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{{Short description|Marchioness of Turin}}
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{{ infobox nobility
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
| name = Adelaide of Turin
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{{infobox noble
⚫
| image = Adelaide di Susa.jpg
| caption = Adelaide of Turin
| name = Adelaide of Susa
| noble family = [[Arduinici]]
| noble family = [[Arduinici]]
| father = [[Ulric Manfred II of Turin]]
| father = [[Ulric Manfred II of Turin]]
| mother = [[Bertha of Milan]]
| mother = [[Bertha of Milan]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* [[Herman IV, Duke of Swabia]]
*[[Herman IV, Duke of Swabia]] ({{married-in|{{c.|1036|1037}}}}; died 1038)
* [[Henry of Montferrat]]
* [[Henry of Montferrat]] ({{married-in|{{c.|1041}}}}; died {{c.| 1045}})
* [[Otto of Savoy]]
* [[Otto of Savoy]] ({{married-in|{{c.|1046}}}}; died {{c.|1057|1060}})
}}
}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
| issue = {{plainlist|
Line 19: Line 19:
}}
}}
| birth_date = {{circa|1014/1020}}
| birth_date = {{circa|1014/1020}}
| birth_place = [[Turin]]
| birth_place = [[Turin]], [[March of Turin]]
| death_date = {{death date|1091|12|19|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date|1091|12|19|df=y}}
| death_place =
| death_place =
| burial_place = Parochial church of [[Canischio]] (uncertain)
| burial_place = Parochial church of [[Canischio]] (uncertain)
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|image=File:Adelaide de Suse.jpg}}
}}


'''Adelaide of Turin''' (also ''Adelheid'', ''Adelais'', or ''Adeline''; {{circa|1014/1020}} &ndash; 19 December 1091)<ref>Previte-Orton, p250 note7; 19 December~Bernold, 25 December~''Necrol. S. Solutoris etc. Turin''</ref> was the Countess of part of the March of Ivrea and the [[Marchioness of Turin]] in Northwestern Italy from 1034 to her death. She was the last of the [[Arduinici]] and is often incorrectly associated with Susa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Amazons to Fighter Pilots: An Autobiographical Dictionary of Military Women|last=Pennington|first=Reina|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2003|isbn=0313327076|location=Westport, CT|pages=3}}</ref> She is sometimes compared to her second cousin, and close contemporary, [[Matilda of Tuscany]].<ref>See e.g. Fumagalli, ‘Adelaide e Matilde'; Goez, ‘Ein neuer Typ der europäischen Fürstin'; Sergi, 'Matilde di Canossa e Adelaide di Torino'</ref>
'''Adelaide of Turin''' (also ''Adelheid'', ''Adelais'', or ''Adeline''; {{circa|1014/1020}} &ndash; 19 December 1091)<ref>Previte-Orton, p250 note7; 19 December~Bernold, 25 December~''Necrol. S. Solutoris etc. Turin''</ref> was the countess of part of the [[March of Ivrea]] and the [[marchioness of Turin]] in Northwestern Italy from 1034 to her death. She was the last of the [[Arduinici]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Amazons to Fighter Pilots: An Autobiographical Dictionary of Military Women|last=Pennington|first=Reina|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2003|isbn=0313327076|location=Westport, CT|pages=3}}</ref> She is sometimes compared to her second cousin and close contemporary, [[Matilda of Tuscany]].<ref>See e.g. Fumagalli, 'Adelaide e Matilde'; Goez, 'Ein neuer Typ der europäischen Fürstin'; Sergi, 'Matilde di Canossa e Adelaide di Torino'</ref>
[[File:Ritratto di Adelaide di Susa moglie di Oddone - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Adelaide of Susa - Google Art Project]]


== Biography ==
== Biography ==


===Early life===
===Early life===
Born in Turin to [[Ulric Manfred II of Turin|Ulric Manfred II]] and [[Bertha of Milan|Bertha]] around 1014/1020, Adelaide's early life is not well known.<ref name="Dunbar 1904">{{cite book|last=Dunbar|first=Agnes Baillie Cunninghame|title=A Dictionary of Saintly Women|year=1904|publisher=Bell}}</ref> Adelaide had two younger sisters, [[Immilla of Turin|Immilla]] and [[Bertha of Turin|Bertha]]. She may also have had a brother, whose name is not known, who predeceased her father.<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 154, 187</ref> Thus, on Ulric Manfred's death (in December 1033 or 1034), Adelaide inherited the bulk of her father's property.<ref>Sergi, ''I confini del potere'', p. 81</ref> She received property in the counties of [[Turin]] (especially in the [[Susa Valley]]), [[Auriate]], and [[Asti]]. Adelaide also inherited property, but probably not comital authority, in the counties of [[Albenga]], [[Alba]], [[Bredulo]] and [[Ventimiglia]].<ref>On the property inherited by Adelaide, see Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 154f., 188, 208, 217 and 231f.</ref> It is likely that Adelaide's mother, Bertha, briefly acted as regent for Adelaide after Ulric Manfred's death.
Born in Turin to [[Ulric Manfred II of Turin]] and [[Bertha of Milan]] around 1014/1020, Adelaide's early life is not well known.{{sfn|Boyd|1943|p=14}}<ref name="Dunbar 1904">{{cite book|last=Dunbar|first=Agnes Baillie Cunninghame|title=A Dictionary of Saintly Women|url=https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfSaintlyWomenV2|year=1904|publisher=Bell}}</ref> Adelaide had two younger sisters, [[Immilla of Turin|Immilla]] and [[Bertha of Turin|Bertha]]. She may also have had a brother, whose name is not known, who predeceased her father.<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 154, 187</ref> Thus, upon Ulric Manfred II's death (in December 1033 or 1034), Adelaide inherited the bulk of her father's property.<ref>Sergi, ''I confini del potere'', p. 81</ref> This included property in the counties of [[Turin]] (especially in the [[Susa Valley]]), [[Auriate]], and [[Asti]]. Adelaide also inherited property, but probably not comital authority, in the counties of [[Albenga]], [[Alba]], [[Bredulo]] and [[Ventimiglia]].<ref>On the property inherited by Adelaide, see Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 154f., 188, 208, 217 and 231f.</ref> It is likely that Adelaide's mother, Bertha, briefly acted as regent for Adelaide after Ulric Manfred's death.


===Marriages===
===Marriages===
Since the margravial title primarily had a military purpose at the time, it was thus was not considered suitable for a woman. [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Conrad II]] therefore arranged a marriage between Adelaide and his stepson, [[Herman IV, Duke of Swabia|Herman IV]], in 1036 or 1037. Herman was then invested as margrave of Turin.<ref>Hellmann, ''Grafen'', p. 13</ref> Herman died of the plague while fighting for Conrad II at [[Naples]] in July 1038.
Since the margravial title primarily had a military purpose at the time, it was not considered a suitable position for a woman. [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Conrad II]] therefore arranged a marriage between Adelaide and his stepson, [[Herman IV, Duke of Swabia|Herman IV]], in 1036 or 1037. Herman was then invested as margrave of Turin.<ref>Hellmann, ''Grafen'', p. 13</ref> However, in 1038, Herman died of the plague while fighting for Conrad II in [[Naples]].


Adelaide remarried in order to secure her vast possessions. Probably in 1041, and certainly before 19th January 1042, Adelaide married [[Henry, Marquess of Montferrat]].<ref>Merlone, 'Prosopografia aleramica,' p. 580.</ref> Henry died c.1045 and left Adelaide a widow for the second time. Immediately, a third marriage was undertaken, this time to [[Otto of Savoy]] (1046).<ref name="Dunbar 1904" /> With Otto she had three sons, [[Peter I of Savoy|Peter I]], [[Amadeus II of Savoy|Amadeus II]], and [[Otto, Bishop of Asti|Otto]]. The couple also had two daughters, [[Bertha of Savoy|Bertha]], who married [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV of Germany]], and [[Adelaide of Savoy, Duchess of Swabia|Adelaide]], who married [[Rudolf of Rheinfelden]] (who later opposed Henry as [[King of Germany]]).
Adelaide remarried in order to secure her vast possessions. Probably in 1041, and certainly before 19 January 1042, Adelaide married [[Henry, Marquess of Montferrat]].<ref>Merlone, 'Prosopografia aleramica,' p. 580.</ref> Henry died around 1045 leaving Adelaide a widow for the second time. Immediately, a third marriage was undertaken, this time to [[Otto of Savoy]] (1046).<ref name="Dunbar 1904" /> Adelaide had three sons with Otto: [[Peter I of Savoy|Peter I]], [[Amadeus II of Savoy|Amadeus II]], and [[Otto, Bishop of Asti|Otto]]. They also had two daughters: [[Bertha of Savoy|Bertha]], who married [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV of Germany]], and [[Adelaide of Savoy, Duchess of Swabia|Adelaide]], who married [[Rudolf of Rheinfelden]] (who later opposed Henry as [[King of Germany]]).


===Widowhood and rule===
===Widowhood and rule===
After the death of her husband Otto, c.1057/60, Adelaide ruled the [[march of Turin]] and the [[county of Savoy]] alongside her sons, Peter and Amadeus.
After the death of her husband Otto, c.1057/60, Adelaide ruled the [[march of Turin]] and the [[county of Savoy]] alongside her sons Peter and Amadeus.


It is sometimes said that Adelaide abandoned Turin as a capital and began to reside permanently at [[Susa, Italy|Susa]]. This is incorrect. Adelaide is documented far more frequently at the margravial palace in Turin than anywhere else.<ref>Sergi, 'I poli del potere'.</ref>
It is sometimes incorrectly reported that Adelaide abandoned Turin as the capital and began to reside permanently at [[Susa, Piedmont|Susa]]. Adelaide is documented far more frequently at the margravial palace in Turin than anywhere else.<ref>Sergi, 'I poli del potere'.</ref>


In 1070 Adelaide captured and burned the city of Asti, which had rebelled against her.<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 228f.</ref>
In 1070 Adelaide captured and burned the city of Asti, which had rebelled against her.<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 228f.</ref>


===Relationship with empire===
===Relationship with empire===
[[File:Adelaide di Susa.jpg|thumb|<dfn>11th century coin</dfn>, Adelaide of Susa]]
In 1069 Henry IV tried to repudiate Adelaide's daughter, Bertha,<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 232f.</ref> which caused Adelaide's relationship with the imperial family to cool. However, through the intervention of Bertha, Henry received Adelaide's support when he came to Italy to submit to [[Pope Gregory VII]] and [[Matilda of Tuscany]] at [[Canossa]]. In return for allowing him to travel through her lands, Henry gave [[Bugey]] to Adelaide.<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 237f.</ref> Adelaide and her son Amadeus then accompanied Henry IV and Bertha to Canossa, where Adelaide acted as a mediator, alongside Matilda and [[Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan]], among others.<ref>Hellmann, ''Grafen'', pp. 24f</ref> Bishop [[Benzo of Alba]] sent several letters to Adelaide between 1080 and 1082, encouraging her to support Henry IV in the Italian wars which formed part of the [[Investiture Controversy]].<ref name="epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu">For English translations of these letters, see [http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/105.html Epistolae: Medieval Women's Latin Letters]</ref> Adelaide's dealings with Henry IV became closer after this. She offered to mediate between him and Matilda of Tuscany, and may even have joined him on campaign in southern Italy in 1084.<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 248f.</ref>
In 1069 Henry IV tried to repudiate Adelaide's daughter, Bertha,<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 232f; {{Cite journal|last=Creber|first=Alison|date=22 April 2019|title=Breaking Up Is Hard To Do: Dissolving Royal and Noble Marriages in Eleventh-Century Germany|journal=German History|language=en|volume=37|issue=2|pages=149–171|doi=10.1093/gerhis/ghy108|issn=0266-3554|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/99029335/Breaking_Up_Is_Hard_CREBER_Accepted28June2018_GREEN_AAM.pdf}}.</ref> causing Adelaide's relationship with the imperial family to cool. However, through Bertha's intervention, Henry received Adelaide's support when he came to Italy to submit to [[Pope Gregory VII]] and [[Matilda of Tuscany]] at [[Canossa]]. In return for allowing him to travel through her lands, Henry gave Adelaide [[Bugey]].<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 237f.</ref> Adelaide and her son Amadeus then accompanied Henry IV and Bertha to Canossa, where Adelaide acted as mediator, alongside Matilda and [[Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan]], among others.<ref>[https://storicamente.org/creber-women-canossa Creber, ‘Women at Canossa']; Hellmann, ''Grafen'', pp. 24f</ref> Bishop [[Benzo of Alba]] sent several letters to Adelaide between 1080 and 1082 encouraging her to support Henry IV in the Italian wars which formed part of the [[Investiture Controversy]].<ref name="epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu">For English translations of these letters, see [http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/105.html Epistolae: Medieval Women's Latin Letters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220213949/https://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/105.html |date=20 December 2016 }}. For discussion, see: [https://rsj.winchester.ac.uk/articles/158/ Creber, ‘The Princely Woman and the Emperor'].</ref> Following this, Adelaide's dealings with Henry IV became closer. She offered to mediate between him and Matilda of Tuscany, and may even have joined him on a campaign in southern Italy in 1084.<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 248f.</ref>


===Relationship with the Church===
===Relationship with the Church===
Adelaide made many donations to monasteries in the march of Turin. In 1064 she founded the monastery of Santa Maria at [[Pinerolo]].<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', p. 162</ref>
Adelaide made many donations to monasteries in the March of Turin. In 1064 she founded the monastery of Santa Maria at [[Pinerolo]].<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', p. 162</ref>


Adelaide received letters from many of the leading churchmen of the day, including [[Pope Alexander II]], [[Peter Damian]], and [[Pope Gregory VII]].<ref name="epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu"/> These letters indicate that Adelaide sometimes supported [[Gregorian reform]], but that at other times she did not. Peter Damian (writing in 1064) and Gregory VII (writing in 1073), relied upon Adelaide to enforce clerical celibacy and protect the monasteries of [[Fruttuaria]] and [[Sacra di San Michele|San Michele della Chiusa]]. By contrast, Alexander II (writing c.1066/7) reproached Adelaide for her dealings with [[Guido da Velate]] the [[Simony|simoniac]] [[Archbishop of Milan]].
Adelaide received letters from many of the leading churchmen of the day, including [[Pope Alexander II]], [[Peter Damian]],<ref>Creber, 'Mirrors for Margraves'.</ref> and [[Pope Gregory VII]].<ref name="epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu"/> These letters indicate that Adelaide sometimes supported [[Gregorian reform]], but that at other times she did not. Peter Damian (writing in 1064) and Gregory VII (writing in 1073), relied upon Adelaide to enforce [[clerical celibacy]] and protect the monasteries of [[Fruttuaria]] and [[Sacra di San Michele|San Michele della Chiusa]]. By contrast, Alexander II (writing c.1066/7) reproached Adelaide for her dealings with [[Guido da Velate]] the [[Simony|simoniac]] [[Archbishop of Milan]].


===Death===
===Death===
Adelaide died in December 1091.<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', p. 250.</ref> According to a later legend, she was buried in the parochial church of [[Canischio]] (''Canisculum''), a small village on the [[Cuorgnè]] in the [[Valle dell'Orco]], where she had supposedly been living incognito for twenty-two years before her death.<ref>''Chronicon Abbatiae Fructuariensis'', in G. Calligaris, ed., ''Un’antica cronaca piemontese inedita'' (Turin, 1889), pp. 132f.</ref> The medieval historian [[Charles William Previté-Orton]] called this story "absurd".<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 250-251.</ref> In the [[Susa Cathedral|cathedral of Susa]], in a niche in the wall, there is a statue of [[walnut]] wood, beneath a bronze veneer, representing Adelaide, genuflecting in prayer. Above it can be read the inscription: ''Questa è Adelaide, cui l'istessa Roma Cole, e primo d'Ausonia onor la noma''.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}
Adelaide died in December 1091.<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', p. 250.</ref> According to a later legend, she was buried in the parochial church of [[Canischio]] (''Canisculum'') in a small village on the [[Cuorgnè]] in the [[Valle dell'Orco]], where she had supposedly been living incognito for twenty-two years before her death.<ref>''Chronicon Abbatiae Fructuariensis'', in G. Calligaris, ed., ''Un’antica cronaca piemontese inedita'' (Turin, 1889), pp. 132f.</ref> The medieval historian [[Charles William Previté-Orton]] called this story "absurd".<ref>Previté-Orton, ''Early History'', pp. 250–251.</ref> In the [[Susa Cathedral|cathedral of Susa]], in a niche in the wall, there is a statue of [[walnut]] wood, beneath a bronze veneer, representing Adelaide genuflecting in prayer. Above it is the inscription: ''Questa è Adelaide, cui l'istessa Roma Cole, e primo d'Ausonia onor la noma''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQdTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA582 |title=Dizionario geografico-storico-statistico-commerciale degli stati del Redi Sardegna |editor-last=Casalis |editor-first=Goffredo |publisher=G. Maspers |year=1850 |language=it}}</ref>[[File:Ritratto di Adelaide di Susa moglie di Oddone - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Adelaide as imagined in the 18th century]]


==Family and children==
==Family and children==
Because of a late Austrian source, Adelaide and [[Herman IV, Duke of Swabia]] are sometimes mistakenly said to have had children together.<ref>On this see E. Hlawitschka, 'Zur Abstammung Richwaras, der Gemahlin Herzog Bertholds I. von Zähringen,' ''Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins'', 154 (2006), 1–20</ref> This was not the case. Herman was on campaign for much of his short marriage to Adelaide and he died without heirs.<ref>Schwennicke, ''Europäische Stammtafeln'', I.1, table 84</ref> Nor did Adelaide have children with her second husband, Henry.
Due to a late Austrian source, Adelaide and [[Herman IV, Duke of Swabia]] are sometimes mistakenly said to have had children together.<ref>On this see E. Hlawitschka, 'Zur Abstammung Richwaras, der Gemahlin Herzog Bertholds I. von Zähringen,' ''Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins'', 154 (2006), 1–20</ref> This was not the case. Herman was on campaign for much of his short marriage to Adelaide and he died without heirs.<ref>Schwennicke, ''Europäische Stammtafeln'', I.1, table 84</ref> Nor did Adelaide have children with her second husband, Henry.


Adelaide and [[Otto of Savoy]] had five children:
Adelaide and [[Otto of Savoy]] had five children:
*[[Peter I of Savoy]], married [[Agnes of Aquitaine, Countess of Savoy|Agnes]], daughter of [[William VII, Duke of Aquitaine]].<ref name="Previte-Orton231">Previte-Orton, p.231.</ref>
*[[Peter I of Savoy]] (c. 1048 – 1078), married [[Agnes of Aquitaine, Countess of Savoy|Agnes]], daughter of [[William VII, Duke of Aquitaine]].<ref name="Previte-Orton231">Previte-Orton, p.231.</ref>
*[[Amadeus II, Count of Savoy|Amadeus II of Savoy]]
*[[Amadeus II, Count of Savoy|Amadeus II of Savoy]] (c. 1050 – 1080)
*Otto<ref>Otto is sometimes said to be Bishop Otto III of Asti (r.c.1080-c.1088), but this identification is uncertain. See L. Vergano, ''Storia di Asti'', part I. (Asti, 1951)</ref>
*Otto<ref>Otto is sometimes said to be Bishop Otto III of Asti (r.c.1080-c.1088), but this identification is uncertain. See L. Vergano, ''Storia di Asti'', part I. (Asti, 1951)</ref>
*[[Bertha of Savoy]], married [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]], June 1066.<ref name="Previte-Orton231" />
*[[Bertha of Savoy]] (1051 – 1087), married [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]], June 1066.<ref name="Previte-Orton231" />
*[[Adelaide of Savoy, Duchess of Swabia|Adelaide of Savoy]], married [[Rudolf von Rheinfelden]]<ref name="Previte-Orton231" />
*[[Adelaide of Savoy, Duchess of Swabia|Adelaide of Savoy]], married [[Rudolf von Rheinfelden]]<ref name="Previte-Orton231" />


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
⚫
Adelaide is a featured figure on [[Judy Chicago]]'s installation piece ''[[The Dinner Party]]'', being represented as one of the 999 names on the ''[[List of women in the Heritage Floor|Heritage Floor]].''<ref name="C121">Chicago, 121.</ref><ref name="Adelaide">{{cite web | year=2007 | title=Adelaide of Susa | work=Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Adelaide of Susa | publisher=[[Brooklyn Museum]] | url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/adelaide_of_susa.php | access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref> She is affiliated with the place setting of [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adelaide of Susa |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/adelaide-of-susa |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=www.brooklynmuseum.org |language=en}}</ref>

⚫
Adelaide is a featured figure on [[Judy Chicago]]'s installation piece ''[[The Dinner Party]]'', being represented as one of the 999 names on the ''[[List of women in the Heritage Floor|Heritage Floor]].''<ref name="C121">Chicago, 121.</ref><ref name="Adelaide">{{cite web | author= | year=2007 | title=Adelaide of Susa | work=Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Adelaide of Susa | publisher=[[Brooklyn Museum]] | url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/adelaide_of_susa.php | accessdate=15 December 2011}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of female rulers and title holders]]
*[[List of female rulers and title holders]]

==Notes==
⚫
{{reflist|2}}


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |title=A Cistercian Nunnery in Mediaeval Italy: The Story of Rifreddo in Saluzzo, 1220-1300 |first=Catherine Evangeline |last=Boyd |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1943 }}
*H. Bresslau, ''Jahrbücher des Deutschen Reichs unter Konrad II.'', 2 vols. (1884), accessible online at: [https://archive.org/stream/jahrbcherdesde12bresuoft#page/n7/mode/2up archive.org]
*H. Bresslau, ''Jahrbücher des Deutschen Reichs unter Konrad II.'', 2 vols. (1884), accessible online at: [https://archive.org/stream/jahrbcherdesde12bresuoft#page/n7/mode/2up archive.org]
*Chicago, Judy. ''The Dinner Party: From Creation to Preservation''. London: Merrell (2007). {{ISBN|1-85894-370-1}}
*Chicago, Judy. ''The Dinner Party: From Creation to Preservation''. London: Merrell (2007). {{ISBN|1-85894-370-1}}
*F. Cognasso, 'Adelaide' in ''[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adelaide_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani]''- Volume 1 (1960)
*F. Cognasso, 'Adelaide' in ''[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adelaide_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani]''- Volume 1 (1960)
*A. Creber, 'Breaking Up Is Hard To Do: Dissolving Royal and Noble Marriages in Eleventh-Century Germany', ''German History'' 37:2 (2018), pp.&nbsp;149–171.
⚫
*V. Fumagalli, ‘Adelaide e Matilde, due protagoniste del potere medievale,’ in ''La contessa Adelaide e la società del secolo XI'', a special edition of ''Segusium'' 32 (1992), 243-257
*[https://rsj.winchester.ac.uk/articles/158/ A. Creber, ‘The Princely Woman and the Emperor: Imagery of Female Rule in Benzo of Alba’s ''Ad Heinricum IV'',’] ''Royal Studies Journal'' 5:2 (2018), 7-26.
⚫
*E. Goez, ‘Ein neuer Typ der europäischen Fürstin im 11. und frühen 12.Jahrhundert?’ in B. Schneidmüller and S. Weinfurter, eds., ''Salisches Kaisertum und neues Europa. Die Zeit Heinrichs IV. und Heinrichs V.'' (Darmstadt, 2007), pp. 161–193.
*[https://storicamente.org/creber-women-canossa A. Creber, ‘Women at Canossa. The Role of Elite Women in the Reconciliation between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV of Germany (January 1077),’] ''Storicamente'' 13 (2017), article no. 13, pp.&nbsp;1–44.
*A. Creber, 'Mirrors for Margraves: Peter Damian's Different Models for Male and Female Rulers,’ ''Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques'', 42:1 (2016), 8-20.
⚫
*V. Fumagalli, 'Adelaide e Matilde, due protagoniste del potere medievale,’ in ''La contessa Adelaide e la società del secolo XI'', a special edition of ''Segusium'' 32 (1992), 243-257
⚫
*E. Goez, 'Ein neuer Typ der europäischen Fürstin im 11. und frühen 12.Jahrhundert?’ in B. Schneidmüller and S. Weinfurter, eds., ''Salisches Kaisertum und neues Europa. Die Zeit Heinrichs IV. und Heinrichs V.'' (Darmstadt, 2007), pp. 161–193.
*S. Hellmann, ''Die Grafen von Savoyen und das Reich: bis zum Ende der staufischen Periode'' (Innsbruck, 1900), accessible online (but without page numbers) at: [http://www.manfred-hiebl.de/genealogie-mittelalter/savoyen_grafen_von/adelheid_von_turin_+_1091/hellmann.html Genealogie Mittelalter]
*S. Hellmann, ''Die Grafen von Savoyen und das Reich: bis zum Ende der staufischen Periode'' (Innsbruck, 1900), accessible online (but without page numbers) at: [http://www.manfred-hiebl.de/genealogie-mittelalter/savoyen_grafen_von/adelheid_von_turin_+_1091/hellmann.html Genealogie Mittelalter]
*R. Merlone, 'Prosopografia aleramica (secolo X e prima metà dell'XI),' ''Bollettino storico-bibliografico subalpino'', LXXXI, (1983), 451-585.
*R. Merlone, 'Prosopografia aleramica (secolo X e prima metà dell'XI),' ''Bollettino storico-bibliografico subalpino'', LXXXI, (1983), 451-585.
*C.W. Previté-Orton, ''The Early History of the House of Savoy (1000-1233)'' (Cambridge, 1912), accessible online at: [https://archive.org/stream/earlyhistoryofho00prevuoft#page/n5/mode/2up archive.org]
*C.W. Previté-Orton, ''The Early History of the House of Savoy (1000–1233)'' (Cambridge, 1912), accessible online at: [https://archive.org/stream/earlyhistoryofho00prevuoft#page/n5/mode/2up archive.org]
*D. Schwennicke, ''[[Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten]]'' (Marburg, 1978).
*D. Schwennicke, ''[[Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten]]'' (Marburg, 1978).
*G. Sergi, 'I poli del potere pubblico e dell'orientamento signorile degli Arduinici: Torino e Susa, in ''La contessa Adelaide e la società del secolo XI'', a special edition of ''Segusium'' 32 (1992), pp.&nbsp;61–76
*G. Sergi, 'I poli del potere pubblico e dell'orientamento signorile degli Arduinici: Torino e Susa, in ''La contessa Adelaide e la società del secolo XI'', a special edition of ''Segusium'' 32 (1992), pp.&nbsp;61–76
*G. Sergi, ''I confini del potere. Marche e signorie fra due regni medievali'' (1995).
*G. Sergi, ''I confini del potere. Marche e signorie fra due regni medievali'' (1995).
*G. Sergi, ‘Matilde di Canossa e Adelaide di Torino: contatti, confronti, valutazioni tipologiche,’ in ''Matilde di Canossa e il suo tempo. Atti del XXI congresso internazionale di studio Sull’alto Medioevo'' (Spoleto, 2016), pp. 57-74.
*G. Sergi, 'Matilde di Canossa e Adelaide di Torino: contatti, confronti, valutazioni tipologiche,’ in ''Matilde di Canossa e il suo tempo. Atti del XXI congresso internazionale di studio Sull’alto Medioevo'' (Spoleto, 2016), pp.&nbsp;57–74.


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/105.html ''Women's Biography: Adelaide of Turin and Susa''] (Brief biography of Adelaide, plus English translations of letters to Adelaide, and legal documents issued by Adelaide)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161220213949/https://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/105.html ''Women's Biography: Adelaide of Turin and Susa''] (Brief biography of Adelaide, plus English translations of letters to Adelaide, and legal documents issued by Adelaide)
*[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NORTHERN%20ITALY%20900-1100.htm#AdelaidaSusadied1091 Medieval Lands Project: Northern Italy, 900&ndash;1100.]
*[http://www.manfred-hiebl.de/genealogie-mittelalter/savoyen_grafen_von/adelheid_von_turin_+_1091/adelheid_von_turin_herzogin_von_schwaben_+_1091.html Adelheid von Turin, Herzogin von Schwaben, Markgräfin von Turin, Gräfin von Savoyen]
*[http://www.manfred-hiebl.de/genealogie-mittelalter/savoyen_grafen_von/adelheid_von_turin_+_1091/adelheid_von_turin_herzogin_von_schwaben_+_1091.html Adelheid von Turin, Herzogin von Schwaben, Markgräfin von Turin, Gräfin von Savoyen]
* {{cite Q|Q115297411|editor1=Henry Gardiner Adams}}<!-- [[s:A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Adelaide, Marchioness of Italy]] -->


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[[Category:Women in war in Italy]]
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[[Category:Mothers of Italian monarchs]]
[[Category:11th-century regents]]

Latest revision as of 03:29, 26 April 2024

Adelaide of Susa
Bornc. 1014/1020
Turin, March of Turin
Died(1091-12-19)19 December 1091
BuriedParochial church of Canischio (uncertain)
Noble familyArduinici
Spouse(s)
Issue
FatherUlric Manfred II of Turin
MotherBertha of Milan

Adelaide of Turin (also Adelheid, Adelais, or Adeline; c. 1014/1020 – 19 December 1091)[1] was the countess of part of the March of Ivrea and the marchioness of Turin in Northwestern Italy from 1034 to her death. She was the last of the Arduinici.[2] She is sometimes compared to her second cousin and close contemporary, Matilda of Tuscany.[3]

Biography

[edit]

Early life

[edit]

Born in Turin to Ulric Manfred II of Turin and Bertha of Milan around 1014/1020, Adelaide's early life is not well known.[4][5] Adelaide had two younger sisters, Immilla and Bertha. She may also have had a brother, whose name is not known, who predeceased her father.[6] Thus, upon Ulric Manfred II's death (in December 1033 or 1034), Adelaide inherited the bulk of her father's property.[7] This included property in the counties of Turin (especially in the Susa Valley), Auriate, and Asti. Adelaide also inherited property, but probably not comital authority, in the counties of Albenga, Alba, Bredulo and Ventimiglia.[8] It is likely that Adelaide's mother, Bertha, briefly acted as regent for Adelaide after Ulric Manfred's death.

Marriages

[edit]

Since the margravial title primarily had a military purpose at the time, it was not considered a suitable position for a woman. Emperor Conrad II therefore arranged a marriage between Adelaide and his stepson, Herman IV, in 1036 or 1037. Herman was then invested as margrave of Turin.[9] However, in 1038, Herman died of the plague while fighting for Conrad II in Naples.

Adelaide remarried in order to secure her vast possessions. Probably in 1041, and certainly before 19 January 1042, Adelaide married Henry, Marquess of Montferrat.[10] Henry died around 1045 leaving Adelaide a widow for the second time. Immediately, a third marriage was undertaken, this time to Otto of Savoy (1046).[5] Adelaide had three sons with Otto: Peter I, Amadeus II, and Otto. They also had two daughters: Bertha, who married Henry IV of Germany, and Adelaide, who married Rudolf of Rheinfelden (who later opposed Henry as King of Germany).

Widowhood and rule

[edit]

After the death of her husband Otto, c.1057/60, Adelaide ruled the march of Turin and the county of Savoy alongside her sons Peter and Amadeus.

It is sometimes incorrectly reported that Adelaide abandoned Turin as the capital and began to reside permanently at Susa. Adelaide is documented far more frequently at the margravial palace in Turin than anywhere else.[11]

In 1070 Adelaide captured and burned the city of Asti, which had rebelled against her.[12]

Relationship with empire

[edit]
11th century coin, Adelaide of Susa

In 1069 Henry IV tried to repudiate Adelaide's daughter, Bertha,[13] causing Adelaide's relationship with the imperial family to cool. However, through Bertha's intervention, Henry received Adelaide's support when he came to Italy to submit to Pope Gregory VII and Matilda of Tuscany at Canossa. In return for allowing him to travel through her lands, Henry gave Adelaide Bugey.[14] Adelaide and her son Amadeus then accompanied Henry IV and Bertha to Canossa, where Adelaide acted as mediator, alongside Matilda and Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan, among others.[15] Bishop Benzo of Alba sent several letters to Adelaide between 1080 and 1082 encouraging her to support Henry IV in the Italian wars which formed part of the Investiture Controversy.[16] Following this, Adelaide's dealings with Henry IV became closer. She offered to mediate between him and Matilda of Tuscany, and may even have joined him on a campaign in southern Italy in 1084.[17]

Relationship with the Church

[edit]

Adelaide made many donations to monasteries in the March of Turin. In 1064 she founded the monastery of Santa Maria at Pinerolo.[18]

Adelaide received letters from many of the leading churchmen of the day, including Pope Alexander II, Peter Damian,[19] and Pope Gregory VII.[16] These letters indicate that Adelaide sometimes supported Gregorian reform, but that at other times she did not. Peter Damian (writing in 1064) and Gregory VII (writing in 1073), relied upon Adelaide to enforce clerical celibacy and protect the monasteries of Fruttuaria and San Michele della Chiusa. By contrast, Alexander II (writing c.1066/7) reproached Adelaide for her dealings with Guido da Velate the simoniac Archbishop of Milan.

Death

[edit]

Adelaide died in December 1091.[20] According to a later legend, she was buried in the parochial church of Canischio (Canisculum) in a small village on the Cuorgnè in the Valle dell'Orco, where she had supposedly been living incognito for twenty-two years before her death.[21] The medieval historian Charles William Previté-Orton called this story "absurd".[22] In the cathedral of Susa, in a niche in the wall, there is a statue of walnut wood, beneath a bronze veneer, representing Adelaide genuflecting in prayer. Above it is the inscription: Questa è Adelaide, cui l'istessa Roma Cole, e primo d'Ausonia onor la noma.[23]

Adelaide as imagined in the 18th century

Family and children

[edit]

Due to a late Austrian source, Adelaide and Herman IV, Duke of Swabia are sometimes mistakenly said to have had children together.[24] This was not the case. Herman was on campaign for much of his short marriage to Adelaide and he died without heirs.[25] Nor did Adelaide have children with her second husband, Henry.

Adelaide and Otto of Savoy had five children:

Legacy

[edit]

Adelaide is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor.[28][29] She is affiliated with the place setting of Eleanor of Aquitaine.[30]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Previte-Orton, p250 note7; 19 December~Bernold, 25 December~Necrol. S. Solutoris etc. Turin
  2. ^ Pennington, Reina (2003). Amazons to Fighter Pilots: An Autobiographical Dictionary of Military Women. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 3. ISBN 0313327076.
  3. ^ See e.g. Fumagalli, 'Adelaide e Matilde'; Goez, 'Ein neuer Typ der europäischen Fürstin'; Sergi, 'Matilde di Canossa e Adelaide di Torino'
  4. ^ Boyd 1943, p. 14.
  5. ^ a b Dunbar, Agnes Baillie Cunninghame (1904). A Dictionary of Saintly Women. Bell.
  6. ^ Previté-Orton, Early History, pp. 154, 187
  7. ^ Sergi, I confini del potere, p. 81
  8. ^ On the property inherited by Adelaide, see Previté-Orton, Early History, pp. 154f., 188, 208, 217 and 231f.
  9. ^ Hellmann, Grafen, p. 13
  10. ^ Merlone, 'Prosopografia aleramica,' p. 580.
  11. ^ Sergi, 'I poli del potere'.
  12. ^ Previté-Orton, Early History, pp. 228f.
  13. ^ Previté-Orton, Early History, pp. 232f; Creber, Alison (22 April 2019). "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do: Dissolving Royal and Noble Marriages in Eleventh-Century Germany" (PDF). German History. 37 (2): 149–171. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghy108. ISSN 0266-3554..
  14. ^ Previté-Orton, Early History, pp. 237f.
  15. ^ Creber, ‘Women at Canossa'; Hellmann, Grafen, pp. 24f
  16. ^ a b For English translations of these letters, see Epistolae: Medieval Women's Latin Letters Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. For discussion, see: Creber, ‘The Princely Woman and the Emperor'.
  17. ^ Previté-Orton, Early History, pp. 248f.
  18. ^ Previté-Orton, Early History, p. 162
  19. ^ Creber, 'Mirrors for Margraves'.
  20. ^ Previté-Orton, Early History, p. 250.
  21. ^ Chronicon Abbatiae Fructuariensis, in G. Calligaris, ed., Un’antica cronaca piemontese inedita (Turin, 1889), pp. 132f.
  22. ^ Previté-Orton, Early History, pp. 250–251.
  23. ^ Casalis, Goffredo, ed. (1850). Dizionario geografico-storico-statistico-commerciale degli stati del Redi Sardegna (in Italian). G. Maspers.
  24. ^ On this see E. Hlawitschka, 'Zur Abstammung Richwaras, der Gemahlin Herzog Bertholds I. von Zähringen,' Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins, 154 (2006), 1–20
  25. ^ Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln, I.1, table 84
  26. ^ a b c Previte-Orton, p.231.
  27. ^ Otto is sometimes said to be Bishop Otto III of Asti (r.c.1080-c.1088), but this identification is uncertain. See L. Vergano, Storia di Asti, part I. (Asti, 1951)
  28. ^ Chicago, 121.
  29. ^ "Adelaide of Susa". Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Adelaide of Susa. Brooklyn Museum. 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  30. ^ "Adelaide of Susa". www.brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved 22 May 2023.

Sources

[edit]
  • Boyd, Catherine Evangeline (1943). A Cistercian Nunnery in Mediaeval Italy: The Story of Rifreddo in Saluzzo, 1220-1300. Harvard University Press.
  • H. Bresslau, Jahrbücher des Deutschen Reichs unter Konrad II., 2 vols. (1884), accessible online at: archive.org
  • Chicago, Judy. The Dinner Party: From Creation to Preservation. London: Merrell (2007). ISBN 1-85894-370-1
  • F. Cognasso, 'Adelaide' in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani- Volume 1 (1960)
  • A. Creber, 'Breaking Up Is Hard To Do: Dissolving Royal and Noble Marriages in Eleventh-Century Germany', German History 37:2 (2018), pp. 149–171.
  • A. Creber, ‘The Princely Woman and the Emperor: Imagery of Female Rule in Benzo of Alba’s Ad Heinricum IV,’ Royal Studies Journal 5:2 (2018), 7-26.
  • A. Creber, ‘Women at Canossa. The Role of Elite Women in the Reconciliation between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV of Germany (January 1077),’ Storicamente 13 (2017), article no. 13, pp. 1–44.
  • A. Creber, 'Mirrors for Margraves: Peter Damian's Different Models for Male and Female Rulers,’ Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques, 42:1 (2016), 8-20.
  • V. Fumagalli, 'Adelaide e Matilde, due protagoniste del potere medievale,’ in La contessa Adelaide e la società del secolo XI, a special edition of Segusium 32 (1992), 243-257
  • E. Goez, 'Ein neuer Typ der europäischen Fürstin im 11. und frühen 12.Jahrhundert?’ in B. Schneidmüller and S. Weinfurter, eds., Salisches Kaisertum und neues Europa. Die Zeit Heinrichs IV. und Heinrichs V. (Darmstadt, 2007), pp. 161–193.
  • S. Hellmann, Die Grafen von Savoyen und das Reich: bis zum Ende der staufischen Periode (Innsbruck, 1900), accessible online (but without page numbers) at: Genealogie Mittelalter
  • R. Merlone, 'Prosopografia aleramica (secolo X e prima metà dell'XI),' Bollettino storico-bibliografico subalpino, LXXXI, (1983), 451-585.
  • C.W. Previté-Orton, The Early History of the House of Savoy (1000–1233) (Cambridge, 1912), accessible online at: archive.org
  • D. Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten (Marburg, 1978).
  • G. Sergi, 'I poli del potere pubblico e dell'orientamento signorile degli Arduinici: Torino e Susa, in La contessa Adelaide e la società del secolo XI, a special edition of Segusium 32 (1992), pp. 61–76
  • G. Sergi, I confini del potere. Marche e signorie fra due regni medievali (1995).
  • G. Sergi, 'Matilde di Canossa e Adelaide di Torino: contatti, confronti, valutazioni tipologiche,’ in Matilde di Canossa e il suo tempo. Atti del XXI congresso internazionale di studio Sull’alto Medioevo (Spoleto, 2016), pp. 57–74.
[edit]
Adelaide of Susa
Born: c. 1014/1020 Died: 19 December 1091
Preceded by Marchioness of Turin and Susa
1034–1091 		Succeeded by
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