Namibia–Turkey relations: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|1=Diplomatic relations between Namibia and Turkey}} |
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{{Infobox bilateral relations| Namibia-Turkey|Namibia|Turkey}} |
{{Infobox bilateral relations| Namibia-Turkey|Namibia|Turkey}} |
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'''Namibia–Turkey relations''' are the |
'''Namibia–Turkey relations''' are the [[bilateral relations]] between [[Namibia]] and [[Turkey]]. Turkey has an embassy in [[Windhoek]] since January 4, 2012.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web | url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-namibia.en.mfa| title= Relations between Turkey and Namibia|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey}}</ref> |
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== Diplomatic relations == |
== Diplomatic relations == |
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Namibia's struggle for independence from [[South Africa]] led to extensive Turkish diplomatic efforts as the co-sponsor<ref name="auto2"/> from the [[Western Contact Group]] and founding member of the UN Council for Namibia, that called for Namibian independence. |
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Namibia — or known as [[South West Africa]] before independence — was the last African colony.<ref name="auto4">Leys, Colin, and John S. Saul, eds. |
Namibia — or known as [[South West Africa]] before independence — was the last African colony.<ref name="auto4">Leys, Colin, and John S. Saul, eds. Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two- Edged Sword. London: James Currey, 1995.</ref> [[South West Africa]] had been a German colony that was granted to South Africa under a [[League of Nations]] mandate in 1920, following [[Germany]]’s defeat in [[World War I]].<ref name="auto4"/> The mandate forbade South Africa from annexing South West Africa but South Africa continued its rule even after [[UN General Assembly]] voted<ref name="auto3">Duignan, Peter, and Lewis H. Gann. The United States and Africa: A History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.</ref> to revoke the [[League of Nations]] mandate on August 26, 1966.<ref name="auto4"/> |
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Turkey continued to advocate on behalf of |
Turkey continued to advocate on behalf of Namibia's independence but many countries baulked<ref name="auto3"/> at supporting the country's movement under [[Sam Nujoma]] that allied with the [[Soviet Union]] and started sending young men to the [[Soviet Union]] for training in preparation for guerrilla warfare.<ref name="auto4"/> Guerrilla warfare began 1966 but was marginal until [[Communism|Communist]]-led [[MPLA]] took over [[Angola]] in 1975.<ref name="auto1">Dickson, David. United States Foreign Policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1985.</ref> Nevertheless, South Africa succeeded in driving off the guerillas.<ref name="auto1"/> |
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The diplomatic breakthrough came with the election<ref>Crabb Jr., Cecil V. The Doctrines of American Foreign Policy: Their Meaning, Role, and Future. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.</ref> of [[Jimmy Carter]], who came to support<ref name="auto">Thornton, Richard C., ed. The Carter Years: Toward a New Global Order. New York: Paragon House, 1991.</ref> the [[Western Contact Group]] and worked to negotiate peace in Namibia.<ref name="auto"/> In 1978 South Africa and [[Western Contact Group]] created a plan for holding elections that would lead to Namibian independence in 1990. |
The diplomatic breakthrough came with the election<ref>Crabb Jr., Cecil V. The Doctrines of American Foreign Policy: Their Meaning, Role, and Future. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.</ref> of [[Jimmy Carter]], who came to support<ref name="auto">Thornton, Richard C., ed. The Carter Years: Toward a New Global Order. New York: Paragon House, 1991.</ref> the [[Western Contact Group]] and worked to negotiate peace in Namibia.<ref name="auto"/> In 1978, South Africa and [[Western Contact Group]] created a plan for holding elections that would lead to Namibian independence in 1990.{{cn|date=January 2024}} |
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== Economic relations == |
== Economic relations == |
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* Trade volume between the two countries was 11.8 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 9.40/2.44 million USD).<ref name="auto2"/> |
* Trade volume between the two countries was 11.8 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 9.40/2.44 million USD).<ref name="auto2"/> |
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== Postage Stamps == |
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On August 26, 1975, [[Turkey]] issued a stamp titled "[[Heroes' Day (Namibia)|Namibia Day]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey - Postage stamps - 1975 - Namibia Day |url=https://www.stampworld.com/stamps/Turkey/Postage-stamps/g2394// |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=www.stampworld.com}}</ref> |
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==Resident diplomatic missions== |
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* Namibia is accredited to Turkey from its embassy in [[Berlin]], Germany. |
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* Turkey has an embassy in [[Windhoek]]. |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{Portal |
{{Portal|Turkey|Politics}} |
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* [[Foreign relations of Namibia]] |
* [[Foreign relations of Namibia]] |
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* [[Foreign relations of Turkey]] |
* [[Foreign relations of Turkey]] |
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* Bodry-Sanders, Penelope. African Obsession: The Life and Legacy of Carl Akeley. Jacksonville, Fla.: Batax Museum Publishing, 1998. |
* Bodry-Sanders, Penelope. African Obsession: The Life and Legacy of Carl Akeley. Jacksonville, Fla.: Batax Museum Publishing, 1998. |
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* Brands, H.W. The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1947–1960. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. |
* Brands, H.W. The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1947–1960. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. |
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* Brinkley, Douglas G. The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy |
* Brinkley, Douglas G. The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey beyond the White House. New York: Viking, 1998. |
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* Chester, Edward W. Clash of Titans: Africa and U.S. Foreign Policy. Philadelphia, Pa.: Orbis Books, 1974. Clough, Michael. Free at Last? U.S. Policy toward Africa and the End of the Cold War. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992. |
* Chester, Edward W. Clash of Titans: Africa and U.S. Foreign Policy. Philadelphia, Pa.: Orbis Books, 1974. Clough, Michael. Free at Last? U.S. Policy toward Africa and the End of the Cold War. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992. |
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* Crabb Jr., Cecil V. The Doctrines of American Foreign Policy: Their Meaning, Role, and Future. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982. |
* Crabb Jr., Cecil V. The Doctrines of American Foreign Policy: Their Meaning, Role, and Future. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982. |
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* Herbst, Jeffrey. U.S. Economic Policy toward Africa. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 2002. |
* Herbst, Jeffrey. U.S. Economic Policy toward Africa. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 2002. |
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* Karns, Margaret P. “Ad hoc Multilateral Diplomacy: The United States, the Contact Group, and Namibia.” International Organization 41, no. 1 (Winter 1987): pp. 93–123. |
* Karns, Margaret P. “Ad hoc Multilateral Diplomacy: The United States, the Contact Group, and Namibia.” International Organization 41, no. 1 (Winter 1987): pp. 93–123. |
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* Leys, Colin, and John S. Saul, eds. |
* Leys, Colin, and John S. Saul, eds. Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two- Edged Sword. London: James Currey, 1995. |
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* Thornton, Richard C., ed. The Carter Years: Toward a New Global Order. New York: Paragon House, 1991. |
* Thornton, Richard C., ed. The Carter Years: Toward a New Global Order. New York: Paragon House, 1991. |
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* Vance, Cyrus R. Hard Choices: Critical Years in |
* Vance, Cyrus R. Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983. |
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{{Foreign relations of Namibia}} |
{{Foreign relations of Namibia}} |
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{{Foreign relations of Turkey}} |
{{Foreign relations of Turkey |expanded=Bilateral}} |
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{{Portal bar|Politics|Turkey}} |
{{Portal bar|Politics|Turkey}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Namibia-Turkey relations}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Namibia-Turkey relations}} |
Latest revision as of 08:30, 19 January 2024
Namibia |
Turkey |
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Namibia–Turkey relations are the bilateral relations between Namibia and Turkey. Turkey has an embassy in Windhoek since January 4, 2012.[1]
Diplomatic relations[edit]
Namibia's struggle for independence from South Africa led to extensive Turkish diplomatic efforts as the co-sponsor[1] from the Western Contact Group and founding member of the UN Council for Namibia, that called for Namibian independence.
Namibia — or known as South West Africa before independence — was the last African colony.[2] South West Africa had been a German colony that was granted to South Africa under a League of Nations mandate in 1920, following Germany’s defeat in World War I.[2] The mandate forbade South Africa from annexing South West Africa but South Africa continued its rule even after UN General Assembly voted[3] to revoke the League of Nations mandate on August 26, 1966.[2]
Turkey continued to advocate on behalf of Namibia's independence but many countries baulked[3] at supporting the country's movement under Sam Nujoma that allied with the Soviet Union and started sending young men to the Soviet Union for training in preparation for guerrilla warfare.[2] Guerrilla warfare began 1966 but was marginal until Communist-led MPLA took over Angola in 1975.[4] Nevertheless, South Africa succeeded in driving off the guerillas.[4]
The diplomatic breakthrough came with the election[5] of Jimmy Carter, who came to support[6] the Western Contact Group and worked to negotiate peace in Namibia.[6] In 1978, South Africa and Western Contact Group created a plan for holding elections that would lead to Namibian independence in 1990.[citation needed]
Economic relations[edit]
- Trade volume between the two countries was 11.8 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 9.40/2.44 million USD).[1]
Postage Stamps[edit]
On August 26, 1975, Turkey issued a stamp titled "Namibia Day".[7]
Resident diplomatic missions[edit]
- Namibia is accredited to Turkey from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
- Turkey has an embassy in Windhoek.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Namibia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ^ a b c d Leys, Colin, and John S. Saul, eds. Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two- Edged Sword. London: James Currey, 1995.
- ^ a b Duignan, Peter, and Lewis H. Gann. The United States and Africa: A History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
- ^ a b Dickson, David. United States Foreign Policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1985.
- ^ Crabb Jr., Cecil V. The Doctrines of American Foreign Policy: Their Meaning, Role, and Future. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.
- ^ a b Thornton, Richard C., ed. The Carter Years: Toward a New Global Order. New York: Paragon House, 1991.
- ^ "Turkey - Postage stamps - 1975 - Namibia Day". www.stampworld.com. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
Further reading[edit]
- Bender, Gerald J., James S. Coleman, Richard Sklar, eds. African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
- Birdsall, Nancy, Milan Vaishnave, and Robert L. Ayres, eds. Short of the Goal: U.S. Policy and Poorly Performing States. Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development, 2001.
- Bodry-Sanders, Penelope. African Obsession: The Life and Legacy of Carl Akeley. Jacksonville, Fla.: Batax Museum Publishing, 1998.
- Brands, H.W. The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1947–1960. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989.
- Brinkley, Douglas G. The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey beyond the White House. New York: Viking, 1998.
- Chester, Edward W. Clash of Titans: Africa and U.S. Foreign Policy. Philadelphia, Pa.: Orbis Books, 1974. Clough, Michael. Free at Last? U.S. Policy toward Africa and the End of the Cold War. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992.
- Crabb Jr., Cecil V. The Doctrines of American Foreign Policy: Their Meaning, Role, and Future. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.
- Dickson, David. United States Foreign Policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1985.
- Duignan, Peter, and Lewis H. Gann. The United States and Africa: A History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
- Engerman, David C., et al. Staging Growth: Modernization, Development, and the Global Cold War. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003.
- Haass, Richard N, ed. Transatlantic Tensions: The United States, Europe, and Problem Countries. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2009.
- Hahn, Peter L., and Mary Ann Heiss, eds. Empire and Revolution, The United States and the Third World since 1945. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2010.
- Herbst, Jeffrey. U.S. Economic Policy toward Africa. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 2002.
- Karns, Margaret P. “Ad hoc Multilateral Diplomacy: The United States, the Contact Group, and Namibia.” International Organization 41, no. 1 (Winter 1987): pp. 93–123.
- Leys, Colin, and John S. Saul, eds. Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two- Edged Sword. London: James Currey, 1995.
- Thornton, Richard C., ed. The Carter Years: Toward a New Global Order. New York: Paragon House, 1991.
- Vance, Cyrus R. Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.