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{{Short description|Child martyrs}}
{{Other uses|Nazarius (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Nazarius (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox saint
{{Infobox saint
|name= Saints Nazarius and Celsus
|honorific_prefix= Saints
|name= Nazarius and Celsus
|birth_date=
|birth_date=
|death_date=
|death_date=
|feast_day= 28 July
|feast_day= 28 July
|venerated_in= [[Roman Catholic Church]]
|venerated_in= [[Catholic Church]]<br />[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
|image= Abbazia San Nazzaro (NO) Affresco Chiesa Nazario.jpg
|image= Abbazia San Nazzaro (NO) Affresco Chiesa Nazario.jpg
|imagesize= 250px
|imagesize= 250px
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|canonized_place=
|canonized_place=
|canonized_by=
|canonized_by=
|attributes=depicted as a man and boy walking on the sea<ref name="Saints of July 28">http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0728.shtml#naza</ref>
|attributes=depicted as a man and boy walking on the sea<ref name="Saints of July 28">{{Cite web |url=http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0728.shtml#naza |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-03-04 |archive-date=2015-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711145829/http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0728.shtml#naza |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|patronage=
|patronage=
|major_shrine=
|major_shrine=
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|issues=
|issues=
}}
}}
Saints '''Nazarius and Celsus''' ({{lang-it|San Nazaro<ref>Also Nazzaro, Nazario</ref> e San Celso}}) were two [[martyr]]s of whom nothing is known except the discovery of their bodies by [[Saint Ambrose]].
'''Nazarius and Celsus''' ({{lang-it|San Nazaro<ref>Also Nazzaro, Nazario</ref> e San Celso;}} German: [[:de:Nazarius (Heiliger)|Nazarius]]) were two [[martyr]]s of whom little is known beyond the discovery of their bodies by [[Ambrose|Ambrose of Milan]].


According to [[Paulinus the Deacon|Paulinus the Deacon's]] ''Vita Ambrosii'', Ambrose, at some time within the last three years of his life, after the death of the [[Emperor Theodosius]] (d. 395), discovered in a garden outside the walls of [[Milan]] the body of Saint Nazarius, with severed head. Nazarius's blood was reportedly still liquid and red when his body was exhumed by Ambrose.<ref name="Saints of July 28"/> Ambrose had it carried to the Basilica of the Apostles. In the same garden Ambrose likewise discovered the body of Saint Celsus, which he had transported to the same place. The ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' states: "Obviously a tradition regarding these martyrs was extant in the Christian community of Milan which led to the finding of the two bodies."<ref name="newadvent.org">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10728a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1913), "Sts. Nazarius and Celsus"] Retrieved 2012-03-04.</ref>
According to [[Paulinus the Deacon|Paulinus the Deacon's]] ''Vita Ambrosii'', Ambrose, at some time within the last three years of his life, after the death of the [[Emperor Theodosius]] (d. 395), discovered in a garden outside the walls of [[Milan]] the body of Nazarius, with severed head. Nazarius's blood was reportedly still liquid and red when his body was exhumed by Ambrose.<ref name="Saints of July 28"/> Ambrose had it carried to the Basilica of the Apostles. In the same garden Ambrose likewise discovered the body of Celsus, which he had transported to the same place. The ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' states: "Obviously a tradition regarding these martyrs was extant in the Christian community of Milan which led to the finding of the two bodies."<ref name="newadvent.org">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10728a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1913), "Sts. Nazarius and Celsus"] Retrieved 2012-03-04.</ref>


==Legend==
==Legend==
Nazarius was a citizen of [[Rome]] whose father was [[Jewish]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roca.org/OA/53-54/53f.htm |title=Four Martyrs of Milan - Nazarius, Gervasius, Protasius and Celsus |publisher=Roca.org |date= |accessdate=2014-05-01}}</ref> or [[pagan]]. His mother was [[Saint Perpetua]].<ref name="magnificat.ca">[http://www.magnificat.ca/cal/engl/07-28.htm Lives of the Saints, July 28, Saints Nazarius and Celsus]{{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> Nazarius was a student of [[Saint Peter]] and was baptized by [[Saint Linus]]. During the persecutions of [[Nero]], Nazarius fled Rome and preached in [[Lombardy]], visiting [[Piacenza]] and [[Milan]], where he met the brothers [[Gervase and Protase]], who had been imprisoned and who inspired Nazarius by their example.<ref name="Santi Nazario e Celso">{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/64650 |title=Santi Nazario e Celso |publisher=Santiebeati.it |date=2001-02-01 |accessdate=2014-05-01}}</ref>
Nazarius was a citizen of [[Rome]] whose father was [[Jewish]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roca.org/OA/53-54/53f.htm |title=Four Martyrs of Milan - Nazarius, Gervasius, Protasius and Celsus |publisher=Roca.org |date= |accessdate=2014-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924091654/http://www.roca.org/OA/53-54/53f.htm |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> or [[pagan]]. His mother was [[Saint Perpetua|Perpetua]].<ref name="magnificat.ca">[https://web.archive.org/web/20021104005243/http://magnificat.ca/cal/engl/07-28.htm Lives of the Saints, July 28, Saints Nazarius and Celsus]</ref> Nazarius was a student of the apostle [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and was baptized by [[Pope Linus]]. During the persecutions of [[Nero]], Nazarius fled Rome and preached in [[Lombardy]], visiting [[Piacenza]] and [[Milan]], where he met the brothers [[Gervase and Protase]], who had been imprisoned and who inspired Nazarius by their example.<ref name="Santi Nazario e Celso">{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/64650 |title=Santi Nazario e Celso |publisher=Santiebeati.it |date=2001-02-01 |accessdate=2014-05-01}}</ref>
Nazarius was whipped and condemned to exile by the authorities. He traveled to [[Gaul]], where a young boy of nine, Celsus, was entrusted to his care after the boy’s mother asked Nazarius to teach and baptize her son. Nazarius raised him as a Christian. The two were arrested, tortured, and imprisoned for their faith. They were released on condition they would not preach at this place any longer. They preached in the [[Alps]] and built a chapel at [[Embrun, Hautes-Alpes|Embrun]], and then continued on to [[Geneva]], and then [[Trier]]. They preached in Trier, and converted many to [[Christianity]], and they were imprisoned once again there. Celsus was entrusted to the care of a pagan lady, who attempted to make him abjure his faith. Celsus refused, and was eventually returned to Nazarius.<ref name="Santi Nazario e Celso"/>
Nazarius was whipped and condemned to exile by the authorities. He traveled to [[Gaul]], where a young boy of nine, Celsus, was entrusted to his care after the boy's mother asked Nazarius to teach and baptize her son. Nazarius raised him as a Christian. The two were arrested, tortured, and imprisoned for their faith. They were released on condition they would not preach at this place any longer. They preached in the [[Alps]] and built a chapel at [[Embrun, Hautes-Alpes|Embrun]], and then continued on to [[Geneva]], and then [[Trier]]. They preached in Trier, and converted many to [[Christianity]], and they were imprisoned once again there. Celsus was entrusted to the care of a pagan lady, who attempted to make him abjure his faith. Celsus refused, and was eventually returned to Nazarius.<ref name="Santi Nazario e Celso"/>


An additional legend that describes their time at Trier states that they were tried by Nero there, who ordered the two saints to be drowned. Nazarius and Celsus were taken in a ship and thrown overboard, but a storm suddenly arose, frightening the sailors. The sailors pulled the two saints back on board.<ref name="Saints of July 28"/>
An additional legend that describes their time at Trier states that they were tried by Nero there, who ordered the two to be drowned. Nazarius and Celsus were taken in a ship and thrown overboard, but a storm suddenly arose, frightening the sailors. The sailors pulled the two back on board.<ref name="Saints of July 28"/>


The two saints left Trier and reached [[Genoa]], and then returned to Milan, and were arrested again. They refused to sacrifice to the [[Roman gods]], and were [[decapitation|beheaded]].<ref name="magnificat.ca"/>
Nazarius and Celsus left Trier and reached [[Genoa]], and then returned to Milan, and were arrested again. They refused to sacrifice to the [[Roman gods]], and were [[decapitation|beheaded]].<ref name="magnificat.ca"/>


==Historicity==
==Historicity==
[[Image:Tizian 005.jpg|thumb|''Nazarus and [[Saint Celsus|Celsus]]'' (standing figures), by [[Titian]]. The kneeling figure is a donor named [[Altobello Averoldi]].]]
[[Image:Tizian 005.jpg|thumb|''Nazarus and Celsus'' (standing figures), by [[Titian]]. The kneeling figure is a donor named [[Altobello Averoldi]].]]
This legend, written much later, is without historical foundation and places the martyrdom of Nazarus and Celsus during the persecution of Nero, and describes with many details the supposed journeyings of Saint Nazarius through Gaul and Italy. However, Paulinus says distinctly that the date on which Nazarius suffered martyrdom is unknown.<ref name="newadvent.org"/> Gregory of Tours<ref>{{cite book|author=Saint Gregory (Bishop of Tours)|editor=Raymond Van Dam, tr.|title=Glory of the Martyrs|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YDMPv5F_ILoC&pg=PA70|year=1988|publisher=Liverpool University Press|location=Liverpool|isbn=978-0-85323-236-0|pages=69–70}}</ref> states that they were martyred at Embrun, which makes the discovery of their bodies in Milan truly miraculous.
This legend, written much later, is without historical foundation and places the martyrdom of Nazarus and Celsus during the persecution of Nero, and describes with many details the supposed journeyings of Nazarius through Gaul and Italy. However, Paulinus says distinctly that the date on which Nazarius suffered martyrdom is unknown.<ref name="newadvent.org"/> Gregory of Tours<ref>{{cite book|author=Saint Gregory (Bishop of Tours)|editor=Raymond Van Dam, tr.|title=Glory of the Martyrs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDMPv5F_ILoC&pg=PA70|year=1988|publisher=Liverpool University Press|location=Liverpool|isbn=978-0-85323-236-0|pages=69–70}}</ref> states that they were martyred at Embrun, which makes the discovery of their bodies in Milan truly miraculous.


==Veneration==
==Veneration==
The discourse eulogizing the two saints which has been attributed to Saint Ambrose (Sermo lv, in [[Patrologia Latina]], XVII, 715 sqq.) is not genuine.
The discourse eulogizing the two saints which has been attributed to Ambrose (Sermo lv, in [[Patrologia Latina]], XVII, 715 sqq.) is not genuine, according to some critics.


Saint Ambrose sent some of Nazarius and Celsus's [[relics]] to [[Saint Paulinus of Nola]], who placed them in honor at [[Nola]]. Paulinus of Nola speaks in praise of Saint Nazarius in his ''Poema'' xxvii (Patrologia Latina, LXI, 658). A magnificent silver [[reliquary]] with interesting figures, dating from the 4th century, was found in the church of [[San Nazaro Maggiore]] in Milan (Venturi, "Storia dell' arte italiana", I, Milan, 1901, fig. 445-49). [[Santa Maria presso San Celso|The Milanese church of San Celso]] is dedicated to Celsus. There is a sanctuary dedicated to Nazarius at [[Monte Gargano]].
Ambrose sent some of Nazarius and Celsus's [[relics]] to [[Paulinus of Nola]], who placed them in honor at [[Nola]]. Paulinus of Nola speaks in praise of Nazarius in his ''Poema'' xxvii (Patrologia Latina, LXI, 658). A magnificent silver [[reliquary]] with interesting figures, dating from the 4th century, was found in the church of [[San Nazaro Maggiore]] in Milan (Venturi, "Storia dell' arte italiana", I, Milan, 1901, fig. 445–49). [[Santa Maria presso San Celso|The Milanese church of San Celso]] is dedicated to Celsus. There is a sanctuary dedicated to Nazarius at [[Monte Gargano]].


[[Camillo Procaccini]] painted his ''Martirio dei santi Nazaro e Celso'' around 1629.<ref>[http://www.museodiocesano.it/catalogo.asp?sez=2&link=7&Tipo=9 Museo Diocesano di Milano] {{wayback|url=http://www.museodiocesano.it/catalogo.asp?sez=2&link=7&Tipo=9 |date=20080220093250 }}</ref>
[[Camillo Procaccini]] painted his ''Martirio dei santi Nazaro e Celso'' around 1629.<ref>[http://www.museodiocesano.it/catalogo.asp?sez=2&link=7&Tipo=9 Museo Diocesano di Milano] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220093250/http://www.museodiocesano.it/catalogo.asp?sez=2&link=7&Tipo=9 |date=February 20, 2008 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Catholic}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{Catholic|title=Sts. Nazarius and Celsus}}


==Books==
==Books==


*{{cite book|title=Bibliotheca hagiographica latina antiquae et mediae aetatis|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=i5A3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PT197|volume=Volume II (K-Z)|year=1900|publisher=Société de Bollandistes|location=Bruxelles|language=Latin|pages=881–882}}
*{{cite book|title=Bibliotheca hagiographica latina antiquae et mediae aetatis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5A3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PT197|volume=II (K-Z)|year=1900|publisher=Société de Bollandistes|location=Bruxelles|language=Latin|pages=881–882}}
*{{cite book|author=Jacobus (de Voragine, abp. of Genoa.)|editor=Graesse, Th.|title=Jacobi a Voragine Legenda aurea, vulgo Historia Lombardica dicta|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LcUUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA354|volume=editio secunda|year=1801|publisher=Arnold|location=Leipzig|language=Latin|pages=439–442}}
*{{cite book|author=Jacobus (de Voragine, abp. of Genoa.)|editor=Graesse, Th.|title=Jacobi a Voragine Legenda aurea, vulgo Historia Lombardica dicta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcUUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA354|volume=Second |year=1801 |publisher=Arnold |location=Leipzig |language=Latin |pages=439–442}}
*{{cite book|author=Jacobus De Voragine|editor=William Granger Ryan, Eamon Duffy, tr. |title=The Golden Legend: Readings on the Saints|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GNWZgIL5ZCoC|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=0-691-15407-4|pages=404–407}}
*{{cite book|author=Jacobus de Voragine |translator=William Granger Ryan |title=The Golden Legend: Readings on the Saints |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNWZgIL5ZCoC |year=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-15407-7 |pages=404–407}}
*{{cite book|author=Jacobo de Vorágine |editor=W. G. Ryan, tr.|title=The Golden Legend: Readings on the Saints|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iqHPHTKTyKIC|volume=Volume II|year=1995|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton NJ USA|isbn=0-691-00154-5|pages=18–21}}
*{{cite book|author=Jacobus de Vorágine |translator=W. G. Ryan |title=The Golden Legend: Readings on the Saints|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqHPHTKTyKIC|volume=II|year=1995|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton NJ USA|isbn=0-691-00154-5|pages=18–21}}
*{{cite book|last=Pinio|first=Joannes|title=Acta sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur. Julii|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=h6FOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA516|volume=Tomus 6. Dies XXV-XXVIII.|year=1868|publisher=V. Palmé|location=Paris|language=Latin|pages=503–533}}
*{{cite book|last=Pinio|first=Joannes|title=Acta sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur. Julii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6FOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA516|volume=Tomus 6. Dies XXV-XXVIII.|year=1868|publisher=V. Palmé|location=Paris|language=Latin|pages=503–533}}


==External links==
==External links==
*{{it icon}} [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/64650 Santi Nazario e Celso]
*{{in lang|it}} [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/64650 Santi Nazario e Celso]

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Ante-Nicene Christian martyrs]]
[[Category:Ante-Nicene Christian martyrs]]
[[Category:Saints duos]]
[[Category:Saints duos]]
[[Category:Child saints]]
[[Category:Christian child saints]]
[[Category:Saints from Roman Italy]]
[[Category:Saints from Roman Italy]]
[[Category:Gallo-Roman saints]]
[[Category:Gallo-Roman saints]]
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[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:People executed by decapitation]]
[[Category:People executed by decapitation]]
[[Category:Legendary Romans]]
[[Category:Groups of Christian martyrs of the Roman era]]

Revision as of 22:41, 21 January 2024

For other uses, see Nazarius (disambiguation).
Saints

Nazarius and Celsus
Giovanni Antonio Merli, Saint Nazarius on a horse, 1480. St. Nazarius and Celsus Abbey, San Nazzaro Sesia.
Martyrs
BornRome (Nazarius); Gaul (Celsus)
DiedMilan
Venerated inCatholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Feast28 July
Attributesdepicted as a man and boy walking on the sea[1]

Nazarius and Celsus (Italian: San Nazaro[2] e San Celso; German: Nazarius) were two martyrs of whom little is known beyond the discovery of their bodies by Ambrose of Milan.

According to Paulinus the Deacon's Vita Ambrosii, Ambrose, at some time within the last three years of his life, after the death of the Emperor Theodosius (d. 395), discovered in a garden outside the walls of Milan the body of Nazarius, with severed head. Nazarius's blood was reportedly still liquid and red when his body was exhumed by Ambrose.[1] Ambrose had it carried to the Basilica of the Apostles. In the same garden Ambrose likewise discovered the body of Celsus, which he had transported to the same place. The Catholic Encyclopedia states: "Obviously a tradition regarding these martyrs was extant in the Christian community of Milan which led to the finding of the two bodies."[3]

Legend

Nazarius was a citizen of Rome whose father was Jewish[4] or pagan. His mother was Perpetua.[5] Nazarius was a student of the apostle Peter and was baptized by Pope Linus. During the persecutions of Nero, Nazarius fled Rome and preached in Lombardy, visiting Piacenza and Milan, where he met the brothers Gervase and Protase, who had been imprisoned and who inspired Nazarius by their example.[6] Nazarius was whipped and condemned to exile by the authorities. He traveled to Gaul, where a young boy of nine, Celsus, was entrusted to his care after the boy's mother asked Nazarius to teach and baptize her son. Nazarius raised him as a Christian. The two were arrested, tortured, and imprisoned for their faith. They were released on condition they would not preach at this place any longer. They preached in the Alps and built a chapel at Embrun, and then continued on to Geneva, and then Trier. They preached in Trier, and converted many to Christianity, and they were imprisoned once again there. Celsus was entrusted to the care of a pagan lady, who attempted to make him abjure his faith. Celsus refused, and was eventually returned to Nazarius.[6]

An additional legend that describes their time at Trier states that they were tried by Nero there, who ordered the two to be drowned. Nazarius and Celsus were taken in a ship and thrown overboard, but a storm suddenly arose, frightening the sailors. The sailors pulled the two back on board.[1]

Nazarius and Celsus left Trier and reached Genoa, and then returned to Milan, and were arrested again. They refused to sacrifice to the Roman gods, and were beheaded.[5]

Historicity

Nazarus and Celsus (standing figures), by Titian. The kneeling figure is a donor named Altobello Averoldi.

This legend, written much later, is without historical foundation and places the martyrdom of Nazarus and Celsus during the persecution of Nero, and describes with many details the supposed journeyings of Nazarius through Gaul and Italy. However, Paulinus says distinctly that the date on which Nazarius suffered martyrdom is unknown.[3] Gregory of Tours[7] states that they were martyred at Embrun, which makes the discovery of their bodies in Milan truly miraculous.

Veneration

The discourse eulogizing the two saints which has been attributed to Ambrose (Sermo lv, in Patrologia Latina, XVII, 715 sqq.) is not genuine, according to some critics.

Ambrose sent some of Nazarius and Celsus's relics to Paulinus of Nola, who placed them in honor at Nola. Paulinus of Nola speaks in praise of Nazarius in his Poema xxvii (Patrologia Latina, LXI, 658). A magnificent silver reliquary with interesting figures, dating from the 4th century, was found in the church of San Nazaro Maggiore in Milan (Venturi, "Storia dell' arte italiana", I, Milan, 1901, fig. 445–49). The Milanese church of San Celso is dedicated to Celsus. There is a sanctuary dedicated to Nazarius at Monte Gargano.

Camillo Procaccini painted his Martirio dei santi Nazaro e Celso around 1629.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2012-03-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ Also Nazzaro, Nazario
  3. ^ a b Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), "Sts. Nazarius and Celsus" Retrieved 2012-03-04.
  4. ^ "Four Martyrs of Milan - Nazarius, Gervasius, Protasius and Celsus". Roca.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  5. ^ a b Lives of the Saints, July 28, Saints Nazarius and Celsus
  6. ^ a b "Santi Nazario e Celso". Santiebeati.it. 2001-02-01. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  7. ^ Saint Gregory (Bishop of Tours) (1988). Raymond Van Dam, tr. (ed.). Glory of the Martyrs. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-85323-236-0.
  8. ^ Museo Diocesano di Milano Archived February 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sts. Nazarius and Celsus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Books

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