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Coordinates: 19°18′14″N 99°14′10″W / 19.304°N 99.236°W / 19.304; -99.236
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{{Use mdy dates|date = April 2019}}
{{Short description|Mexican intelligence agency}}
{{Short description|Mexican intelligence agency}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = April 2019}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
{{Advertisement|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name = Center for Investigation and National Security
|nativename = Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal = Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional - Logo.svg
|seal_width = 150px
|seal_caption = Official Seal of the CISEN
|formed = {{Start date and age|1989|02|13}}
|preceding1 = '''[[Dirección Federal de Seguridad]]'''
|preceding2 ='''[[Dirección General de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociales]]'''
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction =
|headquarters = Centro del CISEN, Camino Real a Contreras No. 35, Col. La Concepción, [[Magdalena Contreras]], [[Ciudad de México]]
|coordinates =
{{coord|19.304|-99.236|type:city|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
|employees = Classified (estimated around 3,500)
|budget = 587 million dollars (2014)
|chief1_name = [[Eugenio Imaz Gispert]]
|chief1_position = Managing Director<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsweek.mx/index.php/Latest/eugenio-imaz-al-cisen-perfil.html |title=Eugenio Imaz al CISEN PERFIL |work=Newsweek Mexico |language=es-MX |accessdate=December 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821050415/http://newsweek.mx/index.php/Latest/eugenio-imaz-al-cisen-perfil.html# |archive-date=2014-08-21 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref>{{update-inline|date=July 2018}}
|chief2_name =
|chief2_position =
|chief3_name =
|chief3_position =
|parent_department = [[Secretariat of the Interior (Mexico)|Secretariat of the Interior]]
|child1_agency =
|child2_agency =
|website = [http://www.cisen.gob.mx/ www.cisen.gob.mx/]
|footnotes =
|chief4_name=|chief4_position=|chief5_name=|chief5_position=|chief6_name=|chief6_position=|chief7_name=|chief7_position=|chief8_name=|chief8_position=|chief9_name=|chief9_position=|parent_agency=}}


{{Infobox government agency
The '''Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional'''<ref>[http://www.cisen.gob.mx/site/ingles/cisen.htm English] Center for Investigation and National Security. Retrieved on December 3, 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cisen.gob.mx/site/pdfs/leyes/MexicanNationalSecurityAct.pdf |title=National Security Act – Ministry of the Interior of Mexico, Executive Branch. 2 |publisher=Cisen.gov.mx |accessdate=December 3, 2011}}</ref> "{{lang-en|Center for Investigation and National Security}}" or '''CISEN''', was a [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[intelligence agency]] controlled by the [[Secretariat of the Interior (Mexico)|Secretary of Interior]] (''Secretario de Gobernación''). CISEN was established in 1989 after [[Dirección Federal de Seguridad|its predecessors ceased to operate]]. Although the National Security Act considered the Center as the main security agency, [[Secretariat of the Navy (Mexico)|the Navy]], [[Secretariat of National Defense (Mexico)|Army, Air Force]] and the [[Attorney General of Mexico|Office of the Attorney General]] maintained intelligence bodies dedicated to assist the functions of each one.
| agency_name = National Intelligence Centre
| nativename = Centro Nacional de Inteligencia
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = Sello del Centro Nacional de Inteligencia (México).svg
| seal_width = 150px
| seal_caption = Official Seal of the CNI
| formed = {{Start date and age|2018|12|1}}
| preceding1 = '''Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional''' (1989-2018)
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction =
| headquarters = Camino Real a Contreras No. 35, Col. La Concepción, [[Magdalena Contreras]], [[Ciudad de México]]
| coordinates = {{coord|19.304|-99.236|type:city|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| employees = Classified (estimated around 3,600)
| budget = 2 813 446 355 pesos (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ppef.hacienda.gob.mx/work/models/8uLX2rB7/PPEF2023/mo2h2PK/docs/36/r36_afpe.pdf |title=PRESUPUESTO DE EGRESOS DE LA FEDERACIÓN 2023|access-date=May 23, 2023}}</ref>
| chief1_name = Audomaro Martínez Zapata<ref name="gob.mx">{{cite web |url=http://www.gob.mx/cni |title=CNI |access-date=August 13, 2019 }}</ref>
| chief1_position = General Director<ref name="gob.mx"/>
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| parent_department = [[Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection (Mexico)|Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = [http://www.gob.mx/cni www.gob.mx/cni]
| footnotes =
}}


The '''''Centro Nacional de Inteligencia''''' or '''CNI''', is a Mexican [[intelligence agency]] controlled by the [[Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection (Mexico)|Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection]].
Formally, CISEN had the function of articulating the national intelligence. Its functions included espionage, counter-espionage, analysis of intelligence, and proposing to the National Security Council the National Agenda for Risks, among others.


The CNI replaced the ''Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional'' (CISEN) in December 2018 at the start of the administration of President [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]. The CNI is the primary civilian intelligence service in Mexico.
==Information==
The Center for Investigation and National Security (CISEN) was a [[Security agency|civilian intelligence agency]] of the Mexican state service whose purpose was to generate strategic intelligence, tactical and operational information, which, allegedly, allowed to preserve the integrity, stability and permanence of the [[Mexican State]], giving support to the governance and strengthen the rule of law.


Formally, the agency is charged with intelligence operations as they pertain to national security, which contribute to the preservation of the Mexican State's integrity, stability, and permanence.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ley de Seguridad Nacional, Artículo 19 |url=https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LSN.pdf}}</ref>
The role was to alert CISEN and proposing the prevention, deterrence, containment and neutralization of risks and threats that seek to undermine the territory, sovereignty, constitutional order, freedoms and [[Politics of Mexico|democratic institutions]] of Mexican and economic development, social and political development.<ref name="cisen1">[http://www.cisen.gob.mx/site/cisen.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517212708/http://www.cisen.gob.mx/site/cisen.htm|date=May 17, 2012}}</ref> CISEN evolved into one of the finest intelligence agencies in the world, according to Joel Vargas, Assistant Director for InterPort Police, currently overseeing 220 Intelligence Operation Centers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}


==Antecedents==
==History==
The Center for Investigation and National Security (CISEN) was created 13 February 1989 in order to provide the Mexican state of civil intelligence agency more in line with the political and social transformations experienced by the country at that time and suitable for cope with the challenges posed by the end of the [[Cold War]]. At 23 years of its establishment, the CISEN has developed an intelligence system designed to alert civil risks and threats to national security and has trained a body of experienced intelligence professionals to serve the nation. Throughout its existence, has witnessed the transition to a political system increasingly pluralistic, the revolution in communications and information technologies and the configuration of a complex international environment poses new challenges to national security. These realities have forced the CISEN to embark on a process of constant transformation, to explore new mechanisms for cooperation and develop new capabilities that, without neglecting the traditional themes of national security, enable alert from a strategic perspective on an increasingly broad spectrum of risks and threats involving, among others, the social, economic and political development, environmental and epidemiological contingencies and natural disasters.In the late nineties, there was a decisive step in the consolidation of the vocation of CISEN to generate strategic intelligence to the transfer of the structures responsible for neutralizing the threats to the newly created Federal Preventive Police. This allowed institutional focus efforts on strengthening the work of collecting, processing and dissemination of strategic intelligence. The [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001]] on [[the Pentagon]] and the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|Twin Towers]] in New York as well as the bombings in [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid]] and [[Timeline of the 2005 London bombings|London]] in 2004 and 2005, respectively, marked a watershed for the international intelligence community and returned to put the fight against international terrorism as a major threat to security and stability.


=== History of CISEN ===
Consequently, and against the relevance of these threats, CISEN cooperation with foreign intelligence services became a priority with an even greater strategic weight. On the other hand, like all other state institutions, CISEN regime has moved toward accountability increasingly transparent, consistent with the democratic constitutional order in the country, and careful of the peculiarities of the field National Security. As a result of this process was published in 2005 National Security Act establishing the terms of the responsibility of the Legislative, Judicial and Executive on Homeland Security, and the powers, scope, limits and mechanisms CISEN control.<ref name="cisen1" />
CISEN was created on February 13, 1989, replacing the ''Dirección General de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional'' (DGISN), which assumed its role following the dissolution of the [[Dirección Federal de Seguridad]] (DFS) and the ''Dirección General de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociales'' (DGIPS). CISEN was the principal [[intelligence agency]] of the [[Secretariat of the Interior]] (Spanish: Secretaría de Gobernación, SEGOB). The agency was formally charged with generating strategic, tactical, and operative intelligence to ensure the integrity, stability, and permanence of the Mexican state. Article 19 of the National Security Act defined the scope and responsibilities of CISEN.<ref name=":1" /> The 1994 [[Zapatista uprising]] in Chiapas played a formative role in shaping the scope of the agency's objectives and lead to a significant increase in intelligence operations against all sectors of Mexican society.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Torres |first=Jorge |title=Cisen: Auge y decadencia del espionaje mexicano |publisher=Debate Editorial |year=2009 |isbn=978-607-429-635-8}}</ref> From its inception, the agency received training and equipment from the Israeli intelligence agency [[Mossad]].<ref name=":0" /> CISEN acquired the Israeli spyware [[Pegasus (spyware)|Pegasus]] during the presidency of [[Enrique Peña Nieto]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digitales |first=R3D: Red en Defensa de los Derechos |date=2021-07-23 |title=Lo que sabemos de las autoridades que adquirieron Pegasus en México |url=https://r3d.mx/2021/07/23/autoridades-pegasus-mexico/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=R3D: Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales |language=es-MX}}</ref> The spyware was used by the Peña Nieto administration to spy on journalists, human rights activists, and political opponents, including dozens of associates of Andrés Manuel López Obrador in the run-up to his presidential election victory in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patrucic |first=Pete Jones, Vyacheslav Abramov, and Miranda |title=World Leaders on Pegasus List Include France's President Macron, Morocco's King Mohammed, Kazakhstan's President |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/the-pegasus-project/world-leaders-on-pegasus-list-include-frances-president-macron-moroccos-king-mohammed-kazakhstans-president-tokayev |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=OCCRP |language=en}}</ref> Then-Secretary of the Interior [[Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong]] publicly denied CISEN's purchase of Pegasus;<ref>{{Cite web |title=8260 - Asegura Osorio Chong que Secretaría de Gobernación y Cisen no adquirieron el programa espía Pegasus y dice que hay investigación abierta sobre ese caso / 27 / 10 Octubre / 2017 / Agencia de Noticias / Comunicación / Inicio - Camara de Diputados |url=http://www5.diputados.gob.mx/index.php/esl/Comunicacion/Agencia-de-Noticias/2017/10-Octubre/27/8260-Asegura-Osorio-Chong-que-Secretaria-de-Gobernacion-y-Cisen-no-adquirieron-el-programa-espia-Pegasus-y-dice-que-hay-investigacion-abierta-sobre-ese-caso |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www5.diputados.gob.mx}}</ref> however, in May 2020 the Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection (Spanish: Secretaría de Seguridad y Protección Ciudadana, SSPC) confirmed the acquisition of the spyware by CISEN.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ciudadana |first=Secretaría de Seguridad y Protección |title=Tarjeta Informativa |url=http://www.gob.mx/sspc/prensa/tarjeta-informativa-241819 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=gob.mx |language=es}}</ref>


Before taking office in 2018, President López Obrador had been critical of CISEN's opacity in its operations and practices, which included [[wiretapping]] and surveillance of political adversaries and ideological dissidents.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Por qué el servicio de inteligencia de México está de nuevo en el centro de una fuerte polémica (y qué se debe hacer para reformarlo) |language=es |work=BBC News Mundo |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-43135999 |access-date=2023-05-16}}</ref> This prompted López Obrador to dissolve CISEN and replace the agency with the ''Centro Nacional de Inteligencia'' (CNI). Although mostly regarded as a rebrand (CNI maintains the same faculties, internal structure, and the majority of CISEN personnel),<ref name="contralinea.com.mx2">{{cite web |date=April 3, 2019 |title=Centro de Inteligencia opera con 99% de personal del Cisen |url=https://www.contralinea.com.mx/archivo-revista/2019/04/03/centro-de-inteligencia-opera-con-99-de-personal-del-cisen/ |access-date=August 13, 2019}}</ref> one notable structural change was its placement under the control of the reinstated Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection.<ref>{{cite web |title=La 4T y los servicios de inteligencia |date=March 12, 2019 |url=https://www.mexicoevalua.org/la-4t-los-servicios-inteligencia/ |access-date=August 13, 2019}}</ref> In July 2021, López Obrador announced that all CISEN files would be [[declassified]] and made available for public examination at the [[Archivo General de la Nación (Mexico)|Archivo General de la Nación]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Becerril |first1=Andrea |last2=Poy |first2=Laura |date=24 July 2021 |title=Abrirá AMLO todos los archivos del Cisen |language=es |work=www.jornada.com.mx |publisher=La Jornada |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/07/24/politica/abrira-amlo-todos-los-archivos-del-cisen/ |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>
==National Security Law==
The National Security Act defines national security as the actions immediately and directly to maintain the integrity, stability and permanence of the Mexican state that lead to:
* Protect the country from risks and threats.
* The sovereignty, independence, territory and unity of the federation.
* Maintain constitutional order and strengthen the democratic institutions of government.
* Defend the country against other States or subjects of international law.
* To preserve the democratic system based on the social, economic and political.
* The National Security Concept articulates the work of the Center for Investigation and National Security (CISEN) and other institutions of the National Security System.<ref name="cisen1"/>


==Heads of CISEN==
=== History of CNI ===
The ''Centro Nacional de Inteligencia'' (CNI) was created on November 30, 2018, following reforms to the Organic Law of the Federal Public Administration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=Senado aprueba en lo general reforma para crear SSP y superdelegados |url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/senado-aprueba-en-lo-general-reforma-para-crear-ssp-y-superdelegados/1280154 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Excélsior |language=es}}</ref> The agency maintains the functions established for CISEN in Article 19 of the National Security Law.<ref name=":1" /> Audomaro Martínez Zapata was named director of the CNI on December 1, 2018.
* (1989–1990): Jorge Carrillo Olea

==Directors of CISEN==
* (1989–1990): [[Jorge Carrillo Olea]]
* (1990–1993): Fernando del Villar Moreno
* (1990–1993): Fernando del Villar Moreno
* (1993–1994): Eduardo Pontones Chico
* (1993–1994): Eduardo Pontones Chico
Line 71: Line 62:
* (2011–2012): Jaime Domingo López Buitrón (2nd term)
* (2011–2012): Jaime Domingo López Buitrón (2nd term)
* (2012–2018): Eugenio Ímaz Gispert
* (2012–2018): Eugenio Ímaz Gispert
* (2018-2019): Alberto Bazbaz
* (2018-): Alberto Bazbaz <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/12/mexico-spy-chief-bungled-search-for-girl-alberto-bazbaz|title=Mexicans aghast as man notorious for leading bungled case named as spy chief |publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=12 January 2018}}</ref>

==Directors of CNI==
* (2019): Audomaro Martínez Zapata <ref name="The Guardian">{{cite web |last=Martinez Zapata |first=Audomaro |title=General de División DEM (Ret.) Audomaro Martínez Zapata Director General |url=https://www.gob.mx/cni/estructuras/general-de-division-dem-ret-audomaro-martinez-zapata |access-date=11 June 2020 |publisher=User}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 78: Line 72:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Torres, Jorge (2009). ''Cisen: Auge y decadencia del espionaje mexicano.'' Debate Editorial. ISBN 978-607-429-635-8.


==External links==
==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.cisen.gob.mx/ }} {{es icon}}
* {{Official website|http://www.cisen.gob.mx/ }} {{in lang|es}}
* {{Official website|http://www.cisen.gob.mx/site/ingles/cisen.htm }} {{en icon}}
* {{Official website|http://www.cisen.gob.mx/site/ingles/cisen.htm }} {{in lang|en}}


{{External national intelligence agencies}}
{{External national intelligence agencies}}
{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Centro de Investigacion y Seguridad Nacional (Mexico)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Centro de Investigacion y Seguridad Nacional (Mexico)}}
[[Category:Government agencies of Mexico]]
[[Category:Mexican intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Mexican intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Mexico]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Mexico]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Mexico]]

Latest revision as of 19:44, 11 March 2024

National Intelligence Centre
Centro Nacional de Inteligencia
Official Seal of the CNI
Agency overview
FormedDecember 1, 2018; 5 years ago (2018-12-01)
Preceding agency
  • Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (1989-2018)
HeadquartersCamino Real a Contreras No. 35, Col. La Concepción, Magdalena Contreras, Ciudad de México
19°18′14″N 99°14′10″W / 19.304°N 99.236°W / 19.304; -99.236
EmployeesClassified (estimated around 3,600)
Annual budget2 813 446 355 pesos (2023)[1]
Agency executive
  • Audomaro Martínez Zapata[2], General Director[2]
Parent departmentSecretariat of Security and Civilian Protection
Websitewww.gob.mx/cni

The Centro Nacional de Inteligencia or CNI, is a Mexican intelligence agency controlled by the Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection.

The CNI replaced the Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (CISEN) in December 2018 at the start of the administration of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador. The CNI is the primary civilian intelligence service in Mexico.

Formally, the agency is charged with intelligence operations as they pertain to national security, which contribute to the preservation of the Mexican State's integrity, stability, and permanence.[3]

History

[edit]

History of CISEN

[edit]

CISEN was created on February 13, 1989, replacing the Dirección General de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (DGISN), which assumed its role following the dissolution of the Dirección Federal de Seguridad (DFS) and the Dirección General de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociales (DGIPS). CISEN was the principal intelligence agency of the Secretariat of the Interior (Spanish: Secretaría de Gobernación, SEGOB). The agency was formally charged with generating strategic, tactical, and operative intelligence to ensure the integrity, stability, and permanence of the Mexican state. Article 19 of the National Security Act defined the scope and responsibilities of CISEN.[3] The 1994 Zapatista uprising in Chiapas played a formative role in shaping the scope of the agency's objectives and lead to a significant increase in intelligence operations against all sectors of Mexican society.[4] From its inception, the agency received training and equipment from the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad.[4] CISEN acquired the Israeli spyware Pegasus during the presidency of Enrique Peña Nieto.[5] The spyware was used by the Peña Nieto administration to spy on journalists, human rights activists, and political opponents, including dozens of associates of Andrés Manuel López Obrador in the run-up to his presidential election victory in 2018.[6] Then-Secretary of the Interior Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong publicly denied CISEN's purchase of Pegasus;[7] however, in May 2020 the Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection (Spanish: Secretaría de Seguridad y Protección Ciudadana, SSPC) confirmed the acquisition of the spyware by CISEN.[8]

Before taking office in 2018, President López Obrador had been critical of CISEN's opacity in its operations and practices, which included wiretapping and surveillance of political adversaries and ideological dissidents.[9] This prompted López Obrador to dissolve CISEN and replace the agency with the Centro Nacional de Inteligencia (CNI). Although mostly regarded as a rebrand (CNI maintains the same faculties, internal structure, and the majority of CISEN personnel),[10] one notable structural change was its placement under the control of the reinstated Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection.[11] In July 2021, López Obrador announced that all CISEN files would be declassified and made available for public examination at the Archivo General de la Nación.[12]

History of CNI

[edit]

The Centro Nacional de Inteligencia (CNI) was created on November 30, 2018, following reforms to the Organic Law of the Federal Public Administration.[13] The agency maintains the functions established for CISEN in Article 19 of the National Security Law.[3] Audomaro Martínez Zapata was named director of the CNI on December 1, 2018.

Directors of CISEN

[edit]
  • (1989–1990): Jorge Carrillo Olea
  • (1990–1993): Fernando del Villar Moreno
  • (1993–1994): Eduardo Pontones Chico
  • (1994–1999): Jorge Enrique Tello Peón
  • (1999–2000): Alejandro Alegre Rabiela
  • (2000–2005): Eduardo Medina-Mora Icaza
  • (2005–2006): Jaime Domingo López Buitrón (1st term)
  • (2006–2011): Guillermo Valdés Castellanos
  • (2011): Alejandro Poiré Romero (temporary)
  • (2011–2012): Jaime Domingo López Buitrón (2nd term)
  • (2012–2018): Eugenio Ímaz Gispert
  • (2018-2019): Alberto Bazbaz

Directors of CNI

[edit]
  • (2019): Audomaro Martínez Zapata [14]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "PRESUPUESTO DE EGRESOS DE LA FEDERACIÓN 2023" (PDF). Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  2. ^ a b "CNI". Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "Ley de Seguridad Nacional, Artículo 19" (PDF).
  4. ^ a b Torres, Jorge (2009). Cisen: Auge y decadencia del espionaje mexicano. Debate Editorial. ISBN 978-607-429-635-8.
  5. ^ Digitales, R3D: Red en Defensa de los Derechos (July 23, 2021). "Lo que sabemos de las autoridades que adquirieron Pegasus en México". R3D: Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved May 16, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Patrucic, Pete Jones, Vyacheslav Abramov, and Miranda. "World Leaders on Pegasus List Include France's President Macron, Morocco's King Mohammed, Kazakhstan's President". OCCRP. Retrieved May 16, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "8260 - Asegura Osorio Chong que Secretaría de Gobernación y Cisen no adquirieron el programa espía Pegasus y dice que hay investigación abierta sobre ese caso / 27 / 10 Octubre / 2017 / Agencia de Noticias / Comunicación / Inicio - Camara de Diputados". www5.diputados.gob.mx. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  8. ^ Ciudadana, Secretaría de Seguridad y Protección. "Tarjeta Informativa". gob.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  9. ^ "Por qué el servicio de inteligencia de México está de nuevo en el centro de una fuerte polémica (y qué se debe hacer para reformarlo)". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  10. ^ "Centro de Inteligencia opera con 99% de personal del Cisen". April 3, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  11. ^ "La 4T y los servicios de inteligencia". March 12, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  12. ^ Becerril, Andrea; Poy, Laura (July 24, 2021). "Abrirá AMLO todos los archivos del Cisen". www.jornada.com.mx (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  13. ^ "Senado aprueba en lo general reforma para crear SSP y superdelegados". Excélsior (in Spanish). November 23, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  14. ^ Martinez Zapata, Audomaro. "General de División DEM (Ret.) Audomaro Martínez Zapata Director General". User. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Torres, Jorge (2009). Cisen: Auge y decadencia del espionaje mexicano. Debate Editorial. ISBN 978-607-429-635-8.
[edit]
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