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==Limb regeneration==
==Limb regeneration==


''Ambystoma mexicanum'', a [[neoteny|neotenic]] [[salamander]] with exceptional [[regeneration (biology)|regenerative capabilities]] is one of the principal models for studying limb regeneration.<ref name="Garcia-Lepe2021">García-Lepe UO, Cruz-Ramírez A, Bermúdez-Cruz RM. DNA repair during regeneration in Ambystoma mexicanum. Dev Dyn. 2021 Jun;250(6):788-799. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.276. Epub 2020 Dec 17. PMID 33295131</ref> Limb regeneration involves the propagation of a mass of low differentiated and highly proliferative cells termed the [[blastema]].<ref name = Garcia-Lepe2021/><ref name="Garcia-Lepe2022">García-Lepe UO, Torres-Dimas E, Espinal-Centeno A, Cruz-Ramírez A, Bermúdez-Cruz RM. Evidence of requirement for homologous-mediated DNA repair during Ambystoma mexicanum limb regeneration. Dev Dyn. 2022 Jun;251(6):1035-1053. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.455. Epub 2022 Jan 25. PMID 35040539</ref> During limb regeneration, blastema cells experience [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)|DNA double-strand breaks]] and thus require [[homologous recombination]], a form of [[DNA repair]] that deals with double-strand breaks.<ref name = Garcia-Lepe2022/>
''Ambystoma mexicanum'', a [[neoteny|neotenic]] [[salamander]] with exceptional [[regeneration (biology)|regenerative capabilities]] is one of the principal models for studying limb regeneration.<ref name = Garcia-Lepe2021>García-Lepe UO, Cruz-Ramírez A, Bermúdez-Cruz RM. DNA repair during regeneration in Ambystoma mexicanum. Dev Dyn. 2021 Jun;250(6):788-799. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.276. Epub 2020 Dec 17. PMID 33295131</ref> Limb regeneration involves the propagation of a mass of low differentiated and highly proliferative cells termed the [[blastema]].<ref name = Garcia-Lepe2021/><ref name = Garcia-Lepe2022>García-Lepe UO, Torres-Dimas E, Espinal-Centeno A, Cruz-Ramírez A, Bermúdez-Cruz RM. Evidence of requirement for homologous-mediated DNA repair during Ambystoma mexicanum limb regeneration. Dev Dyn. 2022 Jun;251(6):1035-1053. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.455. Epub 2022 Jan 25. PMID 35040539</ref> During limb regeneration, blastema cells experience [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)|DNA double-strand breaks]] and thus require [[homologous recombination]], a form of [[DNA repair]] that deals with double-strand breaks.<ref name = Garcia-Lepe2022/>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
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|style="width:35%"|Central Mexico, west and south of the [[Valley of Mexico]]
|style="width:35%"|Central Mexico, west and south of the [[Valley of Mexico]]
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|[[Endangered species (IUCN status)|Endangered]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_en.svg]]
|-
|-
|
|
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|West-central Mexico ([[Michoacán|Michoacán state]]), near [[Morelia]]
|West-central Mexico ([[Michoacán|Michoacán state]]), near [[Morelia]]
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|[[Critically Endangered]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_cr.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma andersoni.jpg|150x150px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma andersoni.jpg|150x150px]]
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|West-central Mexico ([[Michoacán|Michoacán state]]), [[Laguna de Zacapu]]
|West-central Mexico ([[Michoacán|Michoacán state]]), [[Laguna de Zacapu]]
|Neotenic
|Neotenic
|[[Critically Endangered]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_cr.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ringed Salamander (Ambystoma annulatum) (24088441718).jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ringed Salamander (Ambystoma annulatum) (24088441718).jpg|200x200px]]
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|South-central United States ([[Arkansas]], [[Illinois]], [[Missouri]], [[Oklahoma]]), [[Ozarks|Ozark Plateau]] and [[Ouachita Mountains]]
|South-central United States ([[Arkansas]], [[Illinois]], [[Missouri]], [[Oklahoma]]), [[Ozarks|Ozark Plateau]] and [[Ouachita Mountains]]
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma barbouri 1.jpeg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma barbouri 1.jpeg|200x200px]]
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|South-midwest United States ([[Indiana]], [[Kentucky]], [[Ohio]], [[Tennessee]], [[West Virginia]])
|South-midwest United States ([[Indiana]], [[Kentucky]], [[Ohio]], [[Tennessee]], [[West Virginia]])
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Near-threatened species|Near Threatened]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_nt.svg]]
|-
|-
|
|
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|Southeast United States ([[Florida Panhandle]] and southernmost [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]), west of the [[Apalachicola River|Apalachicola]]-[[Flint River (Georgia)|Flint River]]
|Southeast United States ([[Florida Panhandle]] and southernmost [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]), west of the [[Apalachicola River|Apalachicola]]-[[Flint River (Georgia)|Flint River]]
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_vu.svg]]
|-
|-
|
|
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|Central Mexico ([[State of Mexico]]) near [[Jilotepec de Abasolo|Jilotepec]]
|Central Mexico ([[State of Mexico]]) near [[Jilotepec de Abasolo|Jilotepec]]
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Data deficient|Data Deficient]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_dd.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma californiense 213170.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma californiense 213170.jpg|200x200px]]
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|[[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] of [[California]]
|[[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] of [[California]]
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_vu.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma cingulatum USGS.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma cingulatum USGS.jpg|200x200px]]
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|Southeast United States (southern [[South Carolina]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] south to northern [[Florida]])
|Southeast United States (southern [[South Carolina]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] south to northern [[Florida]])
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_vu.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:MX. Achoque o ajolote de Pátzcuaro - Ambystoma dumerilii (3).jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:MX. Achoque o ajolote de Pátzcuaro - Ambystoma dumerilii (3).jpg|200x200px]]
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|West-central Mexico ([[Michoacán|Michoacán state]]), [[Lake Pátzcuaro]]
|West-central Mexico ([[Michoacán|Michoacán state]]), [[Lake Pátzcuaro]]
|Neotenic
|Neotenic
|[[Critically Endangered]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_cr.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma flavipiperatum 67940860 (cropped).jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma flavipiperatum 67940860 (cropped).jpg|200x200px]]
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|West-central Mexico ([[Jalisco]])
|West-central Mexico ([[Jalisco]])
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Endangered species (IUCN status)|Endangered]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_en.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma gracile - Nordwestlicher Querzahnmolch 183623689.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma gracile - Nordwestlicher Querzahnmolch 183623689.jpg|200x200px]]
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|Northwest North America (southernmost [[Alaska]] to northern [[California]])
|Northwest North America (southernmost [[Alaska]] to northern [[California]])
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|-
|-
|
|
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|Central Mexico ([[State of Mexico]]) near [[Toluca]]
|Central Mexico ([[State of Mexico]]) near [[Toluca]]
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Endangered species (IUCN status)|Endangered]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_en.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma jeffersonianum 184652332.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma jeffersonianum 184652332.jpg|200x200px]]
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|Northeastern North America ([[Ontario]] south to [[Virginia]] and west to [[Illinois]])
|Northeastern North America ([[Ontario]] south to [[Virginia]] and west to [[Illinois]])
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Blue Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) (44133419344).jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Blue Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) (44133419344).jpg|200x200px]]
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|Northeastern North America ([[Nova Scotia]] west to [[Manitoba]] and [[Minnesota]] and south to [[Indiana]] and [[New Jersey]])
|Northeastern North America ([[Nova Scotia]] west to [[Manitoba]] and [[Minnesota]] and south to [[Indiana]] and [[New Jersey]])
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Abystoma leorae.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Abystoma leorae.jpg|200x200px]]
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|Central Mexico ([[State of Mexico|Mexico state]] - [[Puebla]] border), [[Mount Tlaloc]]
|Central Mexico ([[State of Mexico|Mexico state]] - [[Puebla]] border), [[Mount Tlaloc]]
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Critically Endangered]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_cr.svg]]
|-
|-
|
|
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|Central Mexico ([[State of Mexico]]), [[Lake Lerma]] near [[Toluca]]
|Central Mexico ([[State of Mexico]]), [[Lake Lerma]] near [[Toluca]]
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|[[Endangered species (IUCN status)|Endangered]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_en.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma mabeei 243442264.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma mabeei 243442264.jpg|200x200px]]
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|Coastal southeast United States (southeast [[Virginia]] to [[South Carolina]])
|Coastal southeast United States (southeast [[Virginia]] to [[South Carolina]])
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma macrodactylum macrodactylum 177970468.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma macrodactylum macrodactylum 177970468.jpg|200x200px]]
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|Northwest North America ([[Alaska]] south to northern [[California]] and east to [[Alberta]] and [[Montana]])
|Northwest North America ([[Alaska]] south to northern [[California]] and east to [[Alberta]] and [[Montana]])
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) (32855631122).jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) (32855631122).jpg|200x200px]]
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|Eastern North America ([[Nova Scotia]] west to [[Wisconsin]] and south to eastern [[Texas]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]])
|Eastern North America ([[Nova Scotia]] west to [[Wisconsin]] and south to eastern [[Texas]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]])
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma mavortium1.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma mavortium1.jpg|200x200px]]
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|Western North America ([[Manitoba]] south to [[Texas]] and west to [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and [[California]])
|Western North America ([[Manitoba]] south to [[Texas]] and west to [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and [[California]])
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ajolote 1.JPG|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ajolote 1.JPG|200x200px]]
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|Central Mexico ([[State of Mexico]]), [[Lake Xochimilco]]
|Central Mexico ([[State of Mexico]]), [[Lake Xochimilco]]
|Neotenic
|Neotenic
|[[Critically Endangered]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_cr.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Marbled Salamander (Ambystoma opacum) (15401883638).jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Marbled Salamander (Ambystoma opacum) (15401883638).jpg|200x200px]]
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|Eastern United States ([[New Hampshire]] south to northern [[Florida]] and east to [[Missouri]] and [[Texas]])
|Eastern United States ([[New Hampshire]] south to northern [[Florida]] and east to [[Missouri]] and [[Texas]])
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|-
|-
|
|
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|West-central Mexico ([[Michoacán|Michoacán state]]), Puerto Hondo stream
|West-central Mexico ([[Michoacán|Michoacán state]]), Puerto Hondo stream
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|[[Endangered species (IUCN status)|Endangered]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_en.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma rivulare.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma rivulare.jpg|200x200px]]
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|Central Mexico (western [[State of Mexico]])
|Central Mexico (western [[State of Mexico]])
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|[[Endangered species (IUCN status)|Endangered]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_en.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma rosaceum 412366.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma rosaceum 412366.jpg|200x200px]]
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|Northwest Mexico, [[Sierra Madre Occidental]]
|Northwest Mexico, [[Sierra Madre Occidental]]
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|-
|-
|
|
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|Northwest Mexico ([[Durango]] and [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]), [[Sierra Madre Occidental]]
|Northwest Mexico ([[Durango]] and [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]), [[Sierra Madre Occidental]]
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|[[Data deficient|Data Deficient]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_dd.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Mole Salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum) (39994300015).jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Mole Salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum) (39994300015).jpg|200x200px]]
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|Southeast United States ([[Virginia]] west to [[Oklahoma]] and south to northern [[Florida]])
|Southeast United States ([[Virginia]] west to [[Oklahoma]] and south to northern [[Florida]])
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma taylori.jpeg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma taylori.jpeg|200x200px]]
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|Southeast Mexico ([[Puebla]]), [[Laguna Alchichica]]
|Southeast Mexico ([[Puebla]]), [[Laguna Alchichica]]
|Neotenic
|Neotenic
|[[Critically Endangered]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_cr.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Smallmouth Salamander (Ambystoma texanum) (46619065801).jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Smallmouth Salamander (Ambystoma texanum) (46619065801).jpg|200x200px]]
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|South-central United States ([[Ohio]] west to [[Nebraska]] and south to [[Texas]] and [[Alabama]])
|South-central United States ([[Ohio]] west to [[Nebraska]] and south to [[Texas]] and [[Alabama]])
|Terrestrial
|Terrestrial
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Eastern Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) (25522389762).jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Eastern Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) (25522389762).jpg|200x200px]]
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|Eastern North America ([[New York (state)|New York]] northwest to [[Manitoba]] and south to [[Texas]] and northern [[Florida]])
|Eastern North America ([[New York (state)|New York]] northwest to [[Manitoba]] and south to [[Texas]] and northern [[Florida]])
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Ambystoma velasci.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Ambystoma velasci.jpg|200x200px]]
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|[[Mexican Plateau]]
|[[Mexican Plateau]]
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|Terrestrial and neotenic
|[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]
|[[File:Fl_mammals_lc.svg]]
|}
|}


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