Alicodoxa: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Extinct genus of true bugs}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Middle Eocene| |
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Middle Eocene|Late Eocene|[[Middle Eocene]] – [[Late Eocene]]}} |
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| image = Alicodoxa rasnitsyni holotype cropped.jpg |
| image = Alicodoxa rasnitsyni holotype cropped.jpg |
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| image_caption = |
| image_caption = Holotype 4th instar nymph |
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| genus = Alicodoxa |
| genus = Alicodoxa |
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| parent_authority = Emeljanov and Shcherbakov, 2011 |
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| species = rasnitsyni |
| species = rasnitsyni |
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| authority =Emeljanov & Shcherbakov, 2011 |
| authority = Emeljanov & Shcherbakov, 2011 |
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}} |
}} |
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'''''Alicodoxa''''' is an [[ |
'''''Alicodoxa''''' is an [[genus]] of [[extinct]] [[planthopper]]s in the family [[Dictyopharidae]]. It contains a [[Monotypic taxon|single]] described [[species]], '''''Alicodoxa rasnitsyni''''', known from several [[Late Eocene]] [[fossil]]s found in Europe. |
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==History and classification== |
==History and classification== |
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''Alicodoxa'' is known from several fossil specimens of third and fourth instar nymphs. The holotype nymph was first identified from an [[Inclusion (mineral)|inclusion]] in a transparent chunk of [[Rovno amber]] found in [[Ukraine]], and two other nymphs have been found [[Baltic amber]].<ref name="Emeljanov2011">{{cite journal |last1=Emeljanov |first1=A. F. |last2=Shcherbakov |first2=D. E. |year=2011 |title=A new genus and species of Dictyopharidae (Homoptera) from Rovno and Baltic amber based on nymphs |journal=ZooKeys | |
''Alicodoxa'' is known from several fossil specimens of third and fourth instar nymphs. The holotype nymph was first identified from an [[Inclusion (mineral)|inclusion]] in a transparent chunk of [[Rovno amber]] found in [[Ukraine]], and two other nymphs have been found in [[Baltic amber]], the genus being one of a number of arthropods shared between the two amber deposits.<ref name="Emeljanov2011">{{cite journal |last1=Emeljanov |first1=A. F. |last2=Shcherbakov |first2=D. E. |year=2011 |title=A new genus and species of Dictyopharidae (Homoptera) from Rovno and Baltic amber based on nymphs |journal=ZooKeys |issue=130 |pages=175–184 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.130.1775|pmc=3260758 |pmid=22259275|doi-access=free |bibcode=2011ZooK..130..175E }}</ref><ref name="Rovno2010"/> The Rovno amber inclusion was recovered from amber mining operations in the [[Klesov]] area working Late Eocene sediments<ref name="Emeljanov2011"/> of the [[Mezhigorje Formation]] and underlying [[Obukhov Formation]] which cover granite basement rock of the area.<ref name="Rovno2010">{{cite book |last1=Perkovsky |first1=E. E. |last2=Zosimovich |first2=V. Y. |last3=Vlaskin |first3=A. P. |editor-last=Penney |editor-first=D. |title=Biodiversity of Fossils in Amber from the Major World Deposits |publisher= Siri Scientific Press |date=2010 |pages=116–136 |chapter=Chapter 7: Rovno amber |isbn=978-0-9558636-4-6}}</ref> Baltic amber has very similar chemical and physical properties to Rovno amber, both ambers possibly being produced by the same forest. The ages of the two ambers differ, with the most common age for Baltic amber being [[Lutetian]], slightly older than the Rovno amber, though both are redistributed into younger sediments and so the absolute age is uncertain.<ref name="Rovno2010"/> |
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Both the Baltic amber nymphs were originally figured in earlier publications as other taxa. One was first pictured in 1998 labeled as a third instar nymph. The other specimen was first illustrated in 1856 as a third instar nymph of "''Pseudophana reticulata''", a species now placed in the genus ''[[Protepiptera]]''.<ref name="Emeljanov2011"/> |
Both the Baltic amber nymphs were originally figured in earlier publications as other taxa. One was first pictured in 1998 labeled as a third instar nymph. The other specimen was first illustrated in 1856 as a third instar nymph of "''Pseudophana reticulata''", a species now placed in the genus ''[[Protepiptera]]''.<ref name="Emeljanov2011"/> |
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The Rovno amber specimen was first studied by Russian [[entomologist]]s Alexander Emeljanov and Dmitry Shcherbakov |
The Rovno amber specimen was first studied by Russian [[entomologist]]s Alexander Emeljanov and Dmitry Shcherbakov, with their 2016 [[Type (biology)|type description]] for the genus and species being published in the journal ''[[ZooKeys]]''. The genus and [[specific name (zoology)|specific epithet]] were coined as [[patronym]]s honoring Russian paleoentomologist [[Alexandr Rasnitsyn]], the genus name ''Alicodoxa'' being formed from Alexandr and the species name ''rasnitsyni'' from Rasnitsyn.<ref name="Emeljanov2011"/> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The holotype nymph is {{convert|4.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} at the widest, with a generally ovoid outline. The exoskeleton is a dark brown color, with patches of shagreened texturing |
The holotype nymph is {{convert|4.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} at the widest, with a generally ovoid outline. The exoskeleton is a dark brown color, with patches of shagreened texturing along the upper surfaces. The head extends beyond the oval outline of the body, with the [[Piercing and sucking insects|rostrum]] folded under the body and reaching to just past the [[Insect morphology#Legs|coxae]] of the hind legs.<ref name="Emeljanov2011"/> The pronotum is modified in outline, with 2/3 of its middle length placed between the eyes and the front edge is nearly straight. The rear section is divided into two lobes spreading away from each other to the sides with the lobes converging 1/3 of the pronotal length from the rear. Raised ridges run along the full border of the pronotum with varying degrees of development; the area where the lobes join the central mass show very little ridging, while the free margins of the pronotum have well developed ridges. There are a number of sensory pits on the upper surface and sides of the pronotum.<ref name="Emeljanov2011"/> Seven sensory pits are present on the pectoral area of each side, and four pits are developed in the humeral area. Along the upper surface there are rows totaling between nineteen and twenty-one sensory pits. Behind the pronotum, the mesonotum has an arrowhead shaped outline, bracketed by the forewing pads. The front edges are raised ridges and run parallel to the rear inside margin of the pronotum. Along each side margin are groups of six to seven sensory pits ranging in size. The wing pads are nearly parallel to each other, with the fore wing pads overlaying the hind wing pads. There are six sensor pits on the fore wing pads and only two on the hind wing pads. The abdomen has a ridge running down the center from the pronotum to the tip, and poorly developed side ridges present on [[tergite]]s 4 and 5. There are rows of pits on the upper surfaces of tergites 4 to 9 ranging in number from 3 to 8 pits per tergite. On the rear faces tergites 6 to 8 there are pairs of circular wax plates covering wax gland pores, with a large central plate and a smaller upper plate. Each of the wax pores is surrounded by ridges, and the smaller upper plate of tergite 7 is divided in half by a chitinous bridge.<ref name="Emeljanov2011"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*{{ |
*{{Commonscat-inline|Alicodoxa}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from1=Q41791831|from2=Q106682570}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Dictyopharidae|†]] |
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[[Category:Auchenorrhyncha genera|†]] |
[[Category:Auchenorrhyncha genera|†]] |
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[[Category:Extinct Hemiptera]] |
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[[Category:Eocene insects]] |
[[Category:Eocene insects]] |
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[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2011]] |
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2011]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Prehistoric insects of Europe]] |
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[[Category:Hemiptera of Europe]] |
[[Category:Hemiptera of Europe|†]] |
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[[Category:Rovno amber]] |
[[Category:Rovno amber]] |
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Revision as of 13:59, 20 July 2024
| Alicodoxa Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| Holotype 4th instar nymph | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Infraorder: | Fulgoromorpha |
| Family: | Dictyopharidae |
| Genus: | †Alicodoxa Emeljanov and Shcherbakov, 2011 |
| Species: | †A. rasnitsyni
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| Binomial name | |
| †Alicodoxa rasnitsyni Emeljanov & Shcherbakov, 2011
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Alicodoxa is an genus of extinct planthoppers in the family Dictyopharidae. It contains a single described species, Alicodoxa rasnitsyni, known from several Late Eocene fossils found in Europe.
History and classification
Alicodoxa is known from several fossil specimens of third and fourth instar nymphs. The holotype nymph was first identified from an inclusion in a transparent chunk of Rovno amber found in Ukraine, and two other nymphs have been found in Baltic amber, the genus being one of a number of arthropods shared between the two amber deposits.[1][2] The Rovno amber inclusion was recovered from amber mining operations in the Klesov area working Late Eocene sediments[1] of the Mezhigorje Formation and underlying Obukhov Formation which cover granite basement rock of the area.[2] Baltic amber has very similar chemical and physical properties to Rovno amber, both ambers possibly being produced by the same forest. The ages of the two ambers differ, with the most common age for Baltic amber being Lutetian, slightly older than the Rovno amber, though both are redistributed into younger sediments and so the absolute age is uncertain.[2]
Both the Baltic amber nymphs were originally figured in earlier publications as other taxa. One was first pictured in 1998 labeled as a third instar nymph. The other specimen was first illustrated in 1856 as a third instar nymph of "Pseudophana reticulata", a species now placed in the genus Protepiptera.[1]
The Rovno amber specimen was first studied by Russian entomologists Alexander Emeljanov and Dmitry Shcherbakov, with their 2016 type description for the genus and species being published in the journal ZooKeys. The genus and specific epithet were coined as patronyms honoring Russian paleoentomologist Alexandr Rasnitsyn, the genus name Alicodoxa being formed from Alexandr and the species name rasnitsyni from Rasnitsyn.[1]
Description
The holotype nymph is 4.1 mm (0.16 in) long and 2.2 mm (0.087 in) at the widest, with a generally ovoid outline. The exoskeleton is a dark brown color, with patches of shagreened texturing along the upper surfaces. The head extends beyond the oval outline of the body, with the rostrum folded under the body and reaching to just past the coxae of the hind legs.[1] The pronotum is modified in outline, with 2/3 of its middle length placed between the eyes and the front edge is nearly straight. The rear section is divided into two lobes spreading away from each other to the sides with the lobes converging 1/3 of the pronotal length from the rear. Raised ridges run along the full border of the pronotum with varying degrees of development; the area where the lobes join the central mass show very little ridging, while the free margins of the pronotum have well developed ridges. There are a number of sensory pits on the upper surface and sides of the pronotum.[1] Seven sensory pits are present on the pectoral area of each side, and four pits are developed in the humeral area. Along the upper surface there are rows totaling between nineteen and twenty-one sensory pits. Behind the pronotum, the mesonotum has an arrowhead shaped outline, bracketed by the forewing pads. The front edges are raised ridges and run parallel to the rear inside margin of the pronotum. Along each side margin are groups of six to seven sensory pits ranging in size. The wing pads are nearly parallel to each other, with the fore wing pads overlaying the hind wing pads. There are six sensor pits on the fore wing pads and only two on the hind wing pads. The abdomen has a ridge running down the center from the pronotum to the tip, and poorly developed side ridges present on tergites 4 and 5. There are rows of pits on the upper surfaces of tergites 4 to 9 ranging in number from 3 to 8 pits per tergite. On the rear faces tergites 6 to 8 there are pairs of circular wax plates covering wax gland pores, with a large central plate and a smaller upper plate. Each of the wax pores is surrounded by ridges, and the smaller upper plate of tergite 7 is divided in half by a chitinous bridge.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Emeljanov, A. F.; Shcherbakov, D. E. (2011). "A new genus and species of Dictyopharidae (Homoptera) from Rovno and Baltic amber based on nymphs". ZooKeys (130): 175–184. Bibcode:2011ZooK..130..175E. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1775. PMC 3260758. PMID 22259275.
- ^ a b c Perkovsky, E. E.; Zosimovich, V. Y.; Vlaskin, A. P. (2010). "Chapter 7: Rovno amber". In Penney, D. (ed.). Biodiversity of Fossils in Amber from the Major World Deposits. Siri Scientific Press. pp. 116–136. ISBN 978-0-9558636-4-6.
External links
Media related to Alicodoxa at Wikimedia Commons
