T. (2009). "Bioassay-guided fractionation of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) using an in vitro measure of GABA transaminase activity". Phytotherapy Research. 23 (8): 1075–81. doi:10.1002/ptr.2712. PMID 19165747.
- ^ Kennedy, D O; Wake, G; Savelev, S; Tildesley, N T J; Perry, E K; Wesnes, K A; Scholey, A B (2003). "Modulation of Mood and Cognitive Performance Following Acute Administration of Single Doses of Melissa Officinalis (Lemon Balm) with Human CNS Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptor-Binding Properties". Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (10): 1871–81. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300230. PMID 12888775.
- ^ Akhondzadeh, S; Noroozian, M; Mohammadi, M; Ohadinia, S; Jamshidi, AH; Khani, M (2003). "Melissa officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 74 (7): 863–6. doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.7.863. PMC 1738567. PMID 12810768.
- ^ Nascimento, Gislene G. F.; Locatelli, Juliana; Freitas, Paulo C.; Silva, Giuliana L. (2000). "Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria". Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 31 (4): 247–56. doi:10.1590/S1517-83822000000400003.
- ^ Dastmalchi, K; Damiendorman, H; Oinonen, P; Darwis, Y; Laakso, I; Hiltunen, R (2008). "Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidative activity of a lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) extract". LWT - Food Science and Technology. 41 (3): 391–400. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2007.03.007.
- ^ Auf'mkolk, M.; Ingbar, J. C.; Kubota, K.; Amir, S. M.; Ingbar, S. H. (1985). "Extracts and Auto-Oxidized Constituents of Certain Plants Inhibit the Receptor-Binding and the Biological Activity of Graves' Immunoglobulins". Endocrinology. 116 (5): 1687–93. doi:10.1210/endo-116-5-1687. PMID 2985357.
- ^ United States Department of Agriculture, "PLANTS Profile for Melissa officinalis," http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MEOF2. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
- ^ Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, VI.1.4, identified as "M. officinalis" in the index of the Loeb Classical Library edition by Arthur F. Hort, 1916 etc.
- ^ As "Melissa" (Common Blam) in both issues of Gerard's Catalogus, 1596, 1599: Benjamin Daydon Jackson, A catalogue of plants cultivated in the garden of John Gerard, in the years 1596-1599, 1876;
- ^ "Lemon balm | University of Maryland Medical Center". Retrieved 24 December 2013.
- ^ "Melissa officinalis | Featured Extracts". Retrieved 24 December 2013.
- ^ Natalie Harrington (2012). "Harmala Alkaloids as Bee Signaling Chemicals". Journal of Student Research. 1 (1): 23–32.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Melissa officinalis.
External links
- Mrs M. Grieve, A Modern Herbal: Lemon Balm
- Lemon Balm List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)
- Lemon Balm Medical Reference
- Colgate Herbal Uses Melissa
- Lemon Balm monograph - UMM.edu