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|
|
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengali romanization table |url=http://www.bahaistudies.net/asma/bengali_loc.pdf |website=Bahai Studies |publisher=Bahai Studies |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> ||{{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''এ'''ক]]}}/ek || {{IPA|[æk]}} || 'one' || See [[Bengali phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengali romanization table |url=http://www.bahaistudies.net/asma/bengali_loc.pdf |website=Bahai Studies |publisher=Bahai Studies |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> ||{{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''এ'''ক]]}}/äk || {{IPA|[æk]}} || 'one' || See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
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| [[Rup dialects]] || Descendant of Proto-Slavic *ě in all positions. See [[Yat]].
| [[Rup dialects]] || Descendant of Proto-Slavic *ě in all positions. See [[Yat]].
|-
|-
| [[Teteven dialect]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|м'''ъ'''ж]]}}/măž || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[mæʃ]}} || rowspan="2" | 'man' || rowspan="2" | In place of Standard Bulgarian [{{IPAlink|ɤ̞}}] (written as ъ).
| [[Teteven dialect]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|м'''ъ'''ж]]}}/myž || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[mæʃ]}} || rowspan="2" | 'man' || rowspan="2" | In place of Standard Bulgarian [{{IPAlink|ɤ̞}}] (written as ъ).
|-
|-
| [[Erkech dialect]] ||
| [[Erkech dialect]] ||
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|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
|{{lang|kk|[[Kazakh alphabets|әйел]]}}/'''''ä'''iel''
|{{lang|kk|[[Kazakh alphabets|әйел]]}}/'''''ä'''yel''
|{{IPA|[æ̝ˈje̘l̪ʲ]}}
|{{IPA|[æ̝ˈje̘l̪ʲ]}}
|'woman'
|'woman'
Line 134: Line 134:
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979|p=13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Popperwell|2010|pp=16, 21–22}}</ref> || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|l'''æ'''r]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[læːɾ]}} || 'leather' || See [[Norwegian phonology]]
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979|p=13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Popperwell|2010|pp=16, 21–22}}</ref> || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|l'''æ'''r]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[læːɾ]}} || 'leather' || See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref name="ipa_handbook">[[#Farsi|Majidi & Ternes (1991)]]</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Campbell|1995|}}</ref>|| {{lang|fa|هشت}}/hašt || [hæʃt]||'eight'||
| colspan="2" | [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref name="ipa_handbook">[[#Farsi|Majidi & Ternes (1991)]]</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Campbell|1995|}}</ref>|| {{lang|fa|هشت}}/häşt || [hæʃt]||'eight'||
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || Some dialects<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tWk6gpv8ep0C&pg=PA186 Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo] Page 186.</ref>|| {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|p'''e'''dra]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈpædɾɐ]}} || 'stone' || Stressed vowel. In other dialects closer {{IPAslink|ɛ}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || Some dialects<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tWk6gpv8ep0C&pg=PA186 Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo] Page 186.</ref>|| {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|p'''e'''dra]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈpædɾɐ]}} || 'stone' || Stressed vowel. In other dialects closer {{IPAslink|ɛ}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
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| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]|| Bukovinian dialect{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|p'''ie'''le]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈpæle]}} || 'skin' || Corresponds to {{IPA|[je]}} in standard Romanian. Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub-dialects.{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} See [[Romanian phonology]]
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]|| Bukovinian dialect{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|p'''ie'''le]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈpæle]}} || 'skin' || Corresponds to {{IPA|[je]}} in standard Romanian. Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub-dialects.{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jones|Ward|1969|p=50}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|pp=224–225}}</ref> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|п'''я'''ть]]}} / ''p'''ja'''tʹ''|| {{Audio-IPA|Ru-пять.ogg|[pʲætʲ]}} || 'five' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} between [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] consonants. See [[Russian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jones|Ward|1969|p=50}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|pp=224–225}}</ref> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|п'''я'''ть]]}} / ''p'''ä'''ť''|| {{Audio-IPA|Ru-пять.ogg|[pʲætʲ]}} || 'five' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} between [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] consonants. See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]] || [[Zeta-Raška dialect]]{{sfn|Okuka|2008|p=171}} || {{lang|sh|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|д'''а'''н]]}}/{{lang|sh|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|d'''a'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[d̪æn̪]}} || 'day' || Regional reflex of Proto-Slavic *ь and *ъ. Sometimes nasalised.{{sfn|Okuka|2008|p=171}}
| [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]] || [[Zeta-Raška dialect]]{{sfn|Okuka|2008|p=171}} || {{lang|sh|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|д'''а'''н]]}}/{{lang|sh|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|d'''a'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[d̪æn̪]}} || 'day' || Regional reflex of Proto-Slavic *ь and *ъ. Sometimes nasalised.{{sfn|Okuka|2008|p=171}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Perera|Jones|1919|p=5}}</ref> || ඇය/æya ||{{IPA|[æjə]}} || 'she' ||
| colspan="2" | [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Perera|Jones|1919|p=5}}</ref> || ඇය/äya ||{{IPA|[æjə]}} || 'she' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Slovak language|Slovak]]
| colspan="2" |[[Slovak language|Slovak]]

Revision as of 13:36, 9 May 2024

Near-open front unrounded vowel
æ
IPA Number325
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)&#230;
Unicode (hex)U+00E6
X-SAMPA{
Braille⠩ (braille pattern dots-146)

The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨æ⟩, a lowercase of the ⟨Æ⟩ ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash".

The rounded counterpart of [æ], the near-open front rounded vowel (for which the IPA provides no separate symbol) has been reported to occur allophonically in Danish;[2][3] see open front rounded vowel for more information.

In practice, ⟨æ⟩ is sometimes used to represent the open front unrounded vowel; see the introduction to that page for more information.

In IPA transcriptions of Hungarian and Valencian, this vowel is typically written with ⟨ɛ⟩.

Features

  • Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[4] 'perd' [pæːrt] 'horse' Allophone of /ɛ/, in some dialects, before /k χ l r/. See Afrikaans phonology
Äiwoo ikuwä [ikuwæ] 'I go' Distinguished from both [a] and [ɑ~ɒ].
Arabic Standard[5] كتاب / 'kitāb' [kiˈtæːb] 'book' Allophone of /a/ in the environment of plain labial and coronal consonants as well as /j/ (depending on the speaker's accent). See Arabic phonology
Azerbaijani 'Azərbaycan' [ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn] 'Azerbaijan'
Bambam[6] 'bätä' [ˈbætæ] 'stem'
Bashkir[7] йәй / yäy [jæj]ⓘ 'summer'
Bengali[8] এক/äk [æk] 'one' See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian
Moesian dialects млечен/mlečen [mlæt͡ʃɛn] 'made from milk' Descendant of Proto-Slavic *ě in places where Standard Bulgarian would have /ɛ/. See Yat.
Rup dialects Descendant of Proto-Slavic *ě in all positions. See Yat.
Teteven dialect мъж/myž [mæʃ] 'man' In place of Standard Bulgarian [ɤ̞] (written as ъ).
Erkech dialect
Catalan Majorcan[9] tesi [ˈt̪æzi] 'thesis' Main realization of /ɛ/. See Catalan phonology
Valencian[9]
Chechen аьрзу / ärzu [ærzu] 'eagle'
Danish Standard[2][10] dansk [ˈtænˀsk] 'Danish' Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩ – the way it is realized by certain older or upper-class speakers.[11] See Danish phonology
Dutch[12] pen [pæn] 'pen' Allophone of /ɛ/ before /n/ and coda /l/. In non-standard accents this allophone is generalized to other positions, where [ɛ] is used in Standard Dutch.[13] See Dutch phonology
English Cultivated New Zealand[14] cat [kʰæt]ⓘ 'cat' Higher in other New Zealand varieties. See New Zealand English phonology
General American[15] See English phonology
Conservative Received Pronunciation[16] Fully open [a] in contemporary RP.[16] See English phonology
Estonian[17] väle [ˈvæ̠le̞ˑ] 'agile' Near-front.[17] See Estonian phonology
Finnish[18] mäki [ˈmæki] 'hill' See Finnish phonology
French Parisian[19] bain [bæ̃] 'bath' Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ̃⟩. See French phonology
Quebec[20] ver [væːʁ] 'worm' Allophone of /ɛ/ before /ʁ/ or in open syllables, and of /a/ in closed syllables.[20] See Quebec French phonology
German Standard Austrian[21] erlauben [æˈlɑɔ̯bn̩] 'allow' Variant of pretonic [ɛɐ̯].[21] See Standard German phonology
West Central German accents[22] oder [ˈoːdæ] 'or' Used instead of [ɐ].[22] See Standard German phonology
Northern accents[23] alles [ˈa̝ləs] 'everything' Lower and often also more back in other accents.[23] See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[24] spät [ʃpæːt] 'late' Open-mid [ɛː] or close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the open-mid /ɛː/.[25] See Standard German phonology
Greek Macedonia[26] γάτα/gáta [ˈɣætæ] 'cat' See Modern Greek phonology
Thessaly[26]
Thrace[26]
Pontic[27] καλάθια/kaláthia [kaˈlaθæ] 'baskets'
Hungarian[28] nem [næm] 'no' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Hungarian phonology
Kanoê[29] [æː] 'tobacco'
Kazakh әйел/äyel [æ̝ˈje̘l̪ʲ] 'woman' Varies between near-open and open-mid.
Kurdish Sorani (Central) گاڵته/ galte [gäːɫtʲæ] 'joke' Equal to Palewani (Southern) front [a]. See Kurdish phonology
Lakon[30] rävräv [ræβræβ] 'evening'
Limburgish[31][32][33] twelf [ˈtβ̞æ̠ləf] 'twelve' Front[32][33] or near-front,[31] depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect, in which the vowel is near-front.
Lithuanian jachtą [ˈjæːxt̪aː] 'yacht' (accusative) See Lithuanian phonology
Luxembourgish[34] Käpp [kʰæpʰ] 'heads' See Luxembourgish phonology
Norwegian Urban East[35][36] lær [læːɾ] 'leather' See Norwegian phonology
Persian[37][38] هشت/häşt [hæʃt] 'eight'
Portuguese Some dialects[39] pedra [ˈpædɾɐ] 'stone' Stressed vowel. In other dialects closer /ɛ/. See Portuguese phonology
Some European speakers[40] também [tɐˈmæ̃] 'also' Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/.
Romanian Bukovinian dialect[41] piele [ˈpæle] 'skin' Corresponds to [je] in standard Romanian. Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub-dialects.[41] See Romanian phonology
Russian[42][43] пять / päť [pʲætʲ]ⓘ 'five' Allophone of /a/ between palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian Zeta-Raška dialect[44] дан/dan [d̪æn̪] 'day' Regional reflex of Proto-Slavic *ь and *ъ. Sometimes nasalised.[44]
Sinhala[45] ඇය/äya [æjə] 'she'
Slovak mäso [mæso] 'meat, flesh' In conversation sometimes pronounced as [e] or [a]. See Slovak phonology
Swedish Central Standard[46][47][48] ära [²æːɾä]ⓘ 'hono(u)r' Allophone of /ɛː, ɛ/ before /r/. See Swedish phonology
Stockholm[48] läsa [²læːsä] 'to read' Realization of /ɛː, ɛ/ for younger speakers. Higher [ɛː, ɛ̝ ~ ɛ] for other speakers
Turkish[49] sen [s̪æn̪] 'you' Allophone of /e/ before syllable-final /m, n, l, r/. In a limited number of words (but not before /r/), it is in free variation with [e̞].[49] See Turkish phonology

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ a b Grønnum (1998:100)
  3. ^ Basbøll (2005:46)
  4. ^ Donaldson (1993:3)
  5. ^ Holes (2004:60)
  6. ^ Campbell (1991:5)
  7. ^ Berta (1998:183)
  8. ^ "Bengali romanization table" (PDF). Bahai Studies. Bahai Studies. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  9. ^ a b Rafel (1999:14)
  10. ^ Basbøll (2005:45)
  11. ^ Basbøll (2005:32)
  12. ^ Collins & Mees (2003:92, 129)
  13. ^ Collins & Mees (2003:92, 128–129, 131)
  14. ^ Gordon & Maclagan (2004:609)
  15. ^ Wells (1982:486)
  16. ^ a b Cruttenden (2014:119–120)
  17. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009:368)
  18. ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
  19. ^ Collins & Mees (2013:226)
  20. ^ a b Walker (1984:75)
  21. ^ a b Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:342)
  22. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:40)
  23. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:64)
  24. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:65)
  25. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34, 64–65)
  26. ^ a b c Newton (1972:11)
  27. ^ Revithiadou & Spyropoulos (2009:41)
  28. ^ Szende (1994:92)
  29. ^ Bacelar (2004:60)
  30. ^ François (2005:466)
  31. ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  32. ^ a b Peters (2006:119)
  33. ^ a b Verhoeven (2007:221)
  34. ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  35. ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
  36. ^ Popperwell (2010:16, 21–22)
  37. ^ Majidi & Ternes (1991)
  38. ^ Campbell (1995)
  39. ^ Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo Page 186.
  40. ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e outros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
  41. ^ a b Pop (1938), p. 29.
  42. ^ Jones & Ward (1969:50)
  43. ^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224–225)
  44. ^ a b Okuka 2008, p. 171.
  45. ^ Perera & Jones (1919:5)
  46. ^ Eliasson (1986:273)
  47. ^ Thorén & Petterson (1992:15)
  48. ^ a b Riad (2014:38)
  49. ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)

References

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