Mixin: Difference between revisions
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===In JavaScript=== |
===In JavaScript=== |
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'''The ''Object-Literal and <code>extend</code> Approach''''' |
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It is technically possible to add behavior to an object by binding functions to keys in the object. However, this lack of separation between state and behavior has drawbacks - a. It intermingles properties of the model domain with that of implementation domain. b. No sharing of common behavior. Metaobjects solve this problem by separating the domain specific properties of objects from their behaviour specific properties.<ref>http://raganwald.com/2014/04/10/mixins-forwarding-delegation.html</ref> |
It is technically possible to add behavior to an object by binding functions to keys in the object. However, this lack of separation between state and behavior has drawbacks - a. It intermingles properties of the model domain with that of implementation domain. b. No sharing of common behavior. Metaobjects solve this problem by separating the domain specific properties of objects from their behaviour specific properties.<ref>http://raganwald.com/2014/04/10/mixins-forwarding-delegation.html</ref> |
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<source> |
<source lang="javascript"> |
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var sam = { |
var sam = { |
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The extend function (copies all of the functionality from a source object, to a destination object, attributes, functions, etc.) is used to mix the behavior in:<ref>http://bob.yexley.net/dry-javascript-with-mixins/</ref> |
The extend function (copies all of the functionality from a source object, to a destination object, attributes, functions, etc.) is used to mix the behavior in:<ref>http://bob.yexley.net/dry-javascript-with-mixins/</ref> |
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<source> |
<source lang="javascript"> |
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extend(sam, person); |
extend(sam, person); |
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sam.rename (‘Samwise’,’Baggins’); |
sam.rename (‘Samwise’,’Baggins’); |
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The same behaviour can be used with a different object: |
//The same behaviour can be used with a different object: |
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var frodo = { |
var frodo = { |
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}; |
}; |
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frodo.rename (‘Frodo’, ‘Baggins’); |
frodo.rename (‘Frodo’, ‘Baggins’); |
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</source> |
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'''The pure function and delegation based ''Flight-Mixin Approach''''' |
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Even though the firstly described approach is mostly widespread the next one is closer to what JavaScript's language core fundamentally offers - [[JavaScript#Implicit and explicit delegation|Delegation]]. |
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Two function object based patterns already do the trick without the need of a third party's implementation of <code>extend</code>. |
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<source lang="javascript"> |
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// Implementation |
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var Enumerable_first_last = (function () { // function based module pattern. |
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var |
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first = function () { |
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return this[0]; |
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}, |
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last = function () { |
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return this[this.length - 1]; |
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} |
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; |
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return function () { // function based Flight-Mixin mechanics ... |
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this.first = first; // ... refering to ... |
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this.last = last; // ... shared code. |
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}; |
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}()); |
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// Application - explicit delegation: |
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// applying [first] and [last] enumerable behavior onto [Array]'s [prototype]. |
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Enumerable_first_last.call(Array.prototype); |
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</source> |
</source> |
Revision as of 16:48, 28 September 2015
In object-oriented programming languages, a mixin is a class that contains a combination of methods from other classes. How such a combination is done depends on the language. If a combination contains all methods of combined classes, it is equivalent to multiple inheritance. Mixins are sometimes described as being "included" rather than "inherited".
Mixins encourage code reuse and can be used to avoid the inheritance ambiguity that multiple inheritance can cause [1] (the "diamond problem"), or to work around lack of support for multiple inheritance in a language. A mixin can also be viewed as an interface with implemented methods.
History
Mixins first appeared in the Symbolics' object-oriented Flavors system (developed by Howard Cannon), which was an approach to object-orientation used in Lisp Machine Lisp. The name was inspired by Steve's Ice Cream Parlor in Somerville, Massachusetts:[2] The owner of the ice cream shop offered a basic flavor of ice cream (vanilla, chocolate, etc.) and blended in a combination of extra items (nuts, cookies, fudge, etc.) and called the item a "Mix-in", his own trademarked term at the time.[3]
Definition
'Mix-ins' are a language concept, that allows you to inject some code into a class. Mix-in programming is a style of software development, in which units of functionality are created in a class and then mixed in with other classes.[4]
A Mix-in class acts as the parent class, containing the desired functionality. A subclass can then inherit or simply reuse this functionality, but not as a means of specialization. Typically, the mix-in will export the desired functionality to a child class, without creating a rigid, single "is a" relationship. Here lies the important difference between the concepts of mix-ins and inheritance, in that the child class can still inherit all the features of the parent class, but, the semantics about the child "being a kind of" the parent need not be necessarily applied.
Advantages
- It provides a mechanism for multiple inheritance by allowing multiple classes to use the common functionality, but without the complex semantics of multiple inheritance.[5]
- Code Re-usability: Mix-ins are perfect when you want to share functionality between different classes. Instead of repeating the same code over and over again, you can simple group the common functionality into a mix-in and then inherit it into each class that requires it.[6]
- Mix-ins allows you to inherit and use only the desired features from the parent class and not necessarily all of the features from the parent class.[7]
Implementations
In Simula, classes are defined in a block in which attributes, methods and class initialization are all defined together; thus all the methods that can be invoked on a class are defined together, and the definition of the class is complete.
In Flavors, a Mixin is a class from which another class can inherit slot definitions and methods. The Mixin usually does not have direct instances. Since a Flavor can inherit from more than one other Flavor, it can inherit from one or more Mixins. Note that the original Flavors did not use generic functions.
In New Flavors (a successor of Flavors) and CLOS, methods are organized in "generic functions". These generic functions are functions that are defined in multiple cases (methods) by class dispatch and method combinations.
CLOS and Flavors allow mixin methods to add behavior to existing methods: :before
and :after
daemons, whoppers and wrappers in Flavors. CLOS added :around
methods and the ability to call shadowed methods via CALL-NEXT-METHOD
. So, for example, a stream-lock-mixin can add locking around existing methods of a stream class. In Flavors one would write a wrapper or a whopper and in CLOS one would use an :around
method. Both CLOS and Flavors allow the computed reuse via method combinations. :before
, :after
and :around
methods are a feature of the standard method combination. Other method combinations are provided.
An example is the +
method combination, where the results of all applicable methods of a generic function are added to compute the return value. This is used, for example, with the border-mixin for graphical objects. A graphical object may have a generic width function. The border-mixin would add a border around an object and has a method computing its width. A new class bordered-button
(that is both a graphical object and uses the border
mixin) would compute its width by calling all applicable width methods—via the +
method combination. All return values are added and create the combined width of the object.
In an OOPSLA 90 paper,[8] Gilad Bracha and William Cook reinterpret different inheritance mechanisms found in Smalltalk, Beta and CLOS as special forms of a mixin inheritance.
Programming languages that use mixins
Other than Flavors and CLOS (a part of Common Lisp), some languages that use mixins are:
- Ada (by extending an existing tagged record with arbitrary operations in a generic)
- Cobra
- ColdFusion (Class based using includes and Object based by assigning methods from one object to another at runtime)
- Curl (with Curl RTE)
- D (called "template mixins"; D also includes a "mixin" statement that compiles strings as code.)
- Dart
- Factor[9]
- Groovy
- JavaScript Delegation - Functions as Roles (Traits and Mixins)
- Perl5's Roles in Moose
- PHP's "traits"
- Python
- Racket (mixins documentation)
- Ruby
- Scala[10]
- XOTcl/TclOO (object systems for Tcl)[11]
Some languages do not support mixins on the language level, but can easily mimic them by copying methods from one object to another at runtime, thereby "borrowing" the mixin's methods. This is also possible with statically typed languages, but it requires constructing a new object with the extended set of methods.
Other languages that do not support mixins can support them in a round-about way via other language constructs. C# and Visual Basic .NET support the addition of extension methods on interfaces, meaning any class implementing an interface with extension methods defined will have the extension methods available as pseudo-members.
Examples
In Common Lisp
Common Lisp provides mixins in CLOS (Common Lisp Object System) similar to Flavors.
object-width
is a generic function with one argument and is using the +
method combination. The +
method combination determines that all applicable methods for a generic function will be called and the results will be added.
(defgeneric object-width (object)
(:method-combination +))
button
is a class with one slot for the button text.
(defclass button ()
((text :initform "click me")))
There is a method for objects of class button that computes the width based on the length of the button text. +
is the method qualifier for the method combination of the same name.
(defmethod object-width + ((object button))
(* 10 (length (slot-value object 'text))))
A border-mixin
class. The naming is just a convention. No superclasses. No slots.
(defclass border-mixin () ())
There is a method computing the width of the border. Here it is just 4.
(defmethod object-width + ((object border-mixin))
4)
bordered-button
is a class inheriting from both border-mixin
and button
.
(defclass bordered-button (border-mixin button) ())
We can now compute the width of a button. Calling object-width
computes 80. The result is the result of the single applicable method: the method object-width
for the class button
.
? (object-width (make-instance 'button))
80
We can also compute the width of a bordered-button
. Calling object-width
computes 84. The result is the sum of the results of the two applicable methods: the method object-width
for the class button
and the method object-width
for the class border-mixin
.
? (object-width (make-instance 'bordered-button))
84
In Python
In Python, the SocketServer
module[12] has both a UDPServer
class and a TCPServer
class. They act as servers for UDP and TCP socket servers, respectively. Additionally, there are two mixin classes: ForkingMixIn
and ThreadingMixIn
. Normally, all new connections are handled within the same process. By extending TCPServer
with the ThreadingMixIn
as follows:
class ThreadingTCPServer(ThreadingMixIn, TCPServer):
pass
the ThreadingMixIn
class adds functionality to the TCP server such that each new connection creates a new thread. Alternatively, using the ForkingMixIn
would cause the process to be forked for each new connection. Clearly, the functionality to create a new thread or fork a process is not terribly useful as a stand-alone class.
In this usage example, the mix-ins provide alternative underlying functionality without affecting the functionality as a socket server.
In Ruby
Most of the Ruby world is based around mix-ins via Modules
. The concept of mix-ins is implemented in Ruby by the keyword include
to which we pass the name of the module as parameter.
Example:
class Student
include Comparable # The class Student inherits Comparable module using include keyword
attr_accessor :name, :score
def initialize(name, score)
@name = name
@score = score
end
# Including the Comparison module, requires the implementing class to define the <=> comparison operator
# Here's the comparison operator. We compare 2 student instances based on their scores.
def <=>(other)
@score <=> other.score
end
# Here's the good bit - I get access to <, <=, >,>= and other methods of the Comparable Interface for free.
end
s1 = Student.new("Peter", 100)
s2 = Student.new("Jason", 90)
s1 > s2 #true
s1 <= s2 #false
In JavaScript
The Object-Literal and extend
Approach
It is technically possible to add behavior to an object by binding functions to keys in the object. However, this lack of separation between state and behavior has drawbacks - a. It intermingles properties of the model domain with that of implementation domain. b. No sharing of common behavior. Metaobjects solve this problem by separating the domain specific properties of objects from their behaviour specific properties.[13]
var sam = {
firstName = ‘Sam’,
lastName = ‘Lowry’
};
var person = {
fullName: function() {
return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName;
},
rename: function(first, last) {
this.firstName = first;
this.lastName = last;
return this;
}
};
The extend function (copies all of the functionality from a source object, to a destination object, attributes, functions, etc.) is used to mix the behavior in:[14]
extend(sam, person);
sam.rename (‘Samwise’,’Baggins’);
//The same behaviour can be used with a different object:
var frodo = {
firstName = ‘Freeda’
lastName = ‘Baggs’
};
frodo.rename (‘Frodo’, ‘Baggins’);
The pure function and delegation based Flight-Mixin Approach
Even though the firstly described approach is mostly widespread the next one is closer to what JavaScript's language core fundamentally offers - Delegation.
Two function object based patterns already do the trick without the need of a third party's implementation of extend
.
// Implementation
var Enumerable_first_last = (function () { // function based module pattern.
var
first = function () {
return this[0];
},
last = function () {
return this[this.length - 1];
}
;
return function () { // function based Flight-Mixin mechanics ...
this.first = first; // ... refering to ...
this.last = last; // ... shared code.
};
}());
// Application - explicit delegation:
// applying [first] and [last] enumerable behavior onto [Array]'s [prototype].
Enumerable_first_last.call(Array.prototype);
In other languages
In the Curl web-content language, multiple inheritance is used as classes with no instances may implement methods. Common mixins include all skinnable ControlUI
s inheriting from SkinnableControlUI
, user interface delegate objects that require dropdown menus inheriting from StandardBaseDropdownUI and such explicitly named mixin classes as FontGraphicMixin
, FontVisualMixin
and NumericAxisMixin-of
class. Version 7.0 added library access so that mixins do not need to be in the same package or be public abstract. Curl constructors are factories that facilitates using multiple-inheritance without explicit declaration of either interfaces or mixins.[citation needed]
Interfaces and traits
Java 8 introduces a new feature in the form of default methods for interfaces.[15] Basically it allows a method to be defined in an interface with application in the scenario when a new method is to be added to an interface after the interface class programming setup is done. To add a new function to the interface means to implement the method at every class which uses the interface. Default methods help in this case where they can be introduced to an interface any time and have an implemented structure which is then used by the associated classes. Hence default methods adds a possibility of applying the concept in a mix-in sort of a way.
Interfaces combined with aspect-oriented programming can also produce full-fledged mix-ins in languages that support such features, such as C# or Java. Additionally, through the use of the marker interface pattern, generic programming, and extension methods, C# 3.0 has the ability to mimic mixins. With C# 3.0 came the introduction of Extension Methods[2] and they can be applied, not only to classes but, also, to interfaces. Extension Methods provide additional functionality on an existing class without modifying the class. It then becomes possible to create a static helper class for specific functionality that defines the extension methods. Because the classes implement the interface (even if the actual interface doesn’t contain any methods or properties to implement) it will pick up all the extension methods also.[16][17][18]
ECMAScript (in most cases implemented as JavaScript) does not need to mimic object composition by stepwise copying fields from one object to another. It natively[19] supports Trait and Mixin[20][21] based object composition via function objects that implement additional behavior and then are delegated via call
or apply
to objects that are in need of such new functionality.
In Scala
Scala has a rich type system and Traits are a part of Scala’s type system which help implement mix-in behaviour. As their name reveals, Traits are usually used to represent a distinct feature or aspect that is normally orthogonal to the responsibility of a concrete type or at least of a certain instance.[22] E.g. Modelling the ability to sing as such an orthogonal feature: it could be applied to Birds, Persons, etc.
trait Singer{
def sing { println(" singing … ") }
//more methods
}
class Birds extends Singer
Here, Bird has mixed in all methods of the trait into its own definition as if class Bird would have defined method sing() on its own.
As extends
is also used to inherit from a super class, in case of a trait extends
is used if no super class is inherited and only for mix-in in the first trait. All following traits are mixed in using keyword with
.
class Person
class Actor extends Person with Singer
class Actor extends Singer with Performer
Scala allows to mix in a trait dynamically when creating a new instance of a class. In case of a Person class instance, not all instances can sing. This feature comes use then:
class Person{
def tell { println (" Human ") }
//more methods
}
val singingPerson = new Person with Singer
singingPerson.sing
See also
- Abstract type
- Decorator pattern
- Policy-based design
- Trait, a similar structure that doesn't require linear composition
References
- ^ Boyland, John; Giuseppe Castagna (26 June 1996). "Type-Safe Compilation of Covariant Specialization: A Practical Case". In Pierre Cointe (ed.). ECOOP '96, Object-oriented Programming: 10th European Conference. Springer. pp. 16–17. ISBN 9783540614395. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
- ^ Using Mix-ins with Python
- ^ Mix-Ins (Steve's ice cream, Boston, 1975)
- ^ http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?MixIn
- ^ http://culttt.com/2015/07/08/working-with-mixins-in-ruby/
- ^ http://naildrivin5.com/blog/2012/12/19/re-use-in-oo-inheritance.html
- ^ http://justinleitgeb.com/ruby/moving-beyond-mixins/
- ^ OOPSLA '90, Mixin based inheritance (pdf)
- ^ slava (2010-01-25). "Factor/Features/The language". concatenative.org. Retrieved 2012-05-15.
Factor's main language features: … Object system with Inheritance, Generic functions, Predicate dispatch and Mixins
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ^ "Mixin Class Composition". École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
- ^ Mixin classes in XOTcl
- ^ Source code for SocketServer in CPython 3.5
- ^ http://raganwald.com/2014/04/10/mixins-forwarding-delegation.html
- ^ http://bob.yexley.net/dry-javascript-with-mixins/
- ^ https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/defaultmethods.html
- ^ Implementing Mix-ins with C# Extension Methods
- ^ I know the answer (it's 42) : Mix-ins and C#
- ^ Mixins, generics and extension methods in C#
- ^ The many talents of JavaScript for generalizing Role Oriented Programming approaches like Traits and Mixins, April 11, 2014.
- ^ Angus Croll, A fresh look at JavaScript Mixins, published May 31, 2011.
- ^ JavaScript Code Reuse Patterns, April 19, 2013.
- ^ https://gleichmann.wordpress.com/2009/07/19/scala-in-practice-traits-as-mixins-motivation
External links
- MixIn at Portland Pattern Repository
- Mixins in ActionScript
- The Common Lisp Object System: An Overview by Richard P. Gabriel and Linda DeMichiel provides a good introduction to the motivation for defining classes by means of generic functions.