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'''North Queensland''' or the '''Northern Region''' is the northern part of the Australian state of [[Queensland]] that lies just south of [[Far North Queensland]]. Queensland is a massive state, larger than many countries, and its [[Tropical North Queensland|tropical northern part]] has been historically remote and undeveloped, resulting in a distinctive regional character and identity.
'''North Queensland''' or the '''Northern Region''' is the northern part of the Australian state of [[Queensland]] that lies just south of [[Far North Queensland]]. Queensland is a massive state, larger than many countries, and its [[Tropical North Queensland|tropical northern part]] has been historically remote and undeveloped, resulting in a distinctive regional character and identity.


[[Townsville]] is the largest urban centre in North Queensland, leading it to be regarded as an unofficial capital.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_alma21117126250002061 |title=The second capital of Queensland: Townsville futures plan |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> The region has a population of 231,628 and covers {{convert|80041.5|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="absnrpn">{{cite web |url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@nrp.nsf/lookup/345Main+Features12006-2010 |title=National Regional Profile: Northern |date=1 November 2011 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[Townsville]] is the largest urban centre in North Queensland, leading it to be regarded as an unofficial capital.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_alma21117126250002061 |title=The second capital of Queensland: Townsville futures plan |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> The region has a population of 231,628 and covers {{convert|80041.5|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="absnrpn">{{cite web |url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@nrp.nsf/lookup/345Main+Features12006-2010 |title=National Regional Profile: Northern |date=1 November 2011 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2012 }}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
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There is no official boundary that separates North Queensland from the rest of the state. Unofficially it is usually considered to have a southern border beginning south of the [[Mackay Region]] southern boundary, but historically it has been as far south as [[Rockhampton]]. To the north is the [[Far North Queensland]] region, centred on [[Cairns]] and out west is the [[Gulf Country]].
There is no official boundary that separates North Queensland from the rest of the state. Unofficially it is usually considered to have a southern border beginning south of the [[Mackay Region]] southern boundary, but historically it has been as far south as [[Rockhampton]]. To the north is the [[Far North Queensland]] region, centred on [[Cairns]] and out west is the [[Gulf Country]].


A coastal region centred on its largest settlement is the city of Townsville. The city is the location of a major [[seaport]] handling exports from mines in [[Mount Isa]] and cattle exports from coastal and inland areas. The region also contains a bulk sugar exporting terminal at [[Lucinda, Queensland|Lucinda]] in the region's north.<ref name="pot">{{cite web |url=https://www.townsville-port.com.au/ |title=Port of Townsville |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012054309/https://www.townsville-port.com.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]] and [[Shire of Burdekin|the Burdekin region]] are Australia's sugar capital and produces the most sugar in [[Australia]] and is shipped at Mackay Harbour. Mackay is also one of Australia's biggest coal exporters as it is close to Queensland's major mines. [[Abbot Point]], north of Bowen, is a large, coal exporting port.<ref name="poap">{{cite web |url=https://nqbp.com.au/our-ports/abbot-point |title=Port of Abbot Point |website=North Queensland Bulk Port Corporation |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012061314/https://nqbp.com.au/our-ports/abbot-point |url-status=live }}</ref> Dalrymple Bay, south of Mackay is another port where coal is exported.<ref name="dbct">{{cite web |url=https://www.dbct.com.au/ |title=Dalrymple Bay Coal Terminal |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012054308/https://www.dbct.com.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It also contains the inland city of [[Charters Towers, Queensland|Charters Towers]] and the coastal towns of [[Ayr, Queensland|Ayr]] and [[Ingham, Queensland|Ingham]]. The [[Shire of Burdekin|Burdekin]] is centred on the two towns of [[Ayr, Queensland|Ayr]] and [[Home Hill, Queensland|Home Hill]] and while producing the largest amount of sugar, also produces seasonal fruit such as [[Lychee]]s and [[Mango]]s in summer, which is the wet season.
A coastal region centred on its largest settlement is the city of Townsville. The city is the location of a major [[seaport]] handling exports from mines in [[Mount Isa]] and cattle exports from coastal and inland areas. The region also contains a bulk sugar exporting terminal at [[Lucinda, Queensland|Lucinda]] in the region's north.<ref name="pot">{{cite web |url=https://www.townsville-port.com.au/ |title=Port of Townsville |access-date=7 October 2023 }}</ref> [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]] and [[Shire of Burdekin|the Burdekin region]] are Australia's sugar capital and produces the most sugar in [[Australia]] and is shipped at Mackay Harbour. Mackay is also one of Australia's biggest coal exporters as it is close to Queensland's major mines. [[Abbot Point]], north of Bowen, is a large, coal exporting port.<ref name="poap">{{cite web |url=https://nqbp.com.au/our-ports/abbot-point |title=Port of Abbot Point |website=North Queensland Bulk Port Corporation |access-date=10 October 2023 }}</ref> Dalrymple Bay, south of Mackay is another port where coal is exported.<ref name="dbct">{{cite web |url=https://www.dbct.com.au/ |title=Dalrymple Bay Coal Terminal |access-date=10 October 2023 }}</ref> It also contains the inland city of [[Charters Towers, Queensland|Charters Towers]] and the coastal towns of [[Ayr, Queensland|Ayr]] and [[Ingham, Queensland|Ingham]]. The [[Shire of Burdekin|Burdekin]] is centred on the two towns of [[Ayr, Queensland|Ayr]] and [[Home Hill, Queensland|Home Hill]] and while producing the largest amount of sugar, also produces seasonal fruit such as [[Lychee]]s and [[Mango]]s in summer, which is the wet season.


Other communities in North Queensland include [[Home Hill, Queensland|Home Hill]], [[Sarina, Queensland|Sarina]], [[Bowen, Queensland|Bowen]], [[Ayr, Queensland|Ayr]], and [[Proserpine, Queensland|Proserpine]]. [[Great Palm Island]] is home to the largest discreet Indigenous community in Australia.<ref name="pia">{{cite web |url=https://www.palmcouncil.qld.gov.au/palm |title=About Palm |website=Palm Island Aboriginal Shire Council |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012054309/https://www.palmcouncil.qld.gov.au/palm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Wallaman Falls]] located near [[Wallaman, Queensland|Wallaman]], is Australia's highest, permanent single-drop waterfall.<ref name="wfgnp">{{cite web |url=https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/parks/girringun-wallaman |title=Wallaman Falls, Girringun National Park |date=19 May 2021 |website=Department of Environment and Science |publisher=Government of Queensland |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325035033/https://www.npsr.qld.gov.au/parks/girringun-wallaman/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Other communities in North Queensland include [[Home Hill, Queensland|Home Hill]], [[Sarina, Queensland|Sarina]], [[Bowen, Queensland|Bowen]], [[Ayr, Queensland|Ayr]], and [[Proserpine, Queensland|Proserpine]]. [[Great Palm Island]] is home to the largest discreet Indigenous community in Australia.<ref name="pia">{{cite web |url=https://www.palmcouncil.qld.gov.au/palm |title=About Palm |website=Palm Island Aboriginal Shire Council |access-date=7 October 2023 }}</ref> [[Wallaman Falls]] located near [[Wallaman, Queensland|Wallaman]], is Australia's highest, permanent single-drop waterfall.<ref name="wfgnp">{{cite web |url=https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/parks/girringun-wallaman |title=Wallaman Falls, Girringun National Park |date=19 May 2021 |website=Department of Environment and Science |publisher=Government of Queensland |access-date=7 October 2023 }}</ref>


[[File:Proserpine, Queensland.jpg|right|thumb|214x214px|Proserpine, a town in North Queensland and gateway to the Whitsunday Region. A potential site for government buildings for a future NQ state.]]
[[File:Proserpine, Queensland.jpg|right|thumb|214x214px|Proserpine, a town in North Queensland and gateway to the Whitsunday Region. A potential site for government buildings for a future NQ state.]]
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Captain James Cook passed by the region in 1770, naming several places including Magnetic Island and Cape Cleveland.<ref name="cht">{{cite web |url=http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/townsville/heritage/townsville/Pages/chronology.aspx |title=Chronological history of Townsville, 1770 to 1900 |publisher=Townsville City Council |access-date=3 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528061236/http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/townsville/heritage/townsville/pages/chronology.aspx |archive-date=28 May 2014 }}</ref> [[Allan Cunningham (botanist)|Allan Cunningham]] was the first European to explore parts of the region. [[John Mackay (Australian pioneer)|John Mackay]] explored the [[Pioneer Valley]] near Mackay in 1860.<ref name=qpn>{{cite QPN|20426|Mackay|access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref>
Captain James Cook passed by the region in 1770, naming several places including Magnetic Island and Cape Cleveland.<ref name="cht">{{cite web |url=http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/townsville/heritage/townsville/Pages/chronology.aspx |title=Chronological history of Townsville, 1770 to 1900 |publisher=Townsville City Council |access-date=3 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528061236/http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/townsville/heritage/townsville/pages/chronology.aspx |archive-date=28 May 2014 }}</ref> [[Allan Cunningham (botanist)|Allan Cunningham]] was the first European to explore parts of the region. [[John Mackay (Australian pioneer)|John Mackay]] explored the [[Pioneer Valley]] near Mackay in 1860.<ref name=qpn>{{cite QPN|20426|Mackay|access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref>


The first settlement in the region was established at Port Denison in 1861, at what is now known as Bowen.<ref name="cht"/> In 1865, the first surveys of what was to become Townsville were conducted.<ref name="ashot"/> In 1871, gold was discovered at Charters Towers. This led to much development for the town and for Townsville which served as a major port and service centre as both the pastoral and sugar industry spread along the coast.<ref name="cht"/> Work on the [[Great Northern Railway (Mt Isa line)|Great Northern Railway]] from Townsville to [[Mount Isa]] began in 1879 with a small section opening the following year.<ref name="ashot">{{cite web |url=http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/facilities/libraries/history/Documents/A%20Short%20History%20of%20Thuringowa_web.pdf |title=A Short History of Thuringowa |publisher=Thuringowa City Council |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606214825/http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/facilities/libraries/history/Documents/A%20Short%20History%20of%20Thuringowa_web.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The first settlement in the region was established at Port Denison in 1861, at what is now known as Bowen.<ref name="cht"/> In 1865, the first surveys of what was to become Townsville were conducted.<ref name="ashot"/> In 1871, gold was discovered at Charters Towers. This led to much development for the town and for Townsville which served as a major port and service centre as both the pastoral and sugar industry spread along the coast.<ref name="cht"/> Work on the [[Great Northern Railway (Mt Isa line)|Great Northern Railway]] from Townsville to [[Mount Isa]] began in 1879 with a small section opening the following year.<ref name="ashot">{{cite web |url=http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/facilities/libraries/history/Documents/A%20Short%20History%20of%20Thuringowa_web.pdf |title=A Short History of Thuringowa |publisher=Thuringowa City Council |access-date=3 June 2014 }}</ref>


An Immigration Port was established at Bowen in 1866.<ref name="bow">{{cite web |url=https://www.qld.gov.au/firstnations/cultural-awareness-heritage-arts/community-histories/community-histories-a-b/community-histories-bowen |title=Bowen |date=8 April 2015 |publisher=The State of Queensland |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012062815/https://www.qld.gov.au/firstnations/cultural-awareness-heritage-arts/community-histories/community-histories-a-b/community-histories-bowen |url-status=live }}</ref> This was because Queensland sugar plantations relied heavily on Pacific Island labour. At first [[blackbirding]] was standard practice, until the trade became voluntary. Over 40 years about 60,000 [[Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)|kanakas]] were brought to Queensland to work.<ref name="jft">{{cite news |last=Jordan |first=Frank |date=2 August 2018 |title=Justice for the kanakas: Australia's 'invisible' Melanesians |url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/justice-kanakas-australia%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98invisible%E2%80%99-melanesians |work=[[Green Left (Australian newspaper)|Green Left]] |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012054309/https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/justice-kanakas-australia%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98invisible%E2%80%99-melanesians |url-status=live }}</ref>
An Immigration Port was established at Bowen in 1866.<ref name="bow">{{cite web |url=https://www.qld.gov.au/firstnations/cultural-awareness-heritage-arts/community-histories/community-histories-a-b/community-histories-bowen |title=Bowen |date=8 April 2015 |publisher=The State of Queensland |access-date=9 October 2023 }}</ref> This was because Queensland sugar plantations relied heavily on Pacific Island labour. At first [[blackbirding]] was standard practice, until the trade became voluntary. Over 40 years about 60,000 [[Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)|kanakas]] were brought to Queensland to work.<ref name="jft">{{cite news |last=Jordan |first=Frank |date=2 August 2018 |title=Justice for the kanakas: Australia's 'invisible' Melanesians |url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/justice-kanakas-australia%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98invisible%E2%80%99-melanesians |work=[[Green Left (Australian newspaper)|Green Left]] |access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref>


In July 1942, Japanese naval flying boats conducted [[Air raids on Australia, 1942–43#Attacks on north Queensland, July 1942|air raids]] on Townsville.<ref name="tjbod">{{cite web |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/japanese-bombing-of-darwin |title=The Japanese bombing of Darwin, Broome and northern Australia |date=30 June 2012 |work=australia.gov.au |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606213520/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/japanese-bombing-of-darwin |url-status=live }}</ref>
In July 1942, Japanese naval flying boats conducted [[Air raids on Australia, 1942–43#Attacks on north Queensland, July 1942|air raids]] on Townsville.<ref name="tjbod">{{cite web |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/japanese-bombing-of-darwin |title=The Japanese bombing of Darwin, Broome and northern Australia |date=30 June 2012 |work=australia.gov.au |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=3 June 2014 }}</ref>


The [[Perc Tucker Regional Gallery]] was established at Townsville in 1981 and the [[TYTO Regional Art Gallery]] at Ingham opened in 2011.
The [[Perc Tucker Regional Gallery]] was established at Townsville in 1981 and the [[TYTO Regional Art Gallery]] at Ingham opened in 2011.
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{{Main|State of North Queensland}}
{{Main|State of North Queensland}}


Throughout the years, there have been many calls for the formation of a new state. Many proposals have been drawn up, regarding the borders, name and the debate over which town will become the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/au!nqld.html |title = North Queensland State Flag proposals |access-date = 2008-10-19 |archive-date = 23 January 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070123180454/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/au!nqld.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
Throughout the years, there have been many calls for the formation of a new state. Many proposals have been drawn up, regarding the borders, name and the debate over which town will become the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/au!nqld.html |title = North Queensland State Flag proposals |access-date=2008-10-19 }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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