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|image = Motonori Matuyama.png
|image = Motonori Matuyama.png
|image_size =
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|caption = Professor Motonori Matuyama (right) and technical assistant Naoichi Kumagai (left) with Meinesz’s pendulum aboard submarine [[ Japanese Type L submarine|Ro 57]] in 1934
|caption = Professor Motonori Matuyama (right) and technical assistant Naoiti Kumagai (left) with Meinesz’s pendulum aboard submarine [[ Japanese Type L submarine|Ro 57]] in 1934
|birth_date = October 25, 1884
|birth_date = October 25, 1884
|birth_place = [[Usa, Ōita|Uyeda, Japan]]
|birth_place = [[Usa, Ōita|Uyeda, Japan]]
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==Life==
==Life==
Matuyama was born at Uyeda (now Usa) in [[Japan]], the son of a [[Zen]] [[abbot]], Tengai Sumiye. In 1910 he was adopted by the Matsuyama family, and he married their daughter, Matsuye Matsuyama. About 1926, in conformity with a then new convention of transliteration, he altered the romanization of his adoptive family name.<ref name="Kumagai2018">{{cite web |last1=Kumagai |first1=Naoiti |title=Matuyama (Matsuyama), Motonori |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/geology-and-oceanography-biographies/motonori-matuyama |website=encyclopedia.com |publisher=Cengage: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography |access-date=4 April 2022 |date=May 14, 2018 |quote=Matuyama’s associate Naoiti Kumagai}}</ref>
Matuyama was born at Uyeda (now Usa) in [[Japan]], the son of a [[Zen]] [[abbot]], Tengai Sumiye. In 1910 he was adopted by the Matsuyama (松山) family, and he married their daughter, Matsuye Matsuyama. About 1926, in conformity with a then new convention of transliteration, he altered the romanization of his adoptive family name.<ref name="Kumagai2018">{{cite web |last1=Kumagai |first1=Naoiti |title=Matuyama (Matsuyama), Motonori |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/geology-and-oceanography-biographies/motonori-matuyama |website=encyclopedia.com |publisher=Cengage: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography |access-date=4 April 2022 |date=May 14, 2018 |quote=Matuyama’s associate Naoiti Kumagai}}</ref>


Matuyama was educated at the University of Hiroshima and [[Kyoto University|Kyoto Imperial University]], where he was appointed to a lectureship in 1913. After spending the period 1919–21 at the [[University of Chicago]] working with [[Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin|Thomas C. Chamberlin]] studying ice<ref name="ice1920" />, he returned to Japan and was made professor of theoretical geology at Kyoto Imperial University in 1922. He conducted a [[Geophysical survey|gravity survey]] of Japan during the period 1927–32, extending this to also cover [[Korea]] and [[Manchuria]], and studied marine gravity using the [[Felix Andries Vening Meinesz|Vening–Meinesz]] pendulum apparatus<ref>{{cite web|title=Vening Meinesz Pendulum Apparatus|website=Virtual Geoscience Center |publisher=[[Society of Exploration Geophysicists]] }}</ref> in a [[submarine]].<ref>[http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=3037522_pjab-86-769-g003&req=4 Gravity at sea —A memoir of a marine geophysicist—Tomoda Y - Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, Phys. Biol. Sci. (2010)]</ref>
Matuyama was educated at the University of Hiroshima and [[Kyoto University|Kyoto Imperial University]], where he was appointed to a lectureship in 1913. After spending the period 1919–21 at the [[University of Chicago]] working with [[Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin|Thomas C. Chamberlin]] studying ice<ref name="ice1920" />, he returned to Japan and was made professor of theoretical geology at Kyoto Imperial University in 1922. He conducted a [[Geophysical survey|gravity survey]] of Japan during the period 1927–32, extending this to also cover [[Korea]] and [[Manchuria]], and studied marine gravity using the [[Felix Andries Vening Meinesz|Vening–Meinesz]] pendulum apparatus<ref>{{cite web|title=Vening Meinesz Pendulum Apparatus|website=Virtual Geoscience Center |publisher=[[Society of Exploration Geophysicists]] }}</ref> in a [[submarine]].<ref>[http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=3037522_pjab-86-769-g003&req=4 Gravity at sea —A memoir of a marine geophysicist—Tomoda Y - Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, Phys. Biol. Sci. (2010)]</ref>


While rocks had earlier been found with polarities opposite to the present [[Earth's magnetic field|field]] and the hypothesis advanced that the field had reversed in the past, Matuyama was the first to conduct a disciplined study of the hypothesis. In 1926 he began collecting basalt specimens in Manchuria and Japan, and in 1929 published a paper showing that there was a clear correlation between the polarity and the [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] position. He remarked that the Earth's field had been reversed in the early [[Pleistocene]] age and older, and that it had later changed to the present polarity.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Matuyama |first=Motonori |title=On the Direction of Magnetization of Basalt in Japan, Tyosen [Korea] and Manchuria |journal=Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Japan |volume=5 |pages=203&ndash;205 |year=1929|doi=10.2183/pjab1912.5.203 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Glen>{{cite book|last=Glen|first=William|title=The Road to Jaramillo: Critical Years of the Revolution in Earth Science|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=1982|isbn=978-0-8047-1119-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/roadtojaramilloc00glen/page/102 102&ndash;103]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/roadtojaramilloc00glen/page/102}}</ref>
While rocks had earlier been found with polarities opposite to the present [[Earth's magnetic field|field]] and the hypothesis advanced that the field had reversed in the past, Matuyama was the first to conduct a disciplined study of the hypothesis. In 1926 he began collecting basalt specimens in Manchuria and Japan, and in 1929 published a paper showing that there was a clear correlation between the polarity and the [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] position. He remarked that the Earth's field had been reversed in the early [[Pleistocene]] age and older, and that it had later changed to the present polarity.<ref name=MM1929>{{cite journal |last=Matuyama |first=Motonori |title=On the Direction of Magnetization of Basalt in Japan, Tyosen [Korea] and Manchuria |journal=Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Japan |volume=5 |pages=203&ndash;205 |year=1929|doi=10.2183/pjab1912.5.203 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Glen>{{cite book|last=Glen|first=William|title=The Road to Jaramillo: Critical Years of the Revolution in Earth Science|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=1982|isbn=978-0-8047-1119-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/roadtojaramilloc00glen/page/102 102&ndash;103]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/roadtojaramilloc00glen/page/102}}</ref>


This reversed polarity, particularly as shown by the rocks of the [[Seabed|ocean floor]], provided crucial evidence for the [[Seafloor spreading|sea floor spreading]] hypothesis of [[Harry Hammond Hess|Harry H. Hess]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=H. H. |last=Hess |chapter-url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Hess1962.pdf |chapter=History of Ocean Basins |date=November 1962 |title=Petrologic studies: a volume to honor A. F. Buddington |editor=A. E. J. Engel |editor2=Harold L. James |editor3=B. F. Leonard |place=Boulder, CO |publisher=Geological Society of America |pages=599–620 |accessdate=8 September 2010 }}</ref>
This reversed polarity, particularly as shown by the rocks of the [[Seabed|ocean floor]], provided crucial evidence for the [[Seafloor spreading|sea floor spreading]] hypothesis of [[Harry Hammond Hess|Harry H. Hess]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=H. H. |last=Hess |chapter-url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Hess1962.pdf |chapter=History of Ocean Basins |date=November 1962 |title=Petrologic studies: a volume to honor A. F. Buddington |editor=A. E. J. Engel |editor2=Harold L. James |editor3=B. F. Leonard |place=Boulder, CO |publisher=Geological Society of America |pages=599–620 |accessdate=8 September 2010 }}</ref>


Matuyama served the Kyoto Imperial University as dean of the Faculty of Science from June 1936 until December 1937; he retired from teaching in 1944 and was made professor emeritus in 1946. In May 1949, Matuyama was appointed the founding president of [[Yamaguchi University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Yamaguchi University History by Presidency: Motonori Matsuyama, the first University President |url=http://ds22.cc.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/~soumuka/50kinen/i-gakucho.html |website=yamaguchi-u.ac.jp |access-date=4 April 2022 |quote=portrait of Motonori Matsuyama }}</ref> In 1950 he was elected a fellow of the [[Japan Academy]].<ref name="Kumagai2018" />
Matuyama served the Kyoto Imperial University as dean of the Faculty of Science from June 1936 until December 1937; he retired from teaching in 1944 and was made professor emeritus in 1946. In May 1949, Matuyama was appointed the founding president of [[Yamaguchi University]] (N.B. the University transliterated his family name as Matsuyama).<ref>{{cite web |title=Yamaguchi University History by Presidency: Motonori Matsuyama, the first University President |url=http://ds22.cc.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/~soumuka/50kinen/i-gakucho.html |website=yamaguchi-u.ac.jp |access-date=4 April 2022 |quote=portrait of Motonori Matsuyama }}</ref> In 1950 he was elected a fellow of the [[Japan Academy]].<ref name="Kumagai2018" />


==Legacy==
==Legacy==

Revision as of 16:27, 18 April 2022

Motonori Matuyama
Professor Motonori Matuyama (right) and technical assistant Naoiti Kumagai (left) with Meinesz’s pendulum aboard submarine Ro 57 in 1934
BornOctober 25, 1884
Uyeda, Japan
DiedJanuary 27, 1958 (1958-01-28) (aged 73)
Yamaguchi, Japan
NationalityJapanese
Alma materKyoto Imperial University
Known forFirst evidence and time-scale for geomagnetic reversals; Matuyama reversed chron
Scientific career
FieldsGeophysics
InstitutionsKyoto Imperial University
Doctoral advisorToshi Shida

Motonori Matuyama (松山 基範, Matsuyama Motonori, October 25, 1884 – January 27, 1958) was a Japanese geophysicist who was (in the late 1920s) the first to provide systematic evidence that the Earth's magnetic field had been reversed in the early Pleistocene and to suggest that long periods existed in the past in which the polarity was reversed. He remarked that the Earth's field had later changed to the present polarity. The era of reversed polarity preceding the current Brunhes chron of normal polarity is now called the Matuyama reversed chron; and the transition between them is called the Brunhes–Matuyama or Matuyama-Brunhes reversal.

Life

Matuyama was born at Uyeda (now Usa) in Japan, the son of a Zen abbot, Tengai Sumiye. In 1910 he was adopted by the Matsuyama (松山) family, and he married their daughter, Matsuye Matsuyama. About 1926, in conformity with a then new convention of transliteration, he altered the romanization of his adoptive family name.[1]

Matuyama was educated at the University of Hiroshima and Kyoto Imperial University, where he was appointed to a lectureship in 1913. After spending the period 1919–21 at the University of Chicago working with Thomas C. Chamberlin studying ice[2], he returned to Japan and was made professor of theoretical geology at Kyoto Imperial University in 1922. He conducted a gravity survey of Japan during the period 1927–32, extending this to also cover Korea and Manchuria, and studied marine gravity using the Vening–Meinesz pendulum apparatus[3] in a submarine.[4]

While rocks had earlier been found with polarities opposite to the present field and the hypothesis advanced that the field had reversed in the past, Matuyama was the first to conduct a disciplined study of the hypothesis. In 1926 he began collecting basalt specimens in Manchuria and Japan, and in 1929 published a paper showing that there was a clear correlation between the polarity and the stratigraphic position. He remarked that the Earth's field had been reversed in the early Pleistocene age and older, and that it had later changed to the present polarity.[5][6]

This reversed polarity, particularly as shown by the rocks of the ocean floor, provided crucial evidence for the sea floor spreading hypothesis of Harry H. Hess.[7]

Matuyama served the Kyoto Imperial University as dean of the Faculty of Science from June 1936 until December 1937; he retired from teaching in 1944 and was made professor emeritus in 1946. In May 1949, Matuyama was appointed the founding president of Yamaguchi University (N.B. the University transliterated his family name as Matsuyama).[8] In 1950 he was elected a fellow of the Japan Academy.[1]

Legacy

"The Japanese geophysicist Motonori Matsuyama (1884–1958, as spelled and pronounced but mistransliterated in his own publications and others as Matuyama) was the first to document clearly from basalts in the Genbudō (basalt caves), Japan, the reversed magnetic polarity interval from 2.58 to 0.773 Ma that we now call the Matuyama Reversed Polarity Chron." --Martin J. Head (2021)[9]

The transition, about 0.78 Ma, to normal polarity (i.e., that of the present Earth's field) is the Brunhes-Matuyama or Matuyama-Brunhes reversal.[10][11] The boundary, about 2.58 Ma, between the Gauss normal chron and the Matuyama reversed chron is known as the Gauss-Matuyama reversal.

Matsuyama Rocks, in Crystal Sound, Antarctica, are named in his honour and his work on ice crystals.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b Kumagai, Naoiti (May 14, 2018). "Matuyama (Matsuyama), Motonori". encyclopedia.com. Cengage: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 4 April 2022. Matuyama's associate Naoiti Kumagai
  2. ^ a b Matsuyama, Motonori. "On Some Physical Properties of Ice". uchicago.edu. Journal of Geology, 28 (1920), 607–631.
  3. ^ "Vening Meinesz Pendulum Apparatus". Virtual Geoscience Center. Society of Exploration Geophysicists. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  4. ^ Gravity at sea —A memoir of a marine geophysicist—Tomoda Y - Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, Phys. Biol. Sci. (2010)
  5. ^ Matuyama, Motonori (1929). "On the Direction of Magnetization of Basalt in Japan, Tyosen [Korea] and Manchuria". Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Japan. 5: 203–205. doi:10.2183/pjab1912.5.203.
  6. ^ Glen, William (1982). The Road to Jaramillo: Critical Years of the Revolution in Earth Science. Stanford University Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-8047-1119-7.
  7. ^ Hess, H. H. (November 1962). "History of Ocean Basins" (PDF). In A. E. J. Engel; Harold L. James; B. F. Leonard (eds.). Petrologic studies: a volume to honor A. F. Buddington. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. pp. 599–620. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  8. ^ "Yamaguchi University History by Presidency: Motonori Matsuyama, the first University President". yamaguchi-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 4 April 2022. portrait of Motonori Matsuyama
  9. ^ Head, Martin J. "Review of the Early–Middle Pleistocene boundary and Marine Isotope Stage 19". ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science (2021) 8(1): 50. doi:10.1186/s40645-021-00439-2. Retrieved 4 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Merrill, Ronald T.; McElhinny, Michael W.; McFadden, Phillip L. (1998). The magnetic field of the earth: paleomagnetism, the core, and the deep mantle. Academic Press. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-0-12-491246-5.
  11. ^ Love, J. J.; Mazaud, A. (15 November 1997). "A database for the Matuyama-Brunhes magnetic reversal". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 103 (3–4): 207-245. doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(97)00034-4.

Further reading

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