Amazon HQ2: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Amazon.com's future second headquarters in North America}} |
{{Short description|Amazon.com's future second headquarters in North America}} |
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{{Good article}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=May |
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}} |
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{{Infobox building |
{{Infobox building |
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| name = Amazon HQ2 |
| name = Amazon HQ2 |
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| location = [[ |
| location = [[Crystal City, Virginia]], U.S. |
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| image = |
| image = Metropolitan Park 2192023.jpg |
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| caption = The Metropolitan Park office complex during construction in February 2023 |
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| caption = [[Crystal City, Arlington, Virginia|Crystal City]] area of [[Arlington County, Virginia]] in 2005 |
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| image_size = 250px |
| image_size = 250px |
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| floor_area = {{Plain list| |
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* {{Convert|6000000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}} office (planned)<ref name=arch>{{cite web|url=https://archpaper.com/2019/05/amazon-arlington-virginia-crystal-city-hq2-zgf/|title=Amazon reveals first rendering of its HQ2 in Arlington, Virginia|publisher=The Architect's Newspaper}}</ref> |
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* {{Convert|50000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}} retail (planned)<ref name=arch/> |
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<br/> |
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* {{Convert|2100000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}} under construction<ref name=arch/> |
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| architect = ZGF Architects<ref name=arch/> |
| architect = ZGF Architects<ref name=arch/> |
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| main_contractor = Clark Construction |
| main_contractor = Clark Construction |
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}} |
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'''Amazon HQ2''' is [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]'s [[corporate headquarters]] in [[Crystal City, Arlington, Virginia]] and is an expansion of the company's headquarters in [[Seattle]], Washington. |
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'''Amazon HQ2''' is [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]'s [[corporate headquarters]] in [[National Landing]] in [[Crystal City, Virginia]] and an expansion of the company's headquarters in [[Seattle]], Washington. Phase I, which has capacity for 14,000 employees, opened in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wtop.com/arlington/2023/06/amazons-hq2-officially-opens-in-arlington/ |title=Amazon’s HQ2 officially opens in Arlington, Va |date=June 15, 2023 |publisher=WTOP News|access-date=August 5, 2023}}</ref> Construction on Phase II is delayed and there is no timeline for development.<ref name=Pausing/> |
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⚫ | HQ2 was announced in September 2017, when Amazon submitted [[request for proposal]]s to governments and economic development organizations asking for [[tax break]]s and other incentives to entice the company. Amazon claimed that it intended to spend $5 billion on construction and that HQ2 would house 50,000 workers when completed.<ref name="HQ2">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=17044620011 |title=Amazon HQ2 |date=September 2017 |publisher=[[Amazon.com]] |access-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928031837/https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=17044620011 |archive-date=September 28, 2017 |url-status=live |
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⚫ | HQ2 was announced in September 2017, when Amazon submitted [[request for proposal]]s to governments and economic development organizations asking for [[tax break]]s and other incentives to entice the company. Amazon claimed that it intended to spend $5 billion on construction and that HQ2 would house 50,000 workers when completed.<ref name="HQ2">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=17044620011 |title=Amazon HQ2 |date=September 2017 |publisher=[[Amazon.com]] |access-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928031837/https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=17044620011 |archive-date=September 28, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> More than 200 cities in Canada, Mexico, and the United States eventually offered [[tax break]]s, expedited construction approvals, promises of infrastructure improvements, new crime-reduction programs, and other incentives. On January 18, 2018, a shortlist of 20 finalists was announced,<ref name="NYTimes-Finalists" /> after which the candidate localities continued to detail or expand their incentive packages. |
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⚫ | On November 13, 2018, Amazon announced that HQ2 would be split into two locations, with 25,000 workers at each: [[National Landing]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], and [[Long Island City]] in [[Queens]], [[New York City]].<ref name=picks/> Virginia would provide $ |
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⚫ | On November 13, 2018, Amazon announced that HQ2 would be split into two locations, with 25,000 workers at each: [[National Landing]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], and [[Long Island City]] in [[Queens]], [[New York City]].<ref name=picks/> Virginia would provide as much as $750 million in taxpayer subsidies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024 |title=Amazon HQ2 was supposed to add jobs last year. It shed them instead. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2024/04/16/amazon-hq2-jobs-arlington-virginia/ |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> New York planned to give Amazon tax breaks of at least $1.525 billion, cash grants of $325 million, and other incentives.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/13/amazon-hq2-breaking-down-the-tax-breaks/ |title=Amazon HQ2: Breaking down the tax breaks |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=November 13, 2018| website=[[The Mercury News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227230710/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/13/amazon-hq2-breaking-down-the-tax-breaks/ |archive-date=December 27, 2018| url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2019, Amazon cancelled the New York location after strong opposition from local grassroots organizers, residents and politicians.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Amazon cancels plans for New York headquarters after fierce opposition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/14/amazon-new-york-news-cancels-hq-plans-ocasio-cortez-opposition | first=Erin | last=Durkin | work=[[The Guardian]] |date=February 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="WP-Cancellation">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/amazon-drops-plan-to-build-headquarters-in-new-york-city/2019/02/14/b7457efa-3078-11e9-86ab-5d02109aeb01_story.html |title=Amazon Drops Plan For New York City Headquarters |date=February 14, 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post |last1=McCartney |last2=O'Connell |first1=Robert |first2=Jonathan |access-date=February 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050555/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/amazon-drops-plan-to-build-headquarters-in-new-york-city/2019/02/14/b7457efa-3078-11e9-86ab-5d02109aeb01_story.html |archive-date=February 15, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The project has drawn criticism as an example of [[corporate welfare]]. |
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After having touted flowery projections of job growth and economic benefits, Amazon HQ2 fell far short of the project's 2023 job projections.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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[[File:Amazon Headquarters construction from Bhy Kracke Park (18227035656).jpg|thumb|right|Part of the Amazon headquarters in Seattle, under construction in 2015]] |
[[File:Amazon Headquarters construction from Bhy Kracke Park (18227035656).jpg|thumb|right|Part of the Amazon headquarters in Seattle, under construction in 2015]] |
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Amazon was founded in 1994 in [[Bellevue, Washington]], and |
Amazon was founded in 1994 in [[Bellevue, Washington]], and leased space in the [[SoDo, Seattle|SoDo]] neighborhood of Seattle. As the company grew, it moved offices around [[Downtown Seattle]], until announcing a move to a purpose-built headquarters campus in the [[South Lake Union, Seattle|South Lake Union]] neighborhood, then a light industrial enclave undergoing urban renewal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brewster |first=David |date=October 1, 2007 |title=Amazon plans a headquarters move to South Lake Union |url=http://crosscut.com/2007/10/amazon-plans-headquarters-move-south-lake-union/ |work=[[Crosscut.com]] |access-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014415/https://crosscut.com/2007/10/amazon-plans-headquarters-move-south-lake-union |archive-date=January 10, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> By October 2017, Amazon occupied {{convert|8.1|e6sqft|sqm}} of office space in 33 buildings in Seattle, employing 40,000 white collar workers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Belko |first=Mark |date=October 16, 2017 |title=Seattle brewed: Amazon's rapid growth transforms a city—but it's complicated |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/business/development/2017/10/16/Amazon-HQ2-Pittsburgh-Seattle/stories/201710150037 |work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |access-date=October 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019174612/http://www.post-gazette.com/business/development/2017/10/16/Amazon-HQ2-Pittsburgh-Seattle/stories/201710150037 |archive-date=October 19, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Request for proposal== |
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⚫ | Amazon's [[request for proposal]] outlined several core requirements, as well as optional preferences.<ref name="RFP">{{cite web |date=September 7, 2017 |title=Amazon HQ2 RFP |url=https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/Anything/test/images/usa/RFP_3._V516043504_.pdf |publisher=Amazon.com |access-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920212210/https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/Anything/test/images/usa/RFP_3._V516043504_.pdf |archive-date=September 20, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Requirements== |
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⚫ | Amazon's [[request for proposal]] |
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* Metropolitan areas with a population of over 1 million |
* Metropolitan areas with a population of over 1 million |
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* Within {{convert|30|mi}} of a population center |
* Within {{convert|30|mi}} of a population center |
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* Up to {{convert|8|e6sqft|m2}} of office space for future expansion |
* Up to {{convert|8|e6sqft|m2}} of office space for future expansion |
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Optional preferences included airports with direct flights to [[Seattle]], [[New York City]], [[San Francisco]], and [[Washington, D.C.]], urban locations, and proximity to major universities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattarai |first=Abha |date=September 7, 2017 |title=Amazon is seeking a home for its HQ2, a $5 billion second headquarters somewhere in North America |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2017/09/07/amazon-is-looking-for-a-city-to-site-a-second-5-billion-headquarters/ | |
Optional preferences included airports with direct flights to [[Seattle]], [[New York City]], [[San Francisco]], and [[Washington, D.C.]], urban locations, and proximity to major universities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattarai |first=Abha |date=September 7, 2017 |title=Amazon is seeking a home for its HQ2, a $5 billion second headquarters somewhere in North America |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2017/09/07/amazon-is-looking-for-a-city-to-site-a-second-5-billion-headquarters/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921001130/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2017/09/07/amazon-is-looking-for-a-city-to-site-a-second-5-billion-headquarters/ |archive-date=September 21, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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The deadline for Phase I bids was |
The deadline for Phase I bids was October 19, 2017.<ref name="Deadline">{{cite news |last=Day |first=Matt |date=October 19, 2017 |title=Cities crank up publicity stunts as Amazon's HQ2 bid deadline arrives |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/cities-crank-up-publicity-stunts-as-amazons-hq2-bid-deadline-arrives/ |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=October 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020024015/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/cities-crank-up-publicity-stunts-as-amazons-hq2-bid-deadline-arrives/ |archive-date=October 20, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> A final site was planned to be selected and announced in November 2018, from a shortlist of 20 cities released in January.<ref name="NYTimes-Finalists" /><ref name="RFP"/><ref name=forward/> |
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==Bids== |
==Bids== |
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===Submitted=== |
===Submitted=== |
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By October 23, 2017, 238 proposals were submitted and received by Amazon, from cities and regions from 54 states, provinces, districts, and territories, including municipalities in all U.S. states except of Arkansas, Hawaii, Iowa, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-refuses-arizonas-cactus-as-bidders-for-hq2-climb-to-118/ |title=Amazon refuses Arizona's cactus as bidders for HQ2 climb to 118 |last=Day |first=Matt |date=September 19, 2017 |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |access-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919222303/http://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-refuses-arizonas-cactus-as-bidders-for-hq2-climb-to-118/ |archive-date=September 19, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bomey |first=Nathan |date=October 19, 2017 |title=See the cities hoping to land 50,000 Amazon jobs, headquarters |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/10/19/amazon-headquarters-bids/779232001/ |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=October 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019202317/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/10/19/amazon-headquarters-bids/779232001/ |archive-date=October 19, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon says it received 238 proposals for 2nd headquarters |agency=Associated Press |work=[[Las Vegas Sun]] |date=October 23, 2017 |url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2017/oct/23/amazon-says-it-received-238-proposals-for-2nd-head/ |access-date=October 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025022744/https://lasvegassun.com/news/2017/oct/23/amazon-says-it-received-238-proposals-for-2nd-head/ |archive-date=October 25, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Saskatchewan also had no regions submit a bid, along with the Yukon Territory.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wingfield |first=Nick |date=October 23, 2017 |title=Amazon Counts Its Suitors: 238 Want to Be Home for 2nd Headquarters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/23/technology/amazon-headquarters.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060742/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/23/technology/amazon-headquarters.html |archive-date=January 19, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[Little Rock, Arkansas]] and [[San Antonio, Texas]] |
In early and mid-October, [[Little Rock, Arkansas]] and [[San Antonio, Texas]] withdrew their submissions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Demillo |first=Andrew |date=October 19, 2017 |title=Little Rock drops Amazon bid in ad: 'It's not you, it's us.' |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/arkansas/articles/2017-10-19/little-rock-drops-amazon-bid-its-not-you-its-us |agency=Associated Press |publisher=[[US News]] |access-date=June 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625052039/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/arkansas/articles/2017-10-19/little-rock-drops-amazon-bid-its-not-you-its-us |archive-date=June 25, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=Rivard Report |type=blog |publisher=[[Institute for Nonprofit News]] |title=San Antonio Drops from Race to Become Amazon's Second Headquarters |author=Alex Zielinski |date=October 11, 2017 |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2017/10/12/san-antonio-drops-from-race-to-become-amazons-second-headquarters/ |access-date=October 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012191628/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2017/10/12/san-antonio-drops-from-race-to-become-amazons-second-headquarters |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Little Rock, Arkansas]], purchased a full-page ad in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' "breaking up" with Amazon, where they described their decision to not submit a bid, while also touting the city's positive attributes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/rock-drops-amazon-bid-ad-us-50592387 |title=Little Rock drops Amazon bid in ad: 'It's not you, it's us.' | last=Demillo | first=Andrew |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=October 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135617/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/rock-drops-amazon-bid-ad-us-50592387 |archive-date=October 20, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> A few days after the bid deadline, the campaign flew a banner plane over Seattle with the same message.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schlosser |first=Kurt |title=Banner day for Little Rock, Ark., as city flies 'no thanks' message to Amazon over Seattle |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2017/banner-day-little-rock-ark-city-flies-no-thanks-message-amazon-seattle/ |work=[[GeekWire]] |date=October 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024011758/https://www.geekwire.com/2017/banner-day-little-rock-ark-city-flies-no-thanks-message-amazon-seattle/ |archive-date=October 24, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===Predictions on which cities will win=== |
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[[Moody's Analytics]] |
[[Moody's Analytics]] determined that [[Austin, Texas]], ranked highest among Amazon's criteria, followed by [[Atlanta]], [[Philadelphia]], and [[Rochester, New York]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/business/development/2017/10/16/Moodys-ranks-Pittsburgh-fifth-Philadelphia-high-Amazon-HQ2-headquarters-Jeff-Bezos/stories/201710170026|title=Moody's ranks Pittsburgh, Philadelphia high on their potential to deliver Amazon HQ2|last=Belko|first=Mark|date=October 16, 2017|work=[[Post-Gazette]]|access-date=October 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018012931/http://www.post-gazette.com/business/development/2017/10/16/Moodys-ranks-Pittsburgh-fifth-Philadelphia-high-Amazon-HQ2-headquarters-Jeff-Bezos/stories/201710170026|archive-date=October 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' found [[Denver]] to be the best site based on Amazon's criteria, followed closely by [[Boston]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/09/09/upshot/where-should-amazon-new-headquarters-be.html |title=Dear Amazon, We Picked Your New Headquarters for You |last1=Badger |first1=Emily |date=September 9, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018013905/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/09/09/upshot/where-should-amazon-new-headquarters-be.html |archive-date=October 18, 2017|url-status=live|last2=Bui |first2=Quoctrung |issn=0362-4331|last3=Miller |first3=Claire Cain}}</ref> Irish gambling site [[Paddy Power]] originally listed Atlanta as the odds on favorite to win HQ2, with 2-to-1 odds,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/10/24/news/companies/amazon-second-headquarters-atlanta-odds/index.html |title=Gambling site has Atlanta as the favorite in the Amazon sweepstakes |last=Smith |first=Aaron |work=[[CNN]] |date=October 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024220406/https://money.cnn.com/2017/10/24/news/companies/amazon-second-headquarters-atlanta-odds/index.html|archive-date=October 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> but as of January 2018, listed Atlanta and Austin as sharing 3-to-1 odds of winning Amazon HQ2.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2018/01/02/austin-atlanta-now-share-3-in-1-odds-of-landing.html |title=Austin, Atlanta now share 3-to-1 odds of landing Amazon HQ2|last1=Allison |first1=David |last2=Pope|first2=Colin |work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=January 2, 2018}}</ref> |
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===Promotional campaigns=== |
===Promotional campaigns=== |
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Several cities and groups promoted their HQ2 bids by engaging in promotional campaigns and gimmicks, including offers and gifts to Amazon. Sun Corridor, a [[Tucson, Arizona]] economic development firm, sent a 21-foot [[saguaro cactus]] to Amazon in an attempt to promote the city's bid. The gift was rejected due to the company's corporate gifts policy, instead donating it to the [[Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wingett Sanchez |first=Yvonne |date=September 19, 2017 |title=Amazon rejects Tucson's gift of a 21-foot saguaro cactus |url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/money/business/economy/2017/09/19/amazon-rejects-tucsons-gift-21-foot-saguaro-cactus/682181001/ |work=[[Arizona Republic]] |access-date=October 3, 2017}}</ref> The city of [[Stonecrest, Georgia]], a suburb of Atlanta, voted to de-annex {{convert|345|acre}} of land for Amazon to establish its own city named ''Amazon'' around its headquarters.<ref>{{cite news |last=Niesse |first=Mark |date=October 3, 2017 |title=City of Amazon proposed to attract company's HQ2 to Georgia |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/local-govt--politics/city-amazon-proposed-attract-company-hq2-georgia/WVuopYRd6WFQE3w7JjcdnO/ |work=[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |access-date=October 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003170310/http://www.ajc.com/news/local-govt--politics/city-amazon-proposed-attract-company-hq2-georgia/WVuopYRd6WFQE3w7JjcdnO/ |archive-date=October 3, 2017 |url-status=live |
Several cities and groups promoted their HQ2 bids by engaging in promotional campaigns and gimmicks, including offers and gifts to Amazon. Sun Corridor, a [[Tucson, Arizona]] economic development firm, sent a 21-foot [[saguaro cactus]] to Amazon in an attempt to promote the city's bid. The gift was rejected due to the company's corporate gifts policy, instead donating it to the [[Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wingett Sanchez |first=Yvonne |date=September 19, 2017 |title=Amazon rejects Tucson's gift of a 21-foot saguaro cactus |url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/money/business/economy/2017/09/19/amazon-rejects-tucsons-gift-21-foot-saguaro-cactus/682181001/ |work=[[Arizona Republic]] |access-date=October 3, 2017}}</ref> The city of [[Stonecrest, Georgia]], a suburb of Atlanta, voted to de-annex {{convert|345|acre}} of land for Amazon to establish its own city named ''Amazon'' around its headquarters.<ref>{{cite news |last=Niesse |first=Mark |date=October 3, 2017 |title=City of Amazon proposed to attract company's HQ2 to Georgia |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/local-govt--politics/city-amazon-proposed-attract-company-hq2-georgia/WVuopYRd6WFQE3w7JjcdnO/ |work=[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |access-date=October 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003170310/http://www.ajc.com/news/local-govt--politics/city-amazon-proposed-attract-company-hq2-georgia/WVuopYRd6WFQE3w7JjcdnO/ |archive-date=October 3, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[Sly James]], mayor of [[Kansas City, Missouri]], purchased 1,000 products from Amazon, which he donated to charity. James wrote |
[[Sly James]], mayor of [[Kansas City, Missouri]], purchased 1,000 products from Amazon, which he donated to charity. James wrote five-star reviews for each one of them, in which every review mentioned positive attributes of Kansas City.<ref name=outrageous>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/19/16504042/amazon-hq2-second-headquarters-most-funny-crazy-pitches-proposals-stonecrest-new-york |title=The eight most outrageous things cities did to lure Amazon for HQ2 |author=Liao, Shannon |work=The Verge |date=October 19, 2017 |access-date=October 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020212744/https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/19/16504042/amazon-hq2-second-headquarters-most-funny-crazy-pitches-proposals-stonecrest-new-york |archive-date=October 20, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Primanti Brothers]], a chain of sandwich shops based in [[Pittsburgh]], offered free sandwiches to Amazon employees if they chose the city as their second headquarters.<ref name=outrageous/> |
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The city of [[Birmingham, Alabama]] erected several giant Amazon boxes and [[dash button]]s around public areas. The dash buttons sent out pre-generated tweets to lure Amazon to the city.<ref name=outrageous/> New York City [[Mayor of New York City|mayor]] [[Bill de Blasio]] announced that major landmarks in the city would be lit in orange to promote the city's campaign for HQ2.<ref name=outrageous/> |
The city of [[Birmingham, Alabama]] erected several giant Amazon boxes and [[dash button]]s around public areas. The dash buttons sent out pre-generated tweets to lure Amazon to the city.<ref name=outrageous/> New York City [[Mayor of New York City|mayor]] [[Bill de Blasio]] announced that major landmarks in the city would be lit in orange to promote the city's campaign for HQ2.<ref name=outrageous/> |
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A group from [[Calgary]] sprayed messages onto sidewalks in Seattle's [[South Lake Union, Seattle|South Lake Union]] neighborhood urging the company to choose |
A group from [[Calgary]] sprayed messages onto sidewalks in Seattle's [[South Lake Union, Seattle|South Lake Union]] neighborhood urging the company to choose the city.<ref name=outrageous/> During an [[Ottawa Senators]] hockey game, fans were encouraged to "make noise" for the city of Ottawa's Amazon bid.<ref name="Deadline"/> |
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The neighboring American and Canadian cities of [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] and [[Windsor, Ontario]] submitted a bid together and campaigned the two cities to be the home of the new Amazon campus. With the headquarters being divided across the [[Canada–United States border]], the company could take advantage of tax incentives offered by both Ontario and Michigan. Amazon would also be able to capitalize on the less restrictive Canadian [[Immigration to Canada|immigration laws]] and the lower currency exchange of the [[Canadian |
The neighboring American and Canadian cities of [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] and [[Windsor, Ontario]] submitted a bid together and campaigned the two cities to be the home of the new Amazon campus. With the headquarters being divided across the [[Canada–United States border]], the company could take advantage of tax incentives offered by both Ontario and Michigan. Amazon would also be able to capitalize on the less restrictive Canadian [[Immigration to Canada|immigration laws]] and the lower currency exchange of the [[Canadian dollar]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20171020/news/642571/detroit-windsor-pitch-to-amazon-were-one-community| title=Detroit-Windsor pitch to Amazon: We're 'one community' |date=October 20, 2017| work=[[Crain Communications]] |language=en|access-date=July 18, 2019}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
Contrary to other cities, [[Little Rock, Arkansas]], purchased a full-page ad in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' "breaking up" with Amazon, where they described their decision to not submit a bid, while also touting the city's positive attributes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/rock-drops-amazon-bid-ad-us-50592387 |title=Little Rock drops Amazon bid in ad: 'It's not you, it's us.' |author=Demillo, Andrew |work=ABC News |date=October 19, 2017 |access-date=October 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135617/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/rock-drops-amazon-bid-ad-us-50592387 |archive-date=October 20, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> A few days after the bid deadline, the campaign flew a banner plane over Seattle with the same message.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schlosser |first=Kurt |date=October 23, 2017 |title=Banner day for Little Rock, Ark., as city flies 'no thanks' message to Amazon over Seattle |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2017/banner-day-little-rock-ark-city-flies-no-thanks-message-amazon-seattle/ |work=[[GeekWire]] |access-date=October 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024011758/https://www.geekwire.com/2017/banner-day-little-rock-ark-city-flies-no-thanks-message-amazon-seattle/ |archive-date=October 24, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
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⚫ | Steven Strauss, a visiting professor of public policy at [[Princeton University]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://wws.princeton.edu/faculty/ssstrau |title=Steven Strauss| date=August 4, 2014| work=[[Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120602/http://wws.princeton.edu/faculty-research/faculty/ssstrau |archive-date=July 19, 2017| url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> and an expert on economic development,<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/22/opinion/jimmy-kimmel-health-care-graham-cassidy.html| title=Opinion {{!}} Take That, Jimmy Kimmel| last=Leonhardt |first=David| date=September 22, 2017| work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=September 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925042732/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/22/opinion/jimmy-kimmel-health-care-graham-cassidy.html| archive-date=September 25, 2017 |url-status=live| language=en-US| issn=0362-4331}}</ref> in an editorial in ''[[USA Today]]'' suggested that metropolitan areas should be cautious about bidding too generously to win the Amazon bid. He pointed to examples where companies have gone bankrupt or failed to follow up on expansion plans. Strauss also wrote that it was possible that cities could over-pay (the so-called "[[winner's curse]]") by providing an overly generous incentive package, which would turn out to be a money-losing proposition for the municipality if all the promised jobs did not materialize.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/09/20/amazon-hq-2-taxpayers-politicians-hold-onto-your-wallets-steven-strauss-column/678046001/|title=The wooing of Amazon HQ2: Taxpayers, watch out for your wallets|work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=September 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923034226/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/09/20/amazon-hq-2-taxpayers-politicians-hold-onto-your-wallets-steven-strauss-column/678046001/ |archive-date=September 23, 2017|url-status=live| language=en }}</ref> |
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⚫ | Conservative and liberal advocacy groups voiced their opposition to various [[tax break]]s promised by cities in hopes of luring Amazon.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/11/6/18065666/amazon-hq2-backlash| title=The backlash to Amazon HQ2, explained| last=Valle| first=Gaby Del| date=November 6, 2018|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113192847/https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/11/6/18065666/amazon-hq2-backlash |archive-date=November 13, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=November 13, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/15/not-welcome-here-amazon-faces-growing-resistance-to-its-second-home| title='Not welcome here': Amazon faces growing resistance to its second home |last=Wong |first=Julia Carrie |author-link=Julia Carrie Wong |date=March 15, 2018| work=[[The Guardian]]| access-date=March 15, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315111627/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/15/not-welcome-here-amazon-faces-growing-resistance-to-its-second-home |archive-date=March 15, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In early 2018, [[New York University Stern School of Business]] professor [[Scott Galloway (professor)|Scott Galloway]] said Amazon was soliciting bids from places that it never intended to move to solely to gain [[tax break]]s.<ref name="recode" /> He predicted that HQ2 would be located in either the [[New York metropolitan area]] or the [[Washington metropolitan area]]; with the decision to create two locations, Galloway ended up predicting both correctly.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-hq2-will-be-new-york-or-dc-scott-galloway-predicts-2018-2 |title=The professor who predicted Amazon would buy Whole Foods says only 2 cities have a shot at HQ2| last=Green |first=Dennis |date=February 12, 2018 |work=[[Business Insider]]| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104010054/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-hq2-will-be-new-york-or-dc-scott-galloway-predicts-2018-2|archive-date=November 4, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=November 14, 2018}}</ref> He repeatedly called the competition a "ruse" and a "con".<ref name="recode">{{cite news |url=https://www.recode.net/2018/11/9/18077342/amazon-hq2-headquarters-jeff-bezos-dc-ny-virginia-long-island-kara-swisher-scott-galloway|title=Amazon's HQ2 was a con, not a contest |last=Johnson| first=Eric |date=November 9, 2018 |website=[[Recode]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112181743/https://www.recode.net/2018/11/9/18077342/amazon-hq2-headquarters-jeff-bezos-dc-ny-virginia-long-island-kara-swisher-scott-galloway|archive-date=November 12, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=November 14, 2018}}</ref> Galloway said that "the game was over before it started", claiming that the proximity to both [[Jeff Bezos]]' home and the [[United States Capital]] made the DC area an obvious choice.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.recode.net/2018/9/19/17878766/scott-galloway-predictions-amazon-hq2-apple-retail-code-commerce |title=Watch: Scott Galloway's provocative predictions on Amazon, Walmart and the future of retail |last=Molla|first=Rani |date=September 19, 2018| website=[[Recode]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104010204/https://www.recode.net/2018/9/19/17878766/scott-galloway-predictions-amazon-hq2-apple-retail-code-commerce| archive-date=November 4, 2018|url-status=live| access-date=November 14, 2018| df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Former Seattle Mayor [[Ed Murray (Washington politician)|Ed Murray]] announced that he would begin conversations with Amazon about long-term plans for the city, while the [[Seattle Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce]] characterized the announcement as a "wake-up call" to Seattle to improve the city's business climate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazons-announcement-of-hq-outside-of-seattle-sends-ripples-through-states-political-circles/ |title=Amazon's announcement of HQ outside of Seattle sends ripples through state's political circles |last1=Beekman| first1=Daniel|work=[[The Seattle Times]] | date=September 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921002004/http://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazons-announcement-of-hq-outside-of-seattle-sends-ripples-through-states-political-circles/| archive-date=September 21, 2017| url-status=live| last2=O'Sullivan |first2=Joseph| df=mdy-all}}</ref> Comparisons were made to [[Boeing]]'s decision to move its corporate headquarters from Seattle to Chicago in 2001, which came as a surprise to Seattle.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/amazon-plan-echoes-boeings-move-to-chicago-but-differences-are-crucial/| title=Amazon plan echoes Boeing's move to Chicago, but differences are crucial| last=Gates| first=Dominic| work=[[The Seattle Times]] | date=September 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921002106/http://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/amazon-plan-echoes-boeings-move-to-chicago-but-differences-are-crucial/ |archive-date=September 21, 2017|url-status=live| df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
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⚫ | [[Jim Balsillie]] remarked that he was disappointed in [[W. Edmund Clark]], [[Kathleen Wynne]]'s czar in charge of the Toronto bid, when in 2017 the latter attempted to sell the buyer on "our competitive advantage... software programmers that cost 34% to 38% less than in the US... that's an edge the government is determined not only to maintain but to sharpen." Balsillie found this strategy to be "misguided... these strategies put our tech workers in a global race to the bottom, competing on cost with the salaries in [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]], and [[India]]."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Balsillie |first1=Jim |title=Canada is pushing its tech sector into a race to the bottom |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-canada-is-pushing-its-tech-sector-into-a-race-to-the-bottom/ | work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=September 21, 2019}}</ref> |
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There were concerns that HQ2 would drop a prosperity bomb on the winning communities.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Take it from us: With Amazon, you can get too much of a good thing| author = Danny Westneat| work=[[The Seattle Times]]| url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/take-it-from-us-with-amazon-you-can-get-too-much-of-a-good-thing/| date=September 8, 2017}}</ref> |
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===Finalists=== |
===Finalists=== |
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[[File:Amazon HQ2.png|thumb|right|400px|Amazon HQ2 final 20 cities]] |
[[File:Amazon HQ2.png|thumb|right|400px|Amazon HQ2 final 20 cities]] |
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On January 18, 2018, Amazon announced its shortlist of 20 finalists for the HQ2 bidding process. The list focuses mainly on the U.S. [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] and [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], with [[Los Angeles]] the only selection from the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] and [[Toronto]] the only one outside of the United States.<ref name="NYTimes-Finalists">{{cite news |last=Wingfield |first=Nick |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Amazon Chooses 20 Finalists for Second Headquarters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/18/technology/amazon-finalists-headquarters.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118143246/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/18/technology/amazon-finalists-headquarters.html |archive-date=January 18, 2018 |url-status=live |
On January 18, 2018, Amazon announced its shortlist of 20 finalists for the HQ2 bidding process. The list focuses mainly on the U.S. [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] and [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], with [[Los Angeles]] the only selection from the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] and [[Toronto]] the only one outside of the United States.<ref name="NYTimes-Finalists">{{cite news |last=Wingfield |first=Nick |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Amazon Chooses 20 Finalists for Second Headquarters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/18/technology/amazon-finalists-headquarters.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118143246/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/18/technology/amazon-finalists-headquarters.html |archive-date=January 18, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Day |first=Matt |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Amazon names 20 finalists in search for HQ2 |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-names-20-finalists-in-search-for-second-headquarters/ |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=January 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118160631/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-names-20-finalists-in-search-for-second-headquarters/ |archive-date=January 18, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Austen |first=Ian |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Why Toronto Made 'the Playoffs' for Amazon's Headquarters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/18/business/why-toronto-made-the-playoffs-for-amazons-headquarters.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119023852/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/18/business/why-toronto-made-the-playoffs-for-amazons-headquarters.html |archive-date=January 19, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (including [[Stonecrest, Georgia|Stonecrest]]) |
* [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (including [[Stonecrest, Georgia|Stonecrest]]) |
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* [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], [[Texas]] |
* [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], [[Texas]] |
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* [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] ([[Suffolk Downs]]-[[East Boston]] and [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbur.org/bostonomix/2018/06/19/suffolk-downs-amazon-second-headquarters |title=In The Running For Amazon's HQ2, Suffolk Downs Turns Toward Redevelopment |work=WBUR |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203051104/https://www.wbur.org/bostonomix/2018/06/19/suffolk-downs-amazon-second-headquarters |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |url-status=live |
* [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] ([[Suffolk Downs]]-[[East Boston]] and [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbur.org/bostonomix/2018/06/19/suffolk-downs-amazon-second-headquarters |title=In The Running For Amazon's HQ2, Suffolk Downs Turns Toward Redevelopment |work=WBUR |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203051104/https://www.wbur.org/bostonomix/2018/06/19/suffolk-downs-amazon-second-headquarters |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] (City Center Campus, Downtown Gateway District, River District, [[Lincoln Yards (development)|Lincoln Yards]], The 78, Burnham Lakefront, Fulton Market District, Illinois Medical District, [[Schaumburg, Illinois|Schaumburg]], [[Oak Brook, Illinois|Oak Brook]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chicago.curbed.com/2017/10/23/16512138/chicago-amazon-hq2-bid |title=Chicago officially announces 10-site bid for Amazon's 'HQ2' headquarters |work=Curbed |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121200600/https://chicago.curbed.com/2017/10/23/16512138/chicago-amazon-hq2-bid |archive-date=January 21, 2019 |url-status=live |
* [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] (City Center Campus, Downtown Gateway District, River District, [[Lincoln Yards (development)|Lincoln Yards]], The 78, Burnham Lakefront, Fulton Market District, Illinois Medical District, [[Schaumburg, Illinois|Schaumburg]], [[Oak Brook, Illinois|Oak Brook]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chicago.curbed.com/2017/10/23/16512138/chicago-amazon-hq2-bid |title=Chicago officially announces 10-site bid for Amazon's 'HQ2' headquarters |work=Curbed |date=October 23, 2017 |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121200600/https://chicago.curbed.com/2017/10/23/16512138/chicago-amazon-hq2-bid |archive-date=January 21, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Ohio]] ([[Franklinton, Columbus, Ohio|Franklinton]], [[Ohio State University]], [[Easton Town Center|Easton]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dispatch.com/news/20171019/documents-detail-columbus-bid-to-lure-amazons-2nd-hq |title=Documents detail Columbus' bid to lure Amazon's 2nd HQ |work=The Columbus Dispatch |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106175147/https://www.dispatch.com/news/20171019/documents-detail-columbus-bid-to-lure-amazons-2nd-hq |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |url-status=live |
* [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Ohio]] ([[Franklinton, Columbus, Ohio|Franklinton]], [[Ohio State University]], [[Easton Town Center|Easton]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dispatch.com/news/20171019/documents-detail-columbus-bid-to-lure-amazons-2nd-hq |title=Documents detail Columbus' bid to lure Amazon's 2nd HQ |work=The Columbus Dispatch |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106175147/https://www.dispatch.com/news/20171019/documents-detail-columbus-bid-to-lure-amazons-2nd-hq |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] |
* [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] |
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* [[Denver]], [[Colorado]] |
* [[Denver]], [[Colorado]] |
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Line 76: | Line 95: | ||
* [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee]] |
* [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee]] |
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* [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[New Jersey]] |
* [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[New Jersey]] |
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* [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (West [[Midtown Manhattan]], [[FiDi|Financial District]], [[Brooklyn]] Tech Triangle, [[Long Island City]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-headquarters-city-proposals-hq2-2017-10/#new-york-city-a-bid-that-includes-possible-sites-in-three-boroughs-6 |title=Amazon has announced the top contenders in its $5 billion bidding war for HQ2 — here are their craziest proposals |work=Business Insider |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116050526/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-headquarters-city-proposals-hq2-2017-10#new-york-city-a-bid-that-includes-possible-sites-in-three-boroughs-6 |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |url-status=live |
* [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (West [[Midtown Manhattan]], [[FiDi|Financial District]], [[Brooklyn]] Tech Triangle, [[Long Island City]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-headquarters-city-proposals-hq2-2017-10/#new-york-city-a-bid-that-includes-possible-sites-in-three-boroughs-6 |title=Amazon has announced the top contenders in its $5 billion bidding war for HQ2 — here are their craziest proposals |work=Business Insider |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116050526/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-headquarters-city-proposals-hq2-2017-10#new-york-city-a-bid-that-includes-possible-sites-in-three-boroughs-6 |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* [[Northern Virginia]] ([[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax]] and [[Loudoun County, Virginia|Loudoun]] counties, including [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington]] and [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], in [[Virginia]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inc.com/minda-zetlin/amazon-hq2-northern-virginia-arlington-alexandria-fairfax-loudoun-new-york-chicago-newark-hiring.html |title=Amazon Officials Revisit HQ2 Contenders New York City, Newark, and Chicago. But 1 Big Clue Suggests a Different Choice |access-date=October 31, 2018 |work=Inc.com |date=October 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105221923/https://www.inc.com/minda-zetlin/amazon-hq2-northern-virginia-arlington-alexandria-fairfax-loudoun-new-york-chicago-newark-hiring.html |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |url-status=live |
* [[Northern Virginia]] ([[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax]] and [[Loudoun County, Virginia|Loudoun]] counties, including [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington]] and [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], in [[Virginia]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inc.com/minda-zetlin/amazon-hq2-northern-virginia-arlington-alexandria-fairfax-loudoun-new-york-chicago-newark-hiring.html |title=Amazon Officials Revisit HQ2 Contenders New York City, Newark, and Chicago. But 1 Big Clue Suggests a Different Choice |access-date=October 31, 2018 |work=Inc.com |date=October 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105221923/https://www.inc.com/minda-zetlin/amazon-hq2-northern-virginia-arlington-alexandria-fairfax-loudoun-new-york-chicago-newark-hiring.html |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><!--Note:Amazon's CEO Jeff Bezos also owns The Washington Post, therefore it cannot be used as a source for this location, other locations, this article, or any Amazon article.--> |
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* [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] ([[Schuylkill Yards]], uCity Square, [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard|Navy Yard]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.philly.com/philly/business/real_estate/commercial/the-three-sites-philly-is-pitching-to-amazon-20170915.html |title=The three sites Philly is pitching to Amazon |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106092923/http://www2.philly.com/philly/business/real_estate/commercial/the-three-sites-philly-is-pitching-to-amazon-20170915.html |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |url-status=live |
* [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] ([[Schuylkill Yards]], uCity Square, [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard|Navy Yard]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.philly.com/philly/business/real_estate/commercial/the-three-sites-philly-is-pitching-to-amazon-20170915.html |title=The three sites Philly is pitching to Amazon |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106092923/http://www2.philly.com/philly/business/real_estate/commercial/the-three-sites-philly-is-pitching-to-amazon-20170915.html |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]] |
* [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]] |
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* [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]] |
* [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]] |
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* [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] (including [[Mississauga]], [[Brampton]], [[Regional Municipality of York|York Region]], [[Regional Municipality of Durham|Durham Region]], [[Regional Municipality of Halton|Halton Region]], [[Regional Municipality of Waterloo|Waterloo Region]], [[Guelph]] and [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techvibes.com/2017/10/23/breaking-down-torontos-190-page-amazon-hq2-bid |title=Breaking Down Toronto's 190-Page Amazon HQ2 Bid |work=Techvibes |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160451/https://techvibes.com/2017/10/23/breaking-down-torontos-190-page-amazon-hq2-bid |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |url-status=live |
* [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] (including [[Mississauga]], [[Brampton]], [[Regional Municipality of York|York Region]], [[Regional Municipality of Durham|Durham Region]], [[Regional Municipality of Halton|Halton Region]], [[Regional Municipality of Waterloo|Waterloo Region]], [[Guelph]] and [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techvibes.com/2017/10/23/breaking-down-torontos-190-page-amazon-hq2-bid |title=Breaking Down Toronto's 190-Page Amazon HQ2 Bid |work=Techvibes |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160451/https://techvibes.com/2017/10/23/breaking-down-torontos-190-page-amazon-hq2-bid |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* [[Washington, D.C.]] ([[Anacostia]] Riverfront, [[Capitol Hill]] East, [[NoMa–Gallaudet U|NoMa]]-[[Washington Union Station|Union Station]], [[Shaw-Howard University station|Shaw-Howard University]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wamu.org/story/18/01/17/found-d-c-s-bid-amazon-hq2-didnt/ |title=What We Found Out About D.C.'s Bid For Amazon HQ2 — And What We Didn't |work=WAMU |access-date=October 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015628/https://wamu.org/story/18/01/17/found-d-c-s-bid-amazon-hq2-didnt/ |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |url-status=live |
* [[Washington, D.C.]] ([[Anacostia]] Riverfront, [[Capitol Hill]] East, [[NoMa–Gallaudet U|NoMa]]-[[Washington Union Station|Union Station]], [[Shaw-Howard University station|Shaw-Howard University]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wamu.org/story/18/01/17/found-d-c-s-bid-amazon-hq2-didnt/ |title=What We Found Out About D.C.'s Bid For Amazon HQ2 — And What We Didn't |work=WAMU |access-date=October 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015628/https://wamu.org/story/18/01/17/found-d-c-s-bid-amazon-hq2-didnt/ |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Note: Amazon's CEO Jeff Bezos also owns The Washington Post, therefore it cannot be used as a source for this location, other locations, this article, or any Amazon article. --> |
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⚫ | Some of the finalists used their Amazon proposals to attract investments from other multinational corporations.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/cities-hawk-their-amazon-pitches-to-other-companies-1526290200 |title=Cities Recycle Their Amazon Pitches to Attract New Business |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101055246/https://www.wsj.com/articles/cities-hawk-their-amazon-pitches-to-other-companies-1526290200 |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |url-status=live| df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/05/17/technology/amazon-hq2-cities/index.html |title=How the losing Amazon HQ2 cities can still win| work=[[CNN]]| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095447/https://money.cnn.com/2018/05/17/technology/amazon-hq2-cities/index.html |archive-date=November 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Amazon began tours of its finalist cities in late February. Bidding cities also signed [[non-disclosure agreement]]s with Amazon for the duration of the bid process.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rider |first=David |date=March 5, 2018 |title=As we watch Amazon, its 'HQ2' decision-makers are watching us |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/03/02/as-we-watch-amazon-its-hq2-decision-makers-are-watching-us.html |work=[[Toronto Star]] |access-date=March 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305150819/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/03/02/as-we-watch-amazon-its-hq2-decision-makers-are-watching-us.html |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Belko |first=Mark |date=March 5, 2018 |title=Amazon HQ2 visits have begun |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2018/03/05/Amazon-HQ2-visits-have-begun-PGHQ2/stories/201803050179 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |access-date=March 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306203908/http://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2018/03/05/Amazon-HQ2-visits-have-begun-PGHQ2/stories/201803050179 |archive-date=March 6, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> According to an Amazon spokesperson, the NDA does not cover financial incentives that cities have offered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/if-jeff-bezos-makes-washington-the-second-headquarters-of-amazon |title=If Jeff Bezos Makes Washington the Second Headquarters of Amazon |work=New Yorker |access-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104040920/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/if-jeff-bezos-makes-washington-the-second-headquarters-of-amazon |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[NBC News]] reported in May that visits to the 20 finalists had been finished by Amazon.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cappetta |first=Michael |date=May 16, 2018 |title=Amazon has finished visiting the top 20 contenders for its new HQ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/amazon-has-finished-visiting-top-20-contenders-its-new-hq-n874436 |work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=May 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516225050/https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/amazon-has-finished-visiting-top-20-contenders-its-new-hq-n874436 |archive-date=May 16, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In an interview in September 2018, with [[The Economic Club of Washington, D.C.]], Bezos said, "We will have a decision by the end of the year."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/13/jeff-bezos-speaks-at-the-economic-club-in-washington-dc.html |title=Jeff Bezos says Amazon will announce HQ2 decision before the end of the year |first=Eugene |last=Kim |date=September 13, 2018 |access-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020033/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/13/jeff-bezos-speaks-at-the-economic-club-in-washington-dc.html |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
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Amazon representatives began tours of its finalist cities in late February. Bidding cities also signed [[non-disclosure agreement]]s with Amazon for the duration of the bid process.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rider |first=David |date=March 5, 2018 |title=As we watch Amazon, its 'HQ2' decision-makers are watching us |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/03/02/as-we-watch-amazon-its-hq2-decision-makers-are-watching-us.html |work=[[Toronto Star]] |access-date=March 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305150819/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/03/02/as-we-watch-amazon-its-hq2-decision-makers-are-watching-us.html |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Belko |first=Mark |date=March 5, 2018 |title=Amazon HQ2 visits have begun |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2018/03/05/Amazon-HQ2-visits-have-begun-PGHQ2/stories/201803050179 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |access-date=March 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306203908/http://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2018/03/05/Amazon-HQ2-visits-have-begun-PGHQ2/stories/201803050179 |archive-date=March 6, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> although the NDA did not prevent disclosure of financial incentives that cities have offered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/if-jeff-bezos-makes-washington-the-second-headquarters-of-amazon |title=If Jeff Bezos Makes Washington the Second Headquarters of Amazon |work=New Yorker |date=November 3, 2018 |access-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104040920/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/if-jeff-bezos-makes-washington-the-second-headquarters-of-amazon |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> By May 2018, Amazon representatives had visited the 20 finalist cities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cappetta |first=Michael |date=May 16, 2018 |title=Amazon has finished visiting the top 20 contenders for its new HQ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/amazon-has-finished-visiting-top-20-contenders-its-new-hq-n874436 |work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=May 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516225050/https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/amazon-has-finished-visiting-top-20-contenders-its-new-hq-n874436 |archive-date=May 16, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2018, Bezos promised a decision by the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/13/jeff-bezos-speaks-at-the-economic-club-in-washington-dc.html |title=Jeff Bezos says Amazon will announce HQ2 decision before the end of the year |first=Eugene |last=Kim |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=September 13, 2018 |access-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020033/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/13/jeff-bezos-speaks-at-the-economic-club-in-washington-dc.html |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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On November 4, 2018, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported that several finalists were in advanced talks with Amazon over the HQ2 decision, including the potential choosing of [[Crystal City, Virginia|Crystal City]] in Northern Virginia.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-in-late-stage-talks-with-cities-including-crystal-city-va-dallas-new-york-city-for-hq2-1541359441|title=Amazon in Late-Stage Talks With Cities Including Crystal City, Va., Dallas, New York City for HQ2|last1=Stevens |first1=Laura|date=November 4, 2018|work=Wall Street Journal |access-date=November 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104235609/https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-in-late-stage-talks-with-cities-including-crystal-city-va-dallas-new-york-city-for-hq2-1541359441|archive-date=November 4, 2018|url-status=live|last2=Calvert|first2=Scott|last3=Hobbs|first3=Tawnell D.}}</ref> Amazon Director of Economic Development Mike Grella wrote on [[Twitter]] that the leaker responsible for informing the newspapers was violating a [[non-disclosure agreement]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2018/11/04/amazon-second-headquarters-northern-virginia-reportedly-front-runner/1884661002/ |title=Report: Northern Virginia may be winner of Amazon HQ2 sweepstakes; Amazon exec slams leak |last=Baig| first=Edward C.| date=November 4, 2018|work=[[USA Today]]| access-date=November 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104201718/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2018/11/04/amazon-second-headquarters-northern-virginia-reportedly-front-runner/1884661002/|archive-date=November 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Grella also criticized media outlets for speculating on the winning bid for HQ2 based on the travel patterns of Amazon CEO [[Jeff Bezos]], who owns ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-03/amazon-exec-throws-shade-on-headquarters-stories-in-bezos-paper| title=Amazon Exec Rips 'Leaking' to Bezos' Washington Post on Headquarters |last1=Soper| first1=Spencer |date=November 3, 2018 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=November 4, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104080123/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-03/amazon-exec-throws-shade-on-headquarters-stories-in-bezos-paper| archive-date=November 4, 2018 |url-status=live |last2=Brody |first2=Ben }}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-TwoLocations-2018">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/technology/amazon-second-headquarters-split.html| title=Amazon Plans to Split HQ2 in Two Locations|date=November 5, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106013712/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/technology/amazon-second-headquarters-split.html |archive-date=November 6, 2018 | url-status=live| access-date=November 6, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-hq2-new-headquarters-will-be-in-queens-and-crystal-city-2018-9 |title=Amazon plans to set up 2 different locations for its HQ2 - in New York and Virginia |last=Green|first=Dennis |date=November 5, 2018 |work=[[Business Insider]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106052218/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-hq2-new-headquarters-will-be-in-queens-and-crystal-city-2018-9|archive-date=November 6, 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=November 6, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-plans-to-split-hq2-evenly-between-two-cities-1541446552|title=Amazon Plans to Split HQ2 Evenly Between Two Cities| last1=Stevens |first1=Laura| last2=Raice| first2=Shayndi |date=November 5, 2018| work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106000055/https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-plans-to-split-hq2-evenly-between-two-cities-1541446552 |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=November 6, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/05/tech/amazon-hq2-update/index.html |title=Everything we know about Amazon's HQ2 search|date=November 5, 2018 |work=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106203951/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/05/tech/amazon-hq2-update/index.html |archive-date=November 6, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=November 6, 2018 }}</ref> |
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⚫ | Some of the finalists |
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⚫ | Steven Strauss, a visiting professor of public policy at [[Princeton University]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://wws.princeton.edu/faculty/ssstrau |title=Steven Strauss| date=August 4, 2014| work=[[Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719120602/http://wws.princeton.edu/faculty-research/faculty/ssstrau |archive-date=July 19, 2017| url-status=live|language=en |
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⚫ | Conservative and liberal advocacy groups voiced their opposition to various [[tax break]]s promised by cities in hopes of luring Amazon.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/11/6/18065666/amazon-hq2-backlash| title=The backlash to Amazon HQ2, explained| last=Valle| first=Gaby Del| date=November 6, 2018|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113192847/https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/11/6/18065666/amazon-hq2-backlash |archive-date=November 13, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=November 13, 2018 |
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⚫ | In early 2018, [[New York University Stern School of Business]] professor [[Scott Galloway (professor)|Scott Galloway]] said Amazon was soliciting bids from places that it never intended to move to solely to gain [[tax break]]s.<ref name="recode" /> He predicted that HQ2 would be located in either the [[New York metropolitan area]] or the [[Washington metropolitan area]]; with the decision to create two locations, Galloway ended up predicting both correctly.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-hq2-will-be-new-york-or-dc-scott-galloway-predicts-2018-2 |title=The professor who predicted Amazon would buy Whole Foods says only 2 cities have a shot at HQ2| last=Green |first=Dennis |date=February 12, 2018 |work=[[Business Insider]]| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104010054/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-hq2-will-be-new-york-or-dc-scott-galloway-predicts-2018-2|archive-date=November 4, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=November 14, 2018 |
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⚫ | Former Seattle Mayor [[Ed Murray (Washington politician)|Ed Murray]] announced that he would begin conversations with Amazon about long-term plans for the city, while the [[Seattle Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce]] characterized the announcement as a "wake-up call" to Seattle to improve the city's business climate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazons-announcement-of-hq-outside-of-seattle-sends-ripples-through-states-political-circles/ |title=Amazon's announcement of HQ outside of Seattle sends ripples through state's political circles |last1=Beekman| first1=Daniel |
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⚫ | [[Jim Balsillie]] remarked that he was disappointed in [[W. Edmund Clark]], [[Kathleen Wynne]]'s czar in charge of the Toronto bid, when in 2017 the latter attempted to sell the buyer on "our competitive advantage... software programmers that cost 34% to 38% less than in the US... that's an edge the government is determined not only to maintain but to sharpen." Balsillie found this strategy to be "misguided... these strategies put our tech workers in a global race to the bottom, competing on cost with the salaries in [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]], and [[India]]."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Balsillie |first1=Jim |title=Canada is pushing its tech sector into a race to the bottom |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-canada-is-pushing-its-tech-sector-into-a-race-to-the-bottom/ | work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date= |
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==Winning bids== |
==Winning bids== |
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The selections of New York City and Northern Virginia for the HQ2 sites were confirmed |
The selections of New York City and Northern Virginia for the HQ2 sites were confirmed on November 13, 2018.<ref name=picks>{{cite web |last1=Stevens |first1=Laura |last2=Morris |first2=Keiko |last3=Honan |first3=Katie |title=Amazon Picks New York City, Northern Virginia for Its HQ2 Locations |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=November 13, 2018 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-chooses-new-york-city-and-northern-virginia-for-additional-headquarters-1542075336 |access-date=November 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113023023/https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-chooses-new-york-city-and-northern-virginia-for-additional-headquarters-1542075336 |archive-date=November 13, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon's Grand Search For 2nd Headquarters Ends With Split: NYC And D.C. Suburb |publisher=NPR |date=November 13, 2018 |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/11/13/665646050/amazons-grand-search-for-2nd-headquarters-ends-with-split-nyc-and-d-c-suburb |access-date=November 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113150150/https://www.npr.org/2018/11/13/665646050/amazons-grand-search-for-2nd-headquarters-ends-with-split-nyc-and-d-c-suburb |archive-date=November 13, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon's HQ2 will be split between NYC and Arlington, Virginia |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/11/13/amazons-hq2-split-between-nyc-arlington-virginia/ |access-date=November 13, 2018 |work=Engadget |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113153457/https://www.engadget.com/2018/11/13/amazons-hq2-split-between-nyc-arlington-virginia/ |archive-date=November 13, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In Amazon's announcement, a joint press release was presented by the Northern Virginia bidders that Amazon's HQ2 neighborhood location would officially be renamed "[[National Landing]]", which encompasses not only Crystal City but also the nearby areas of [[Pentagon City]] and [[Potomac Yard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/nation-now/2018/11/13/where-amazon-hq-2-national-landing-long-island-city/1987015002/ |title=National Landing? Long Island City? This is where Amazon's headquarters are located |work=USA Today |access-date=November 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113213419/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/nation-now/2018/11/13/where-amazon-hq-2-national-landing-long-island-city/1987015002/ |archive-date=November 13, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Amazon also announced that it would employ 5,000 people at a new Operations Center of Excellence in [[Nashville, Tennessee]].<ref name=incentives/> |
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===Long Island City=== |
===Long Island City=== |
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[[File:Long Island City New York May 2015 panorama 3.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Long Island City]], [[Queens]], New York City, canceled second location of Amazon HQ2]] |
[[File:Long Island City New York May 2015 panorama 3.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Long Island City]], [[Queens]], New York City, canceled second location of Amazon HQ2]] |
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⚫ | The subsidies offered to Amazon in New York include performance-based direct incentives of $1.525 billion based on whether the company created 25,000 jobs. This included a refundable tax credit through the state's Excelsior Program of up to $1.2 billion, calculated as a percentage of the salaries Amazon expects to pay employees over the following 10 years. Additionally, the [[Empire State Development Corporation]] would give Amazon a cash grant of $325 million based on the occupancy rates of HQ2 buildings over in the following 10 years.<ref name=incentives>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/13/amazon-tax-incentives-in-new-york-city-virginia-and-nashville.html |title=Amazon will get up to $2.2 billion in incentives from New York City, Northern Virginia and Nashville |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |date=November 13, 2018 | |
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⚫ | The subsidies offered to Amazon in New York include performance-based direct incentives of $1.525 billion based on whether the company created 25,000 jobs. This included a refundable tax credit through the state's Excelsior Program of up to $1.2 billion, calculated as a percentage of the salaries Amazon expects to pay employees over the following 10 years. Additionally, the [[Empire State Development Corporation]] would give Amazon a cash grant of $325 million based on the occupancy rates of HQ2 buildings over in the following 10 years.<ref name=incentives>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/13/amazon-tax-incentives-in-new-york-city-virginia-and-nashville.html |title=Amazon will get up to $2.2 billion in incentives from New York City, Northern Virginia and Nashville |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |date=November 13, 2018 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=November 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113193650/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/13/amazon-tax-incentives-in-new-york-city-virginia-and-nashville.html |archive-date=November 13, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/13/business/economy/amazon-hq2-va-long-island-city-incentives.html |title=A $2 Billion Question: Did New York and Virginia Overpay for Amazon? |date=November 13, 2018 |website=The New York Times |access-date=November 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114024435/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/13/business/economy/amazon-hq2-va-long-island-city-incentives.html |archive-date=November 14, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Under an agreement with New York City's government, half of the property taxes for the city's HQ2 campus would be waived, and the exempt amount would go to the city's PILOT (payment in lieu of taxes) fund to pay for infrastructure improvements in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |last=Raskin |first=Sam |title=Amazon's HQ2 deal with New York, explained |website=Curbed NY |date=November 16, 2018 |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2018/11/16/18098589/amazon-hq2-nyc-queens-long-island-city-explained |access-date=November 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116214259/https://ny.curbed.com/2018/11/16/18098589/amazon-hq2-nyc-queens-long-island-city-explained |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A breakdown of the LIC Amazon HQ2 deal |website=am New York |date=November 14, 2018 |url=https://www.amny.com/news/amazon-long-island-city-1.23378324 |access-date=November 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117233458/https://www.amny.com/news/amazon-long-island-city-1.23378324 |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Both states proposed that Amazon be given access to a helipad, and the New York state government also promised to upgrade infrastructure in conjunction with HQ2's construction there.<ref name=":1" /> Officials estimated that Amazon's move would generate $27 billion in taxes for the city and state.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/14/amazon-says-it-will-not-build-a-headquarters-in-new-york-after-mounting-opposition-reuters-reports.html|title=Amazon says it will not build a headquarters in New York|publisher=[[CNBC]]|last=Feiner|first=Lauren|date=February 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/02/17/amazon-hq-2-politicians-feud-over-who-blame-after-firm-ditches-ny/2900101002/|title=Politicians squabble over who is to blame for Amazon decision to ditch New York|work=[[USA Today]]|last=Davidson|first=Paul|date=February 17, 2019}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Amazon was said to have chosen New York City as one of the sites for HQ2 because of the city's highly skilled pool of talent; existing tech, finance, and media industries; and strong university system, including [[Columbia University]] and [[Cornell Tech]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ciodive.com/news/strong-university-ecosystems-feed-amazon-hq2-fire/542160/ |title=Strong university ecosystems feed Amazon HQ2 fire |work=CIO Dive |access-date=November 30, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005126/https://www.ciodive.com/news/strong-university-ecosystems-feed-amazon-hq2-fire/542160/ |archive-date=December 1, 2018 |url-status=live |
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⚫ | Amazon was said to have chosen New York City as one of the sites for HQ2 because of the city's highly skilled pool of talent; existing tech, finance, and media industries; and strong university system, including [[Columbia University]] and [[Cornell Tech]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ciodive.com/news/strong-university-ecosystems-feed-amazon-hq2-fire/542160/ |title=Strong university ecosystems feed Amazon HQ2 fire |work=CIO Dive |access-date=November 30, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005126/https://www.ciodive.com/news/strong-university-ecosystems-feed-amazon-hq2-fire/542160/ |archive-date=December 1, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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====Cancellation of New York portion==== |
====Cancellation of New York portion==== |
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After the HQ2 campus in New York City was announced, officials representing parts of Queens, such as U.S. Representative-elect [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], Councilman [[Jimmy Van Bramer]], State Senator [[Michael Gianaris]], and Assemblyman [[Ron Kim (politician)|Ron Kim]], announced their disapproval.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://queenscountypolitics.com/2018/11/13/some-queens-pols-pushback-against-hq2-coming-to-lic/ |title=Some Queens Pols Pushback Against HQ2 Coming To LIC| last=Spencer |first=Christian|date=November 13, 2018|work=Queens County Politics | access-date=November 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114100451/https://queenscountypolitics.com/2018/11/13/some-queens-pols-pushback-against-hq2-coming-to-lic/|archive-date=November 14, 2018|url-status=live |
After the HQ2 campus in New York City was announced, officials representing parts of Queens, such as U.S. Representative-elect [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], Councilman [[Jimmy Van Bramer]], State Senator [[Michael Gianaris]], and Assemblyman [[Ron Kim (politician)|Ron Kim]], announced their disapproval.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://queenscountypolitics.com/2018/11/13/some-queens-pols-pushback-against-hq2-coming-to-lic/ |title=Some Queens Pols Pushback Against HQ2 Coming To LIC| last=Spencer |first=Christian|date=November 13, 2018|work=Queens County Politics | access-date=November 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114100451/https://queenscountypolitics.com/2018/11/13/some-queens-pols-pushback-against-hq2-coming-to-lic/|archive-date=November 14, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Ocasio-Cortez, Van Bramer, and Gianaris all expressed concern that Amazon would receive [[tax break]]s while critical infrastructure, such as the [[New York City Subway]], was deteriorating, and the [[New York City public school system]] and [[New York City Health Department]] were underfunded. In a [[Twitter]] post, Ocasio-Cortez raised further concerns about the affordability of housing in Queens, since housing prices around the HQ2 campus in Queens began rising in anticipation of the campus's construction.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/13/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-and-new-york-democrats-criticize-amazon-hq2.html |title=New York Democrats pick a fight with Amazon over HQ2 in Queens |last=Pramuk| first=Jacob |date=November 13, 2018|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228155020/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/13/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-and-new-york-democrats-criticize-amazon-hq2.html |archive-date=February 28, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=November 14, 2018| df=mdy-all}}</ref> Kim and [[Fordham University]] professor [[Zephyr Teachout]] wrote an opinion piece in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in which they stated that the city should "not offer incentives and giveaways to an internet giant known for squashing small businesses."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2018/11/13/18090668/amazon-hq2-long-island-city-opposition-nyc |title=Queens officials come out against Amazon's HQ2 in Long Island City |last=Warerkar|first=Tanay|date=November 13, 2018|website=[[Curbed NY]]| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113203626/https://ny.curbed.com/2018/11/13/18090668/amazon-hq2-long-island-city-opposition-nyc|archive-date=November 13, 2018|url-status=live |access-date=November 14, 2018}}</ref> |
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''[[Politico]]'' reported that the Long Island City location would be built on land intended for 6,000 homes, including 1,500 [[affordable housing]] units.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://politi.co/2B8OUT2 |title=Amazon deal will disrupt plans for affordable housing on Long Island City sites |last1=Goldenberg| first1=Sally |last2=Rubinstein| first2=Dana |website=[[Politico]] |date=November 15, 2018}}</ref> [[New York State Senate]] member [[Michael Gianaris]] said, "The more we learn about this deal, the worse it gets."<ref>{{Cite press release | url=https://www.nysenate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/michael-gianaris/statement-senator-michael-gianaris-regarding-amazon-hearing | title=Statement from Senator Michael Gianaris Regarding Amazon Hearing | first= |
''[[Politico]]'' reported that the Long Island City location would be built on land intended for 6,000 homes, including 1,500 [[affordable housing]] units.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://politi.co/2B8OUT2 |title=Amazon deal will disrupt plans for affordable housing on Long Island City sites |last1=Goldenberg| first1=Sally |last2=Rubinstein| first2=Dana |website=[[Politico]] |date=November 15, 2018}}</ref> [[New York State Senate]] member [[Michael Gianaris]] said, "The more we learn about this deal, the worse it gets."<ref>{{Cite press release | url=https://www.nysenate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/michael-gianaris/statement-senator-michael-gianaris-regarding-amazon-hearing | title=Statement from Senator Michael Gianaris Regarding Amazon Hearing | first=Michael | last=Gianaris | authorlink=Michael Gianaris | date=December 12, 2018}}</ref> However, polls showed that the majority of New York City residents approved of the deal with Amazon. <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-headquarters-poll/new-yorkers-overwhelmingly-support-amazon-campus-in-queens-poll-idUSKBN1O42H8|title=New Yorkers overwhelmingly support Amazon campus in Queens: poll |publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=December 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/amazon-s-hq2-deal-makes-most-new-yorkers-smile-poll-n944511|title=Amazon's HQ2 deal makes most New Yorkers smile, poll finds |last=Gregorian|first=Dareh|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=December 6, 2018}}</ref> |
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On February 14, 2019, Amazon announced that it would cancel the planned Long Island City location due to opposition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/it-wasn-t-any-one-incident-amazon-rep-says-decision-n971831 |title='That's pretty firm': Why Amazon is done negotiating with New York |last=Byers |first=Dylan| date=February 14, 2019 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408191704/https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/it-wasn-t-any-one-incident-amazon-rep-says-decision-n971831 |archive-date=April 8, 2019| url-status=live| work=[[NBC News]] |
On February 14, 2019, Amazon announced that it would cancel the planned Long Island City location due to opposition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/it-wasn-t-any-one-incident-amazon-rep-says-decision-n971831 |title='That's pretty firm': Why Amazon is done negotiating with New York |last=Byers |first=Dylan| date=February 14, 2019 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408191704/https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/it-wasn-t-any-one-incident-amazon-rep-says-decision-n971831 |archive-date=April 8, 2019| url-status=live| work=[[NBC News]] }}</ref> The company also said that it would continue developing the Crystal City and Nashville locations.<ref name="WP-Cancellation" /><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/tennessee-very-interested-in-amazon-hq2-after-nyc-strife| title=Tennessee 'very interested' in Amazon HQ2 after NYC strife |last=Henney |first=Megan| date=February 13, 2019| publisher=[[FOX Business]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214012258/https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/tennessee-very-interested-in-amazon-hq2-after-nyc-strife| archive-date=February 14, 2019 |url-status=live|access-date=February 14, 2019 }}</ref> Bill de Blasio and Cuomo were "blindsided" by Amazon's decision when informed by Amazon VP [[Jay Carney]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/nyregion/amazon-hq2-nyc.html| title=Why the Amazon Deal Collapsed: A Tech Giant Stumbles in N.Y.'s Raucous Political Arena |last1=Goodman |first1=J. David |work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215232547/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/nyregion/amazon-hq2-nyc.html |archive-date=February 15, 2019|url-status=live |last2=Weise| first2=Karen | date=February 15, 2019 }}</ref> New York governor [[Andrew Cuomo]] blamed [[New York State Democratic Committee|Democrats]] in the [[New York State Senate]] for the cancellation, and New York City mayor de Blasio said that Amazon "threw away that opportunity," by making the announcement.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-cancels-hq2-plans-in-new-york-city-11550163050 |title=Amazon Cancels HQ2 Plans in New York City |last1=Stevens|first1=Laura |last2=Vielkind |first2=Jimmy |date=February 14, 2019 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215020944/https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-cancels-hq2-plans-in-new-york-city-11550163050|archive-date=February 15, 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=February 15, 2019| last3=Honan| first3=Katie| df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/nyregion/amazon-hq2-queens.html| title=Amazon Pulls Out of Planned New York City Headquarters |date=February 14, 2019|website=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215000024/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/nyregion/amazon-hq2-queens.html |archive-date=February 15, 2019|url-status=live |access-date=February 15, 2019}}</ref> In response, Ocasio-Cortez stated: "If we were willing to give away $3 billion for this deal, we could invest $3 billion in our district ourselves if we want to. We could hire more teachers, we can fix our subways, we can put a lot of people to work for that money if we wanted to."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/new-york-politicians-odds-over-amazon-s-decision-pull-out-n971741 |title=NY politicians at odds over Amazon's decision to pull out of Queens | first=Elisha | last=Fieldstadt |date=February 14, 2019| work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=February 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216184624/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/new-york-politicians-odds-over-amazon-s-decision-pull-out-n971741 |archive-date=February 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-cancels-new-hq-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-celebrates-amazon-move-to-scrap-new-york-headquarters-today-2019-02-14/ |title=Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez celebrates Amazon move to scrap New York headquarters|date=February 14, 2019| access-date=May 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174251/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-cancels-new-hq-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-celebrates-amazon-move-to-scrap-new-york-headquarters-today-2019-02-14/ |archive-date=March 6, 2019|url-status=live |work=[[CBS News]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/ocasio-cortez-takes-a-victory-lap-after-amazon-scraps-plans-new-york-headquarters-201203774.html |title=Ocasio-Cortez takes a victory lap after Amazon scraps plans to build in New York | first=David | last=Knowles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217015925/https://news.yahoo.com/ocasio-cortez-takes-a-victory-lap-after-amazon-scraps-plans-new-york-headquarters-201203774.html |archive-date=February 17, 2019|url-status=live |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=February 14, 2019}}</ref> Activist organizations such as [[Open New York]] also argued that, in Amazon's absence, the original plans to build 6,000 homes should be re-adopted.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-oped-after-amazon-build-more-housing-20190215-story.html |title=After Amazon, build more housing |last1=Dontoh |first1=Kyle |date=February 17, 2019|work=[[New York Daily News]]| access-date=February 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224148/https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-oped-after-amazon-build-more-housing-20190215-story.html |archive-date=February 21, 2019 |url-status=live| last2=Berkovitz |first2=Casey| df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
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In the weeks following Amazon's decision, Governor Cuomo phoned multiple Amazon executives and even Jeff Bezos, personally asking them to reconsider and guaranteeing them "support." The [[Partnership for New York City]] placed an [[open letter]] in ''The New York Times'' stating that Cuomo "will take personal responsibility for the project's state approval." The letter is signed by [[Hakeem Jeffries]], [[Carolyn Maloney]], [[Andrew D. Hamilton]], [[David M. Solomon]], [[David N. Dinkins]], and [[Ajay Banga]], among others.<ref name="nyt-speaks">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/nyregion/amazon-hq2-nyc.html| title=Cuomo Speaks With Bezos, Furiously Trying to Win Back Amazon |last=Goodman |first=J. David|date=February 28, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228224356/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/nyregion/amazon-hq2-nyc.html |archive-date=February 28, 2019|url-status=live |access-date=February 28, 2019 |
In the weeks following Amazon's decision, Governor Cuomo phoned multiple Amazon executives and even Jeff Bezos, personally asking them to reconsider and guaranteeing them "support." The [[Partnership for New York City]] placed an [[open letter]] in ''The New York Times'' stating that Cuomo "will take personal responsibility for the project's state approval." The letter is signed by [[Hakeem Jeffries]], [[Carolyn Maloney]], [[Andrew D. Hamilton]], [[David M. Solomon]], [[David N. Dinkins]], and [[Ajay Banga]], among others.<ref name="nyt-speaks">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/nyregion/amazon-hq2-nyc.html| title=Cuomo Speaks With Bezos, Furiously Trying to Win Back Amazon |last=Goodman |first=J. David|date=February 28, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228224356/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/nyregion/amazon-hq2-nyc.html |archive-date=February 28, 2019|url-status=live |access-date=February 28, 2019 }}</ref> |
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According to an interview with [[CNBC]], Amazon's vice president of public policy Brian Huseman denied that politics rather than logistics were a factor in Amazon choosing to cancel its New York location.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/10/amazon-reveals-the-truth-on-why-it-nixed-ny-and-chose-virginia-for-hq2.html |title=Amazon reveals the truth on why it nixed New York and chose Virginia for its HQ |work=[[CNBC]] |last=Cohn |first=Scott}}</ref> |
According to an interview with [[CNBC]], Amazon's vice president of public policy Brian Huseman denied that politics rather than logistics were a factor in Amazon choosing to cancel its New York location.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/10/amazon-reveals-the-truth-on-why-it-nixed-ny-and-chose-virginia-for-hq2.html |title=Amazon reveals the truth on why it nixed New York and chose Virginia for its HQ |work=[[CNBC]] |last=Cohn |first=Scott}}</ref> |
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Despite cancelling the Long Island City location, in December 2019, Amazon announced that it had signed a new lease for {{convert|335,000|sqft|sqm}} of space in the [[Hudson Yards (neighborhood), Manhattan|Hudson Yards]] neighborhood to accommodate 1,500 employees. The company already had 3,500 tech employees in the New York City area.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Keiko |title=Amazon Leases New Manhattan Office Space, Less Than a Year After HQ2 Pullout |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-leases-new-manhattan-office-space-less-than-a-year-after-hq2-pullout-11575671243 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> |
Despite cancelling the Long Island City location, in December 2019, Amazon announced that it had signed a new lease for {{convert|335,000|sqft|sqm}} of space in the [[Hudson Yards (neighborhood), Manhattan|Hudson Yards]] neighborhood to accommodate 1,500 employees. The company already had 3,500 tech employees in the New York City area.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Keiko |title=Amazon Leases New Manhattan Office Space, Less Than a Year After HQ2 Pullout |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-leases-new-manhattan-office-space-less-than-a-year-after-hq2-pullout-11575671243 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> |
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In February 2019, Cuomo called the cancellation the "greatest tragedy" he |
In February 2019, Cuomo called the cancellation the "greatest tragedy" he had seen during his tenure as governor of New York.<ref>{{cite web |title='Greatest Tragedy': Cuomo Talks NYC Losing 2nd Amazon HQ| url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/greatest-tragedy-cuomo-says-about-losing-2nd-amazon-hq/62210/ |publisher=[[WNBC]] | date=February 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Kaya | last=Yurieff |title=Long Island City tries to move on after Amazon HQ2 debacle |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/14/tech/amazon-hq2-long-island-city/index.html | date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> |
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===Northern Virginia=== |
===Northern Virginia=== |
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[[File:1750 Crystal Drive renovation 2019.jpg|thumb|1770 Crystal Drive being renovated]] |
[[File:1750 Crystal Drive renovation 2019.jpg|thumb|1770 Crystal Drive being renovated]] |
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⚫ | For the location of HQ2, Amazon selected |
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⚫ | For the location of HQ2, Amazon selected an area in [[Northern Virginia]] encompassing parts of the [[Crystal City, Virginia|Crystal City]] and [[Pentagon City]] neighborhoods of [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]] and the [[Potomac Yard]] neighborhood in the city of [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]] which was branded as "[[National Landing]]".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2020/11/16/national-landing-is-two-years-old-and-people-are-kind-of-getting-used-to-it/ | title=National Landing Is Two Years Old, and People Are Kind of Getting Used to It | first=Andrew | last=Beaujon | work=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]] | date=November 16, 2020}}</ref> While redevelopment efforts in the area had already begun as early as 2014, the cross-jurisdictional neighborhood was branded and announced as "National Landing" in 2018 as a part of local [[economic development]] plans to bring Amazon HQ2 to the area.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2018/11/13/national-landing-is-a-neighborhood-with-no-finite-boundaries-that-sounds-amazing/ | title=National Landing Is a Neighborhood With No Finite Boundaries. That Sounds Amazing | first=Andrew | last=Beaujon | work=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]] | date=November 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/amazon-introduces-national-landing-headquarters-confused-washington-area-residents-n935796 |title=Amazon introduces 'National Landing' headquarters to confused Washington-area residents| last=Vincent | first=Brandi | date=November 13, 2018}}</ref><ref name=duo>{{cite news | url=https://wjla.com/news/local/amazon-hq2-national-landing-crystal-city-background | title=Duo delivers Amazon's HQ2 and 'National Landing' moniker to Crystal City | last=Korff | first=Jay |date=November 13, 2018}}</ref> The announcement also included plans to build a [[graduate school]] satellite [[university]] campus of [[Virginia Tech]] in the area.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/11/13/virginia-tech-to-open-1b-innovation-campus-2-miles.html |title=Virginia Tech to open $1B innovation campus 2 miles from Amazon HQ2 | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=November 13, 2018}}</ref> The "National Landing" name derives, in part, from the area's proximity to [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]].<ref name=duo/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2018/11/13/did-amazon-just-rename-crystal-city/ | title=Did Amazon Just Rename Crystal City? | first=Andrew | last=Beaujon | work=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]] | date=November 13, 2018}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The area includes the [[Washington Metro]] station at [[Crystal City station (Washington Metro)|Crystal City]] |
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⚫ | The area includes the [[Washington Metro]] station at [[Crystal City station (Washington Metro)|Crystal City]] and the newly opened [[Potomac Yard station]].<ref name="forward">{{cite news |date=June 14, 2016 |title=Now open, Metro celebrates first day of service at Potomac Yard-VT Station |newspaper=[[Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority]] |agency=WMATA |publication-date=May 19, 2023 |url=https://www.wmata.com/about/news/Potomac-Yard-Grand-Opening.cfm |access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> The [[Virginia Railway Express]] (VRE) [[commuter rail]] system also has a [[Crystal City station (VRE)|Crystal City station]]. The [[Metroway]], a [[bus rapid transit]] system, runs through the area, with 15 stations covering the area from Arlington's [[Pentagon City station]] to Alexandria's [[Braddock Road station]] (south of National Landing), with some of this route located in an exclusive [[bus lane]]. A pedestrian bridge to connect National Landing to Washington Reagan National Airport and improvements to the existing Metro rail stations are in process.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/virginia/what-is-the-new-national-landing-neighborhood-for-amazons-hq2/65-614152523 | title=What is the new National Landing neighborhood for Amazon's HQ2? | last1=Warfield | first1=Marcel |last2=Nuyen | first2=Suzanne | date=November 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2019/09/19/its-a-slow-walk-to-a-pedestrian-link-between.html | title=It's a slow walk to a pedestrian link between Crystal City and Reagan National Airport (notice we didn't say bridge) | first=Alex | last=Koma | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=September 19, 2019}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Virginia offered performance-based incentives which included a workforce cash grant of $550 million for the first 25,000 jobs Amazon created that paid an average salary of $150,000 by 2030. The state offered an additional $200 million for the next 12,850 qualifying jobs created by 2034. Arlington County offered an additional $23 million in cash grants, to be disbursed over 15 years, contingent on Amazon reaching a certain office size and the gradual increased revenue from a tax collected from the county's hotel rooms. The county also offered an estimated $28 million in infrastructure improvements tied to the property taxes of the Pentagon City and Crystal City area.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://d39w7f4ix9f5s9.cloudfront.net/a1/f2/85b7a8db41379e151054ff05e815/commonwealth-of-virginia-agreement.pdf |title= |
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⚫ | Virginia offered performance-based incentives which included a workforce cash grant of $550 million for the first 25,000 jobs Amazon created that paid an average salary of $150,000 by 2030. The state offered an additional $200 million for the next 12,850 qualifying jobs created by 2034. Arlington County offered an additional $23 million in cash grants, to be disbursed over 15 years, contingent on Amazon reaching a certain office size and the gradual increased revenue from a tax collected from the county's hotel rooms. The county also offered an estimated $28 million in infrastructure improvements tied to the property taxes of the Pentagon City and Crystal City area.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://d39w7f4ix9f5s9.cloudfront.net/a1/f2/85b7a8db41379e151054ff05e815/commonwealth-of-virginia-agreement.pdf |title=Memorandum of Understanding: Major Headquarters Program | date=November 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arlington.granicus.com/MetaViewer.php?view_id=2&event_id=1355&meta_id=184432 |title=County Board Agenda Item Meeting of March 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/11/13/virginias-win-of-amazon-hq2-wasnt-just-based-on.html |title=Virginia's Amazon HQ2 win wasn't just based on traditional incentives. Here's what else was included. | first=Katie | last=Arcieri | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=November 13, 2018}}</ref> The state's initial offer was close to $1 billion, according to the Virginia Economic Development Partnership. When Amazon told state officials they would get half of the jobs, the group decided to "essentially cut [the incentives] roughly in half."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/11/14/behind-the-deal-how-virginia-landed-amazon-s-hq2.html |title=Behind the deal: How Virginia landed Amazon's HQ2 project | first1=Katie | last1=Arcieri | first2=Daniel J. | last2=Sernovitz | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=November 14, 2018}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Amazon's initially said it could occupy up to 8 million square feet of office space in Arlington over the course of 15 years. However, company officials told Arlington in May 2019 that Amazon would not promise anything over 4 million square feet.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/c/amazon-asked-arlington-to-remove-total-square-feet.html | title=Amazon asked Arlington to remove total square feet requirement from incentive deal | first=Jonathan | last=Capriel | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=May 7, 2019}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Amazon's officials initially said it could occupy up to 8 million square feet of office space in Arlington over the course of 15 years. However, company officials told Arlington in May 2019 that Amazon would not promise anything over 4 million square feet.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/c/amazon-asked-arlington-to-remove-total-square-feet.html | title=Amazon asked Arlington to remove total square feet requirement from incentive deal | first=Jonathan | last=Capriel | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=May 7, 2019}}</ref> |
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==Development== |
==Development== |
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===Phase 1=== |
===Phase 1: Metropolitan Park=== |
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[[File:Queen City Installation 2192023.jpg|thumb|The "Queen City" art installation in Metropolitan Park]] |
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Amazon leased 241 18th Street S., 1800 S. Bell Street and 1770 Crystal Drive (formerly 1750 Crystal Drive) from [[JBG Smith]] and renovated the buildings to serve as temporary office space.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2020/11/13/amazon-hq2-two-years.html | title=It's been two years since the HQ2 announcement. My, how it's grown. | first=Jonathan | last=Capriel | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=November 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/11/13/heres-what-amazon-hq2s-footprint-will-look-like.html |title=JBG Smith details Amazon HQ2 real estate plans | last=Sernovitz |first=Daniel J. | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=November 13, 2018}}</ref> |
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Amazon moved its first employees into rented office space in the area in June 2019, and in June 2020, there were roughly 1,000 employees the company counted as HQ2 workers.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2019/05/20/amazon-relabels-ballston-job-listings-as.html | title=Amazon relabels Ballston job listings as HQ2-specific | first=Jonathan | last=Capriel | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=May 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2020/06/30/this-week-amazon-hires-1000th-worker-offer-bonuses.html | title=Amazon hires HQ2's 1,000th worker, offers bonuses to those working through the pandemic | first=Jonathan | last=Capriel | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=June 30, 2020 | url-access=subscription}}</ref> |
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In January 2020, the company started construction on two 22-story towers at 1450 S. Eads St, |
ZGF Architects led the design team, which included James Corner Field Operations and VIKA Civil Engineering and Site Design, as well as many others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon HQ2 - VIKA Engineers |url=https://www.vika.com/projects/amazon-hq2 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.vika.com |language=en}}</ref> In January 2020, the company, via developer [[JBG Smith]], started construction on two 22-story towers at 1450 S. Eads St, proximate to Metropolitan Park.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2020/01/22/its-happening-demolition-begins-on-amazon-hq2-site.html | title=It's happening: Demolition begins on Amazon HQ2 site | first=Jonathan | last=Capriel | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=January 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2019/12/14/amazon-earns-approval-for-its-first-new-hq2.html | title=Amazon earns approval for its first new HQ2 construction in Arlington | first=Alex | last=Koma | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=December 14, 2019}}</ref> In September 2020, the company began the $14 million renovation of the park.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2020/09/12/amazons-funded-park-gets-arlington-county-approval.html | title=Amazon-funded HQ2 park approved by Arlington County | first=Jonathan | last=Capriel | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=September 12, 2020}}</ref> By March 2023, 8,000 workers had been hired to occupy the first phase of HQ2, which has a total capacity of 14,000 workers.<ref name=Pausing>{{Cite news | url=https://dcist.com/story/23/03/03/amazon-is-pausing-construction-on-pentagon-city-campus/ | title=Amazon Is Pausing Construction On Pentagon City Campus | first=Sarah Y. | last=Kim | work=[[WAMU]] | date=March 3, 2023 | access-date=March 4, 2023 | archive-date=March 4, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304015125/https://dcist.com/story/23/03/03/amazon-is-pausing-construction-on-pentagon-city-campus/ | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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An independent coffee shop and a pet care company signed leases to occupy space in the new development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon's first HQ2 retail tenants: dogs and coffee |url=https://wtop.com/business-finance/2021/11/amazons-first-hq2-retail-tenants-dogs-and-coffee/ | work=[[WTOP-FM]] |date=November 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the first retailers to sign ground-floor leases at Amazon's HQ2 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2021/11/04/amazon-met-park-hq2-retail-leases-ground-floor.html|access-date=December 3, 2021|website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref> |
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⚫ | On February 2, 2021, the company announced a proposed design for the second phase of HQ2, PenPlace, |
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The development also includes a public art installation called "Queen City", which was designed by artist Nekisha Durrett.<ref>{{Cite news |last=DeVoe |first=Jo |date=4 October 2022 |title=Public art at Amazon's HQ2 takes shape as construction continues ahead of 2023 opening |work=[[ARLnow]] |url=https://www.arlnow.com/2022/10/04/public-art-at-amazons-hq2-takes-shape-as-construction-continues-ahead-of-2023-opening/ |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> The installation is located in the middle of Metropolitan Park and pays tribute to a former Black community by the same name that was demolished during the construction of [[The Pentagon]]. |
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In May 2021, engineers with the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority noted that "the proposed height of The Helix building exceeded the FAA’s maximum allowed height for flight procedures at Reagan Washington National Airport by 13 feet, which was reported to the FAA and Arlington County, as is required by regulation."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Graf |first1=Heather |last2=Schneider |first2=Kristen |title=Amazon's 'The Helix' is too tall for airport standards, officials say |url=https://wjla.com/news/local/amazons-the-helix-is-too-tall-for-airport-standards-officials-say |website=WJLA |publisher=ABC News |access-date=3 July 2021 |location=Arlington, VA |date=14 May 2021}}</ref> A commercial pilot who also serves as the spokesperson for Allied Pilots Association, the union that represents American Airlines' 15,000 pilots, said "anything that might further complicate that careful landing process at Reagan National Airport must be taken seriously."<ref name="pilotsays">{{cite web |last1=Graf |first1=Heather |title=A pilot's perspective on concerns that Amazon's 'Helix' building may be too tall |url=https://wjla.com/news/local/a-pilots-perspective-on-concerns-that-amazons-helix-building-may-be-too-tall |website=WJLA |publisher=ABC 7News |access-date=3 July 2021 |location=Arlington, VA |date=19 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of June 2021, the FAA is evaluating the proposed building. Arlington County cannot issue building permits for "The Helix" unless Amazon receives a "Determination of No Hazard to Air Navigation" from the FAA.<ref name="pilotsays" /> |
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⚫ | On February 2, 2021, the company announced a proposed design for the second phase of HQ2, PenPlace, to be developed by [[JBG Smith]]. The development includes "The Helix", a 354-foot glass [[nucleic acid double helix]] art structure with landscaped terrain that would be opened to the public, similar to "[[Amazon Spheres]]" at [[Doppler (building)|Doppler]] in Seattle.<ref>{{cite news | last=Capriel | first=Jonathan | title=Amazon's PenPlace plans call for three more HQ2 office buildings, soaring 'Helix' tower | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2021/02/02/amazon-unveils-penplace-plans.html | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=February 2, 2021}}</ref> Founder [[Jeff Bezos]] commented that "The natural beauty of a double helix can be seen throughout our world, from the geometry of our own DNA to the elemental form of galaxies, weather patterns, pine cones, and seashells".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/amazon-new-headquarters-the-helix/2021/02/17/36968326-6d75-11eb-ba56-d7e2c8defa31_story.html | title=The Helix is a distraction. Amazon's new headquarters will change more than just its Arlington neighborhood. | first=Philip | last=Kennicott | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=February 18, 2021}}</ref> ''[[The Verge]]'' described it as resembling a "glass poop emoji covered in trees."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kastrenakes |first=Jacob | title=Amazon's next headquarters is a glass poop emoji covered in trees | url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/2/22262149/amazon-helix-arlington-virginia-design-hq2-campus |website=[[The Verge]] | date=February 2, 2021}}</ref> |
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On November 26, 2021, the FAA completed its evaluation of the proposed building and determined that the structure would not be a hazard to air traffic at nearby [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]].<ref>{{cite web | last1=Clabaugh |first1=Jeff | title=FAA signs off on HQ2's helix building height |url=https://wtop.com/business-finance/2021/12/faa-signs-off-on-hq2s-helix-building-height/ | work=[[WTOP-FM]] |date=December 9, 2021}}</ref> |
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The Arlington County Board approved phase two, including the "Helix" in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graf |first=Heather |date=2022-11-04 |title=Local impacts of Amazon's corporate hiring freeze? 7News asks about HQ2 in Arlington |url=https://wjla.com/news/local/amazon-hiring-freeze-corporate-hq2-arlington-jeff-bezos-helix-business-prime-metropolitan-park-site-washington-dc-katie-cristol-brian-huseman-walta-kiflezghi-heather-graf-construction-office-building-headquarters |access-date=2022-11-07 |publisher=WJLA |language=en}}</ref> |
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In March 2023, the company delayed plans to develop the second phase of HQ2.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/03/amazon-pauses-construction-of-second-headquarters-in-virginia.html | title=Amazon pauses construction of second headquarters in Virginia | first=Annie | last=Palmer | publisher=[[CNBC]] | date=March 3, 2023}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [https://www.amazon.com/ |
* [https://www.amazon.com/ Amazon website] |
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[[Category:Amazon (company) facilities]] |
[[Category:Amazon (company) facilities]] |
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[[Category:Companies based in Arlington County, Virginia]] |
[[Category:Companies based in Arlington County, Virginia]] |
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[[Category:Crystal City |
[[Category:Crystal City, Virginia]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:55, 3 July 2024
Amazon HQ2 | |
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The Metropolitan Park office complex during construction in February 2023 | |
General information | |
Location | Crystal City, Virginia, U.S. |
Technical details | |
Floor area | |
Design and construction | |
Architect(s) | ZGF Architects[1] |
Main contractor | Clark Construction |
Amazon HQ2 is Amazon's corporate headquarters in National Landing in Crystal City, Virginia and an expansion of the company's headquarters in Seattle, Washington. Phase I, which has capacity for 14,000 employees, opened in June 2023.[2] Construction on Phase II is delayed and there is no timeline for development.[3]
HQ2 was announced in September 2017, when Amazon submitted request for proposals to governments and economic development organizations asking for tax breaks and other incentives to entice the company. Amazon claimed that it intended to spend $5 billion on construction and that HQ2 would house 50,000 workers when completed.[4] More than 200 cities in Canada, Mexico, and the United States eventually offered tax breaks, expedited construction approvals, promises of infrastructure improvements, new crime-reduction programs, and other incentives. On January 18, 2018, a shortlist of 20 finalists was announced,[5] after which the candidate localities continued to detail or expand their incentive packages.
On November 13, 2018, Amazon announced that HQ2 would be split into two locations, with 25,000 workers at each: National Landing in Arlington County, Virginia, and Long Island City in Queens, New York City.[6] Virginia would provide as much as $750 million in taxpayer subsidies.[7] New York planned to give Amazon tax breaks of at least $1.525 billion, cash grants of $325 million, and other incentives.[8] In February 2019, Amazon cancelled the New York location after strong opposition from local grassroots organizers, residents and politicians.[9][10] The project has drawn criticism as an example of corporate welfare.
After having touted flowery projections of job growth and economic benefits, Amazon HQ2 fell far short of the project's 2023 job projections.[7]
Background
[edit]Amazon was founded in 1994 in Bellevue, Washington, and leased space in the SoDo neighborhood of Seattle. As the company grew, it moved offices around Downtown Seattle, until announcing a move to a purpose-built headquarters campus in the South Lake Union neighborhood, then a light industrial enclave undergoing urban renewal.[11] By October 2017, Amazon occupied 8.1 million square feet (750,000 m2) of office space in 33 buildings in Seattle, employing 40,000 white collar workers.[12]
Request for proposal
[edit]Amazon's request for proposal outlined several core requirements, as well as optional preferences.[13]
- Metropolitan areas with a population of over 1 million
- Within 30 miles (48 km) of a population center
- Within 45 minutes of an international airport
- Proximity to major highways and arterial roads 1–3 miles (2–5 km)
- Access to mass transit routes
- Up to 8 million square feet (740,000 m2) of office space for future expansion
Optional preferences included airports with direct flights to Seattle, New York City, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C., urban locations, and proximity to major universities.[14]
The deadline for Phase I bids was October 19, 2017.[15] A final site was planned to be selected and announced in November 2018, from a shortlist of 20 cities released in January.[5][13][16]
Bids
[edit]Submitted
[edit]By October 23, 2017, 238 proposals were submitted and received by Amazon, from cities and regions from 54 states, provinces, districts, and territories, including municipalities in all U.S. states except of Arkansas, Hawaii, Iowa, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming.[17][18][19] The Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Saskatchewan also had no regions submit a bid, along with the Yukon Territory.[20]
In early and mid-October, Little Rock, Arkansas and San Antonio, Texas withdrew their submissions.[21][22] Little Rock, Arkansas, purchased a full-page ad in The Washington Post "breaking up" with Amazon, where they described their decision to not submit a bid, while also touting the city's positive attributes.[23] A few days after the bid deadline, the campaign flew a banner plane over Seattle with the same message.[24]
Predictions on which cities will win
[edit]Moody's Analytics determined that Austin, Texas, ranked highest among Amazon's criteria, followed by Atlanta, Philadelphia, and Rochester, New York.[25] The New York Times found Denver to be the best site based on Amazon's criteria, followed closely by Boston and Washington, D.C.[26] Irish gambling site Paddy Power originally listed Atlanta as the odds on favorite to win HQ2, with 2-to-1 odds,[27] but as of January 2018, listed Atlanta and Austin as sharing 3-to-1 odds of winning Amazon HQ2.[28]
Promotional campaigns
[edit]Several cities and groups promoted their HQ2 bids by engaging in promotional campaigns and gimmicks, including offers and gifts to Amazon. Sun Corridor, a Tucson, Arizona economic development firm, sent a 21-foot saguaro cactus to Amazon in an attempt to promote the city's bid. The gift was rejected due to the company's corporate gifts policy, instead donating it to the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum.[29] The city of Stonecrest, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta, voted to de-annex 345 acres (140 ha) of land for Amazon to establish its own city named Amazon around its headquarters.[30]
Sly James, mayor of Kansas City, Missouri, purchased 1,000 products from Amazon, which he donated to charity. James wrote five-star reviews for each one of them, in which every review mentioned positive attributes of Kansas City.[31] Primanti Brothers, a chain of sandwich shops based in Pittsburgh, offered free sandwiches to Amazon employees if they chose the city as their second headquarters.[31]
The city of Birmingham, Alabama erected several giant Amazon boxes and dash buttons around public areas. The dash buttons sent out pre-generated tweets to lure Amazon to the city.[31] New York City mayor Bill de Blasio announced that major landmarks in the city would be lit in orange to promote the city's campaign for HQ2.[31]
A group from Calgary sprayed messages onto sidewalks in Seattle's South Lake Union neighborhood urging the company to choose the city.[31] During an Ottawa Senators hockey game, fans were encouraged to "make noise" for the city of Ottawa's Amazon bid.[15]
The neighboring American and Canadian cities of Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario submitted a bid together and campaigned the two cities to be the home of the new Amazon campus. With the headquarters being divided across the Canada–United States border, the company could take advantage of tax incentives offered by both Ontario and Michigan. Amazon would also be able to capitalize on the less restrictive Canadian immigration laws and the lower currency exchange of the Canadian dollar.[32]
Criticism and opposition
[edit]Steven Strauss, a visiting professor of public policy at Princeton University[33] and an expert on economic development,[34] in an editorial in USA Today suggested that metropolitan areas should be cautious about bidding too generously to win the Amazon bid. He pointed to examples where companies have gone bankrupt or failed to follow up on expansion plans. Strauss also wrote that it was possible that cities could over-pay (the so-called "winner's curse") by providing an overly generous incentive package, which would turn out to be a money-losing proposition for the municipality if all the promised jobs did not materialize.[35]
Conservative and liberal advocacy groups voiced their opposition to various tax breaks promised by cities in hopes of luring Amazon.[36][37]
In early 2018, New York University Stern School of Business professor Scott Galloway said Amazon was soliciting bids from places that it never intended to move to solely to gain tax breaks.[38] He predicted that HQ2 would be located in either the New York metropolitan area or the Washington metropolitan area; with the decision to create two locations, Galloway ended up predicting both correctly.[39] He repeatedly called the competition a "ruse" and a "con".[38] Galloway said that "the game was over before it started", claiming that the proximity to both Jeff Bezos' home and the United States Capital made the DC area an obvious choice.[40]
Former Seattle Mayor Ed Murray announced that he would begin conversations with Amazon about long-term plans for the city, while the Seattle Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce characterized the announcement as a "wake-up call" to Seattle to improve the city's business climate.[41] Comparisons were made to Boeing's decision to move its corporate headquarters from Seattle to Chicago in 2001, which came as a surprise to Seattle.[42]
Jim Balsillie remarked that he was disappointed in W. Edmund Clark, Kathleen Wynne's czar in charge of the Toronto bid, when in 2017 the latter attempted to sell the buyer on "our competitive advantage... software programmers that cost 34% to 38% less than in the US... that's an edge the government is determined not only to maintain but to sharpen." Balsillie found this strategy to be "misguided... these strategies put our tech workers in a global race to the bottom, competing on cost with the salaries in Poland, Ukraine, and India."[43]
There were concerns that HQ2 would drop a prosperity bomb on the winning communities.[44]
Finalists
[edit]On January 18, 2018, Amazon announced its shortlist of 20 finalists for the HQ2 bidding process. The list focuses mainly on the U.S. East Coast and Midwest, with Los Angeles the only selection from the West Coast and Toronto the only one outside of the United States.[5][45][46]
- Atlanta, Georgia (including Stonecrest)
- Austin, Texas
- Boston, Massachusetts (Suffolk Downs-East Boston and Somerville)[47]
- Chicago, Illinois (City Center Campus, Downtown Gateway District, River District, Lincoln Yards, The 78, Burnham Lakefront, Fulton Market District, Illinois Medical District, Schaumburg, Oak Brook)[48]
- Columbus, Ohio (Franklinton, Ohio State University, Easton)[49]
- Dallas, Texas
- Denver, Colorado
- Indianapolis, Indiana
- Los Angeles, California
- Miami, Florida
- Montgomery County, Maryland
- Nashville, Tennessee
- Newark, New Jersey
- New York City, New York (West Midtown Manhattan, Financial District, Brooklyn Tech Triangle, Long Island City)[50]
- Northern Virginia (Fairfax and Loudoun counties, including Arlington and Alexandria, in Virginia)[51]
- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Schuylkill Yards, uCity Square, Navy Yard)[52]
- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Raleigh, North Carolina
- Toronto, Ontario (including Mississauga, Brampton, York Region, Durham Region, Halton Region, Waterloo Region, Guelph and Hamilton)[53]
- Washington, D.C. (Anacostia Riverfront, Capitol Hill East, NoMa-Union Station, Shaw-Howard University)[54]
Some of the finalists used their Amazon proposals to attract investments from other multinational corporations.[55][56]
Amazon representatives began tours of its finalist cities in late February. Bidding cities also signed non-disclosure agreements with Amazon for the duration of the bid process.[57][58] although the NDA did not prevent disclosure of financial incentives that cities have offered.[59] By May 2018, Amazon representatives had visited the 20 finalist cities.[60] In September 2018, Bezos promised a decision by the end of the year.[61]
On November 4, 2018, The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal reported that several finalists were in advanced talks with Amazon over the HQ2 decision, including the potential choosing of Crystal City in Northern Virginia.[62] Amazon Director of Economic Development Mike Grella wrote on Twitter that the leaker responsible for informing the newspapers was violating a non-disclosure agreement.[63] Grella also criticized media outlets for speculating on the winning bid for HQ2 based on the travel patterns of Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, who owns The Washington Post.[64][65][66][67][68]
Winning bids
[edit]The selections of New York City and Northern Virginia for the HQ2 sites were confirmed on November 13, 2018.[6][69][70] In Amazon's announcement, a joint press release was presented by the Northern Virginia bidders that Amazon's HQ2 neighborhood location would officially be renamed "National Landing", which encompasses not only Crystal City but also the nearby areas of Pentagon City and Potomac Yard.[71] Amazon also announced that it would employ 5,000 people at a new Operations Center of Excellence in Nashville, Tennessee.[72]
Long Island City
[edit]The subsidies offered to Amazon in New York include performance-based direct incentives of $1.525 billion based on whether the company created 25,000 jobs. This included a refundable tax credit through the state's Excelsior Program of up to $1.2 billion, calculated as a percentage of the salaries Amazon expects to pay employees over the following 10 years. Additionally, the Empire State Development Corporation would give Amazon a cash grant of $325 million based on the occupancy rates of HQ2 buildings over in the following 10 years.[72][73] Under an agreement with New York City's government, half of the property taxes for the city's HQ2 campus would be waived, and the exempt amount would go to the city's PILOT (payment in lieu of taxes) fund to pay for infrastructure improvements in New York City.[74][75] Both states proposed that Amazon be given access to a helipad, and the New York state government also promised to upgrade infrastructure in conjunction with HQ2's construction there.[73] Officials estimated that Amazon's move would generate $27 billion in taxes for the city and state.[76][77]
Amazon was said to have chosen New York City as one of the sites for HQ2 because of the city's highly skilled pool of talent; existing tech, finance, and media industries; and strong university system, including Columbia University and Cornell Tech.[78]
Cancellation of New York portion
[edit]After the HQ2 campus in New York City was announced, officials representing parts of Queens, such as U.S. Representative-elect Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Councilman Jimmy Van Bramer, State Senator Michael Gianaris, and Assemblyman Ron Kim, announced their disapproval.[79] Ocasio-Cortez, Van Bramer, and Gianaris all expressed concern that Amazon would receive tax breaks while critical infrastructure, such as the New York City Subway, was deteriorating, and the New York City public school system and New York City Health Department were underfunded. In a Twitter post, Ocasio-Cortez raised further concerns about the affordability of housing in Queens, since housing prices around the HQ2 campus in Queens began rising in anticipation of the campus's construction.[80] Kim and Fordham University professor Zephyr Teachout wrote an opinion piece in The New York Times in which they stated that the city should "not offer incentives and giveaways to an internet giant known for squashing small businesses."[81]
Politico reported that the Long Island City location would be built on land intended for 6,000 homes, including 1,500 affordable housing units.[82] New York State Senate member Michael Gianaris said, "The more we learn about this deal, the worse it gets."[83] However, polls showed that the majority of New York City residents approved of the deal with Amazon. [84][85]
On February 14, 2019, Amazon announced that it would cancel the planned Long Island City location due to opposition.[86] The company also said that it would continue developing the Crystal City and Nashville locations.[10][87] Bill de Blasio and Cuomo were "blindsided" by Amazon's decision when informed by Amazon VP Jay Carney.[88] New York governor Andrew Cuomo blamed Democrats in the New York State Senate for the cancellation, and New York City mayor de Blasio said that Amazon "threw away that opportunity," by making the announcement.[89][90] In response, Ocasio-Cortez stated: "If we were willing to give away $3 billion for this deal, we could invest $3 billion in our district ourselves if we want to. We could hire more teachers, we can fix our subways, we can put a lot of people to work for that money if we wanted to."[91][92][93] Activist organizations such as Open New York also argued that, in Amazon's absence, the original plans to build 6,000 homes should be re-adopted.[94]
In the weeks following Amazon's decision, Governor Cuomo phoned multiple Amazon executives and even Jeff Bezos, personally asking them to reconsider and guaranteeing them "support." The Partnership for New York City placed an open letter in The New York Times stating that Cuomo "will take personal responsibility for the project's state approval." The letter is signed by Hakeem Jeffries, Carolyn Maloney, Andrew D. Hamilton, David M. Solomon, David N. Dinkins, and Ajay Banga, among others.[95]
According to an interview with CNBC, Amazon's vice president of public policy Brian Huseman denied that politics rather than logistics were a factor in Amazon choosing to cancel its New York location.[96]
Despite cancelling the Long Island City location, in December 2019, Amazon announced that it had signed a new lease for 335,000 square feet (31,100 m2) of space in the Hudson Yards neighborhood to accommodate 1,500 employees. The company already had 3,500 tech employees in the New York City area.[97]
In February 2019, Cuomo called the cancellation the "greatest tragedy" he had seen during his tenure as governor of New York.[98][99]
Northern Virginia
[edit]For the location of HQ2, Amazon selected an area in Northern Virginia encompassing parts of the Crystal City and Pentagon City neighborhoods of Arlington County and the Potomac Yard neighborhood in the city of Alexandria which was branded as "National Landing".[100] While redevelopment efforts in the area had already begun as early as 2014, the cross-jurisdictional neighborhood was branded and announced as "National Landing" in 2018 as a part of local economic development plans to bring Amazon HQ2 to the area.[101][102][103] The announcement also included plans to build a graduate school satellite university campus of Virginia Tech in the area.[104] The "National Landing" name derives, in part, from the area's proximity to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.[103][105]
The area includes the Washington Metro station at Crystal City and the newly opened Potomac Yard station.[16] The Virginia Railway Express (VRE) commuter rail system also has a Crystal City station. The Metroway, a bus rapid transit system, runs through the area, with 15 stations covering the area from Arlington's Pentagon City station to Alexandria's Braddock Road station (south of National Landing), with some of this route located in an exclusive bus lane. A pedestrian bridge to connect National Landing to Washington Reagan National Airport and improvements to the existing Metro rail stations are in process.[106][107]
Virginia offered performance-based incentives which included a workforce cash grant of $550 million for the first 25,000 jobs Amazon created that paid an average salary of $150,000 by 2030. The state offered an additional $200 million for the next 12,850 qualifying jobs created by 2034. Arlington County offered an additional $23 million in cash grants, to be disbursed over 15 years, contingent on Amazon reaching a certain office size and the gradual increased revenue from a tax collected from the county's hotel rooms. The county also offered an estimated $28 million in infrastructure improvements tied to the property taxes of the Pentagon City and Crystal City area.[108][109][110] The state's initial offer was close to $1 billion, according to the Virginia Economic Development Partnership. When Amazon told state officials they would get half of the jobs, the group decided to "essentially cut [the incentives] roughly in half."[111]
Amazon's officials initially said it could occupy up to 8 million square feet of office space in Arlington over the course of 15 years. However, company officials told Arlington in May 2019 that Amazon would not promise anything over 4 million square feet.[112]
Development
[edit]Phase 1: Metropolitan Park
[edit]Amazon moved its first employees into rented office space in the area in June 2019, and in June 2020, there were roughly 1,000 employees the company counted as HQ2 workers.[113][114]
ZGF Architects led the design team, which included James Corner Field Operations and VIKA Civil Engineering and Site Design, as well as many others.[115] In January 2020, the company, via developer JBG Smith, started construction on two 22-story towers at 1450 S. Eads St, proximate to Metropolitan Park.[116][117] In September 2020, the company began the $14 million renovation of the park.[118] By March 2023, 8,000 workers had been hired to occupy the first phase of HQ2, which has a total capacity of 14,000 workers.[3]
An independent coffee shop and a pet care company signed leases to occupy space in the new development.[119][120]
The development also includes a public art installation called "Queen City", which was designed by artist Nekisha Durrett.[121] The installation is located in the middle of Metropolitan Park and pays tribute to a former Black community by the same name that was demolished during the construction of The Pentagon.
Phase 2: PenPlace and The Helix
[edit]On February 2, 2021, the company announced a proposed design for the second phase of HQ2, PenPlace, to be developed by JBG Smith. The development includes "The Helix", a 354-foot glass nucleic acid double helix art structure with landscaped terrain that would be opened to the public, similar to "Amazon Spheres" at Doppler in Seattle.[122] Founder Jeff Bezos commented that "The natural beauty of a double helix can be seen throughout our world, from the geometry of our own DNA to the elemental form of galaxies, weather patterns, pine cones, and seashells".[123] The Verge described it as resembling a "glass poop emoji covered in trees."[124]
On November 26, 2021, the FAA completed its evaluation of the proposed building and determined that the structure would not be a hazard to air traffic at nearby Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.[125]
The Arlington County Board approved phase two, including the "Helix" in April 2022.[126]
In March 2023, the company delayed plans to develop the second phase of HQ2.[127]
References
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