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{{Short description|Iraqi Islamic scholar and jurist (1815–1908)}}
{{Copyvio-revdel|date=February 2022|url=https://en.wikishia.net/view/Mirza_Husayn_Khalili_Tihrani|start=1073921555|end=1073986928}}

{{Infobox religious biography
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| birth_date = {{birth year|1815}}
| birth_date = {{birth year|1815}}
| nationality = Iranian
| nationality = Iranian
| other_names =
| other_names =
| resting_place =
| resting_place =
| death_place = [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]
| death_place = [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]
| death_date = {{death year|1908}}
| death_date = {{death year|1908}}
| birth_place = [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]
| birth_place = [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| occupation =
| occupation =
| title =
| title =
| caption =
| caption = The trio: (left to right) Akhund Khurasani, Mirza Husayn Tehrani and Abdullah Mazandarani
| image =
| image = Akhund Khurasani, Mirza Husayn Tehrani, and Abdullah Mazandarani.jpg
| name = Mirza Husayn Tehrani
| name = Mirza Husayn Tehrani
| known_for =
| known_for =
| post = [[Grand Ayatollah]]
| post = [[Grand Ayatollah]]
| region = [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]
| region = [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Grand Ayatollah]] [[Sheikh]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Grand Ayatollah]] [[Sheikh]]
| jurisprudence =
| jurisprudence =
| period = 1891–1908
| period = 1891–1908
| parents =
| parents =
| background = #ABE9CC
| background = #ABE9CC
| Madh'hab = [[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam]]
| Madh'hab = [[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam]]
| location = [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]
| location = [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]
| predecessor =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| successor =
| signature =
| signature =
| denomination =
| denomination =
| website =
| website =
| influenced =
| influenced =
| notable_works =
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| notable_ideas =
| main_interests =
| main_interests =
| creed =
| creed =
| native_name = {{lang|fa|میرزا حسین خلیلی تهرانی}}
| native_name = {{lang|fa|میرزا حسین خلیلی تهرانی}}
}}
⚫
}}'''Mirza Husayn Khalili Tehrani''' (Persian: میرزا حسین خلیلی تهرانی) was an Usuli [[twelver Shi'a|Shi'a]] [[jurist]] and among the four [[Marja'|sources of emulation]] at the time of [[Iranian Constitutional Revolution]]. He worked alongside [[Muhammad Kazim Khurasani|Akhund Khurasani]] and [[Abdallah Mazandarani|Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani]] to support the first democratic revolution of Asia, [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|Iran's Constitutional Revolution]], and co-signed all major statements issued from the [[Hawza Najaf|seminary of Najaf]] in support of democracy.<ref name=":1">Farzaneh, Mateo Mohammad (2015). “''The Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani”''. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 13. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5311-0|978-0-8156-5311-0]].</ref>

⚫
[[Ayatollah]] '''Mirza Husayn Khalili Tehrani''' (1815-1908)<ref name=":1" /> (Persian: میرزا حسین خلیلی تهرانی) was an Usuli [[twelver Shi'a|Shi'a]] [[jurist]] and among the four [[Marja'|sources of emulation]] at the time of [[Iranian Constitutional Revolution]]. He worked alongside [[Muhammad Kazim Khurasani|Akhund Khurasani]] and [[Abdallah Mazandarani|Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani]] to support the first democratic revolution of Asia, [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|Iran's Constitutional Revolution]], and co-signed all major statements issued from the [[Hawza Najaf|seminary of Najaf]] in support of democracy.<ref name=":1">Farzaneh, Mateo Mohammad (2015). “''The Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani”''. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 13. {{ISBN|978-0-8156-5311-0}}.</ref>


== Career ==
== Career ==
In 1891, he became a Marja', and by the demise of [[Mirza Shirazi]] in 1895 he was listed among great jurists, and many people from Tehran followed him.<ref name=":0">Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). “Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement”. ''Middle Eastern Studies''. '''49''' (3): p. 440. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0026-3206.</ref> When the parliament came under attack from imperial court's cleric, [[Sheikh Fazlollah Noori|Shaykh Fazlullah Nuri]], Tehrani alongside other jurists of Najaf sided with democracy and acted as a legitimizing force.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bayat|first=Mangol|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/irans-first-revolution-9780195068221?cc=us&lang=en&|title=Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909|date=|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-19-506822-1|series=Studies in Middle Eastern History|location=Oxford, New York|pages=181}}</ref> They invoked the Quranic command of ‘[[enjoining good and forbidding wrong]]’ to justify democracy in the period of [[Occultation (Islam)|occultation]], and linked opposition to the constitutional movement to ‘a war against the [[Mahdi|Imam of the Age]]’.<ref>Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). “Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement”. ''Middle Eastern Studies''. '''49''' (3): p. 435. doi:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0026-3206.</ref> [[Muhammad Kazim Khurasani|Akhund Khurasani]], Mirza Husayn Tehrani and [[Shaikh Abdallah Mazandarani|Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani]], theorized a model of religious secularity in the absence of Imam, that still prevails in Shia seminaries.<ref>Ghobadzadeh, Naser (17 October 2013). “[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0191453713507014 Religious secularity: : A vision for revisionist political Islam]''”''. ''Philosophy & Social Criticism''. '''39''' (10): p. 1009. DOI:10.1177/0191453713507014. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0191-4537.</ref>
In 1891, he became a Marja', and by the demise of [[Mirza Shirazi]] in 1895 he was listed among great jurists, and many people from Tehran followed him.<ref name=":0">Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). “Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement”. ''Middle Eastern Studies''. '''49''' (3): p. 440. {{doi|10.1080/00263206.2013.783828}}. {{ISSN|0026-3206}}.</ref> When the parliament came under attack from imperial court's cleric, [[Sheikh Fazlollah Noori|Shaykh Fazlullah Nuri]], Tehrani alongside other jurists of Najaf sided with democracy and acted as a legitimising force.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bayat|first=Mangol|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/irans-first-revolution-9780195068221?cc=us&lang=en&|title=Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-19-506822-1|series=Studies in Middle Eastern History|location=Oxford, New York|pages=181}}</ref> They invoked the Quranic command of ‘[[enjoining good and forbidding wrong]]’ to justify democracy in the period of [[Occultation (Islam)|occultation]], and linked opposition to the constitutional movement to ‘a war against the [[Mahdi|Imam of the Age]]’.<ref>Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). “Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement”. ''Middle Eastern Studies''. '''49''' (3): p. 435. {{doi|10.1080/00263206.2013.783828}}. {{ISSN|0026-3206}}.</ref> [[Muhammad Kazim Khurasani|Akhund Khurasani]], Mirza Husayn Tehrani and [[Shaikh Abdallah Mazandarani|Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani]], theorised a model of religious secularity in the absence of Imam, that still prevails in Shia seminaries.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ghobadzadeh |first1=Naser |date=17 October 2013 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0191453713507014 |title= Religious secularity: A vision for revisionist political Islam |journal=Philosophy & Social Criticism' |volume= 39| issue=10 |page=1009 |doi=10.1177/0191453713507014 |ISSN=0191-4537}}.</ref>


The period from the destruction of the first parliament under the orders of Mohammad Ali shah in June 23, 1908, to the Shah's deposition on July 16, 1909, is called as the Lesser Despotism in the history of modern Iran. The shah repeatedly delayed the elections under the guise of fighting sedition and defending Islam. Mohammad Ali shah wrote letters to the sources of emulation in Najaf, seeking their support against the perceived conspiracies of Babis and other heretics. However, Akhund Khurasani, Mirza Tehrani and Mirza Abdullah Mazandarani responded by affirming the religious legitimacy of democracy and advised the shah to work within the constitutional framework in improving the conditions of society and defending the country against colonial influence.<ref>Bayat, Mangol (1991). ''Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909''. Studies in Middle Eastern History. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 232. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506822-1|<bdi>978-0-19-506822-1</bdi>]].</ref>
The period from the destruction of the first parliament under the orders of Mohammad Ali shah on June 23, 1908, to the Shah's deposition on July 16, 1909, is called as the Lesser Despotism in the history of modern Iran. The shah repeatedly delayed the elections under the guise of fighting sedition and defending Islam. Mohammad Ali shah wrote letters to the sources of emulation in Najaf, seeking their support against the conspiracies he alleged by Babis and other heretics. However, Akhund Khurasani, Mirza Tehrani and Mirza Abdullah Mazandarani responded by affirming the religious legitimacy of democracy and advised the shah to work within the constitutional framework in improving the conditions of society and defending the country against colonial influence.<ref>Bayat, Mangol (1991). ''Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909''. Studies in Middle Eastern History. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 232. {{ISBN|978-0-19-506822-1}}.</ref>


== Death ==
== See also ==
* [[Muhammad Kazim Khurasani]]
He died in 1908.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Abdallah Mazandarani]]
* [[Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi]]
* [[Iranian Constitutional Revolution]]
* [[Intellectual movements in Iran]]
* [[Mirza Malkom Khan]]
* [[Ayatollah Mirza Hussein Naini|Mirza Hussein Naini]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


== External Links ==
== External links ==
{{Persian Constitutional Revolution Persions}}



*
{{Persian Constitutional Revolution Persions}}
[[Category:Persian Constitutional Revolution]]
[[Category:Revolutions in Iran]]
[[Category:Iranian democracy movements]]
[[Category:20th-century revolutions]]
[[Category:Anti-monarchists]]
[[Category:Iranian grand ayatollahs]]
[[Category:Iranian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Iraqi grand ayatollahs]]
[[Category:Islamic democracy activists]]
[[Category:Iranian Shia clerics]]
[[Category:1815 births]]
[[Category:1815 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]


{{more cats|date=February 2022}}

Latest revision as of 17:29, 6 May 2024

Grand Ayatollah Sheikh
Mirza Husayn Tehrani
میرزا حسین خلیلی تهرانی
The trio: (left to right) Akhund Khurasani, Mirza Husayn Tehrani and Abdullah Mazandarani
Personal
Born1815 (1815)
Najaf, Iraq
Died1908 (1909)
Najaf, Iraq
ReligionIslam
NationalityIranian
RegionNajaf, Iraq
JurisprudenceTwelver Shia Islam
Muslim leader
Based inNajaf, Iraq
Period in office1891–1908
PostGrand Ayatollah

Ayatollah Mirza Husayn Khalili Tehrani (1815-1908)[1] (Persian: میرزا حسین خلیلی تهرانی) was an Usuli Shi'a jurist and among the four sources of emulation at the time of Iranian Constitutional Revolution. He worked alongside Akhund Khurasani and Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani to support the first democratic revolution of Asia, Iran's Constitutional Revolution, and co-signed all major statements issued from the seminary of Najaf in support of democracy.[1]

Career[edit]

In 1891, he became a Marja', and by the demise of Mirza Shirazi in 1895 he was listed among great jurists, and many people from Tehran followed him.[2] When the parliament came under attack from imperial court's cleric, Shaykh Fazlullah Nuri, Tehrani alongside other jurists of Najaf sided with democracy and acted as a legitimising force.[3] They invoked the Quranic command of ‘enjoining good and forbidding wrong’ to justify democracy in the period of occultation, and linked opposition to the constitutional movement to ‘a war against the Imam of the Age’.[4] Akhund Khurasani, Mirza Husayn Tehrani and Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani, theorised a model of religious secularity in the absence of Imam, that still prevails in Shia seminaries.[5]

The period from the destruction of the first parliament under the orders of Mohammad Ali shah on June 23, 1908, to the Shah's deposition on July 16, 1909, is called as the Lesser Despotism in the history of modern Iran. The shah repeatedly delayed the elections under the guise of fighting sedition and defending Islam. Mohammad Ali shah wrote letters to the sources of emulation in Najaf, seeking their support against the conspiracies he alleged by Babis and other heretics. However, Akhund Khurasani, Mirza Tehrani and Mirza Abdullah Mazandarani responded by affirming the religious legitimacy of democracy and advised the shah to work within the constitutional framework in improving the conditions of society and defending the country against colonial influence.[6]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Farzaneh, Mateo Mohammad (2015). “The Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani”. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8156-5311-0.
  2. ^ Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). “Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement”. Middle Eastern Studies. 49 (3): p. 440. doi:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828. ISSN 0026-3206.
  3. ^ Bayat, Mangol (1991). Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909. Studies in Middle Eastern History. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-19-506822-1.
  4. ^ Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). “Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement”. Middle Eastern Studies. 49 (3): p. 435. doi:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828. ISSN 0026-3206.
  5. ^ Ghobadzadeh, Naser (17 October 2013). "Religious secularity: A vision for revisionist political Islam". Philosophy & Social Criticism'. 39 (10): 1009. doi:10.1177/0191453713507014. ISSN 0191-4537..
  6. ^ Bayat, Mangol (1991). Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909. Studies in Middle Eastern History. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-19-506822-1.

External links[edit]

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