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Anti-abortion feminism or pro-life feminism is the opposition to abortion by some feminists. Anti-abortion feminists may believe that the principles behind women's rights also call them to oppose abortion on right to life grounds and that abortion hurts women more than it benefits them.

The modern anti-abortion feminist movement cites precedent in the 19th century; the movement itself began to take shape in the early to mid-1970s with the founding of Feminists for Life (FFL) in the United States and Women for Life in Great Britain amid legal changes in those nations which widely permitted abortion.^[1] FFL and the Susan B. Anthony List (SBA List) are the most prominent anti-abortion feminist organizations in the United States. Other anti-abortion feminist organizations include New Wave Feminists and Feminists for Nonviolent Choices.

Views and goals

Anti-abortion feminists consider the legal option of abortion to "support anti-motherhood social attitudes and policies and limit respect for women's citizenship".^[2] Anti-abortion feminists believe that abortion is an action dictated by society and legal abortion "perpetuates an uncaring, male-dominated society."^[3] Laury Oaks, Associate Professor of Feminist Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, writes that when abortion is legal, anti-abortion feminists believe, "women come to see pregnancy and parenting as obstacles to full participation in education and the workplace,"^[2] and describes anti-abortion feminist activism in Ireland as more "pro-mother" than "pro-woman".^[1] Oaks has written that while Irish abortion opponents valorize child-bearing and are critical of the notion that women have "a right to an identity beyond motherhood", some, such as Breda O'Brien, founder of Feminists for Life Ireland, also offer feminist-inspired arguments that women's contributions to society are not limited to such functions.^[1]

Anti-abortion feminist organizations generally do not distinguish between views on abortion as a legal issue, abortion as a moral issue, and abortion as a medical procedure.^[2] Such distinctions are made by many women, for example, women who would not abort their own pregnancies but would prefer that abortion remain legal.^[2]

Anti-abortion feminist organizations seek to personalize abortion by using women who survived abortions to attempt to convince others of their argument.^[4]

Prominent American anti-abortion feminist organizations seek to end abortion in the U.S. The SBA List states this as their "ultimate goal",^[5] and FFL President Serrin Foster said that FFL "opposes abortion in all cases because violence is a violation of basic feminist principles".^[2]^[6]

Relationship to other movements

Anti-abortion feminists form a part of the anti-abortion movement rather than the mainstream feminist movement.^[2] During the second-wave era of the late 1960s and 1970s the tenets of the emerging group of anti-abortion feminists were rejected by mainstream feminists who held that for full participation in society, a woman's "moral and legal right to control her fertility" needed to be a fundamental principle.^[2] From their minority position, anti-abortion feminists said that mainstream feminists did not speak for all women.^[2]

Having failed to gain a respected position within mainstream feminism,^[2] anti-abortion feminists aligned themselves with other anti-abortion and right to life groups. This placement, according to Oaks, has eroded a feminist sense of identity separate from other anti-abortion groups, despite pro-woman arguments that are distinct from the fetal rights arguments put forward by other anti-abortion advocates.^[2]

Arguments

The abortion debate has primarily been centered around the question of whether or not the fetus is a person.^[7] Anti-abortion feminist organizations do distinguish themselves as "pro-woman" organizations as opposed to "fetal rights" organizations. This sets them apart from other anti-abortion groups.^[2]

The "pro-woman" argument frames abortion as harmful to women. Anti-abortion feminists argue that women do not truly want to have abortions,^[8] but rather are forced into abortions by third parties, partners or medical practitioners.^[8] These unwanted abortions, they say, cause physical and emotional damage to women.^[9] However, research from the Guttmacher Institute shows that the majority of women who have abortions seek the procedure for personal, financial, vocational, and/or family planning purposes rather than under coercion from third-parties.^[10]

By positing the existence of a "post-abortion syndrome" mental condition, which is not medically recognized, anti-abortion feminists reframe opposition to abortion in terms of protecting women's public health.^[11] The "pro-woman" argument has been used to sway men and women against-abortion.^[12]

19th-century feminists

Feminist anti-abortion groups say they are continuing the tradition of 19th-century women's rights activists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Victoria Woodhull, Elizabeth Blackwell, and Alice Paul who considered abortion to be an evil forced upon women by men.^[13]^[14]^[15] The newspaper, The Revolution, published by Susan B. Anthony and Stanton, carried letters, essays and editorials debating many issues of the day, including articles decrying "child murder" and "infanticide."^[13]^[16] According to historians A. Kennedy and K. D. Mary, Alice Paul felt that abortion was the "ultimate exploitation of women"^[17] and worried about female babies being aborted.^[17] Kennedy and Mary also say that Elizabeth Blackwell, the first female doctor in the United States,^[17] became a doctor because of her passionate hatred for abortion.^[17] By way of criticism, however, sociologists Nicole Beisel and Tamara Kay have written that white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) in the US were worried that continued abortions by their kind would endanger their position at the top of society's hierarchy, especially fearing the influx of Irish Catholics, but also concerned about African Americans, and describe Anthony and Stanton as part of this reactionary racial stance.^[18]

In arguing for "voluntary motherhood^[19]" (abstinence until children are wanted), Stanton said that the problem of abortion demonstrates the victimization of women by men who pass laws without women's consent.^[19] Woodhull and her sister argued that abortion clinics would go out of business if voluntary motherhood was widely practiced.^[19]

A dispute about Anthony's abortion views arose in 1989: anti-abortion feminists in the U.S. began using Anthony's words and image to promote their anti-abortion cause. Scholars of 19th-century American feminism, as well as pro-choice activists, countered what they considered a co-opting of Anthony's legacy as America's most dedicated suffragist, saying that the anti-abortion activists are falsely attributing opinions to Anthony, and that it is misleading to apply 19th century arguments to the modern abortion debate.^[20]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Oaks, Laury (2000). "'Pro-Woman, Pro-Life'? The Emergence of Pro-Life Feminism in Irish Anti-Abortion Discourses and Practices". Irish Journal of Feminist Studies. 4 (1): 73–90.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Oaks, Laury (Spring 2009). "What Are Pro-Life Feminists Doing on Campus?" (PDF). NWSA Journal. 21 (1): 178–203. ISSN 1040-0656.
^ Oaks, Laury (2009). "What are Pro-Life Feminists doing on Campus?". NWSA. 21: 178–203 – via Gender Studies Database.
^ Kintz, Linda (1997). Between Jesus and the Market: The Emotions that Matter in Right-Wing America. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 269 – via Gender Studies Database.
^ "SBA List Mission: Advancing, Mobilizing and Representing Pro-Life Women". Susan B. Anthony List. 2008. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved October 18, 2010. To accomplish our ultimate goal of ending abortion in this country...
^ The Nation. August 11, 2005. Katha Pollitt. Reproductive Rights. Feminists for (Fetal) Life: subject to debate. Retrieved on May 11, 2009.
^ Markowitz, Sally (1990). "Abortion and Feminism". Social Theory and Practice. 16 (1): 1–17. JSTOR 23557071.
^ ^a ^b Trumpy, Alexa J. (March 2014). "Woman vs. Fetus: Frame Transformation and Intramovement Dynamics in the Pro-Life Movement". Sociological Spectrum. 34 (2): 163–184. doi:10.1080/02732173.2014.878624.
^ Rose, Melody (31 January 2011). "Pro-Life, Pro-Woman? Frame Extension in the American Antiabortion Movement". Journal of Women, Politics & Policy. 32 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1080/1554477X.2011.537565.
^ "Women's Reasons for Having an Abortion". Guttmacher Institute. 2018-01-05. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
^ Siegel, Reva B. (2008). "The Right's Reasons: Constitutional Conflict and the Spread of Woman-Protective Antiabortion Argument". Duke Law Journal. 57 (6): 1641–1692. JSTOR 40040629. PMID 19108356.
^ Schreiber, Ronnee (2008). Righting Feminism. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 99–101. ISBN 978-0-19-533181-3.
^ ^a ^b Kate O'Beirne, excerpt from 'Women Who Make the World Worse: and How Their Radical Feminist Assault Is Ruining Our Schools, Families, Military, and Sports' National Review January 23, 2006. Archived from the original on February 3, 2006. Retrieved on March 30, 2012
^ SBA List – Early Suffragists Archived 2010-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Abortion and the early feminists". BBC. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
^ McLaughlin, Peter (February 11, 2010). "Susan B. Anthony (Birthplace) House opens". The Eagle. Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kennedy, Angela; Derr, Mary Krane (August 1999). "Feminism and abortion". History Today. 49 (8): 34–35. ProQuest 202814071.
^ Beisel, Nicola; Kay, Tamara (2004). "Abortion, Race, and Gender in Nineteenth-Century America". American Sociological Review. 69 (4): 498–518. JSTOR 3593062.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gordon, Linda (1973). "Voluntary Motherhood; The Beginnings of Feminist Birth Control Ideas in the United States". Feminist Studies. 1 (3/4): 5–22. JSTOR 1566477.
^ Stevens, Allison (2006-10-06). "Susan B. Anthony's Abortion Position Spurs Scuffle". Women's eNews. Retrieved 2009-11-21.

External links

Feminism & Nonviolence Studies Association

[Oaks2000-1] Oaks, Laury (2000). "'Pro-Woman, Pro-Life'? The Emergence of Pro-Life Feminism in Irish Anti-Abortion Discourses and Practices". Irish Journal of Feminist Studies. 4 (1): 73–90.

[NWSA-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Oaks, Laury (Spring 2009). "What Are Pro-Life Feminists Doing on Campus?" (PDF). NWSA Journal. 21 (1): 178–203. ISSN 1040-0656.

[3] Oaks, Laury (2009). "What are Pro-Life Feminists doing on Campus?". NWSA. 21: 178–203 – via Gender Studies Database.

[4] Kintz, Linda (1997). Between Jesus and the Market: The Emotions that Matter in Right-Wing America. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 269 – via Gender Studies Database.

[SBA_List_Mission_Statement-5] "SBA List Mission: Advancing, Mobilizing and Representing Pro-Life Women". Susan B. Anthony List. 2008. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved October 18, 2010. To accomplish our ultimate goal of ending abortion in this country...

[6] The Nation. August 11, 2005. Katha Pollitt. Reproductive Rights. Feminists for (Fetal) Life: subject to debate. Retrieved on May 11, 2009.

[7] Markowitz, Sally (1990). "Abortion and Feminism". Social Theory and Practice. 16 (1): 1–17. JSTOR 23557071.

[Alexa_J._Trumpy_2014-8] Trumpy, Alexa J. (March 2014). "Woman vs. Fetus: Frame Transformation and Intramovement Dynamics in the Pro-Life Movement". Sociological Spectrum. 34 (2): 163–184. doi:10.1080/02732173.2014.878624.

[9] Rose, Melody (31 January 2011). "Pro-Life, Pro-Woman? Frame Extension in the American Antiabortion Movement". Journal of Women, Politics & Policy. 32 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1080/1554477X.2011.537565.

[10] "Women's Reasons for Having an Abortion". Guttmacher Institute. 2018-01-05. Retrieved 2019-03-08.

[11] Siegel, Reva B. (2008). "The Right's Reasons: Constitutional Conflict and the Spread of Woman-Protective Antiabortion Argument". Duke Law Journal. 57 (6): 1641–1692. JSTOR 40040629. PMID 19108356.

[12] Schreiber, Ronnee (2008). Righting Feminism. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 99–101. ISBN 978-0-19-533181-3.

[obeirne-13] Kate O'Beirne, excerpt from 'Women Who Make the World Worse: and How Their Radical Feminist Assault Is Ruining Our Schools, Families, Military, and Sports' National Review January 23, 2006. Archived from the original on February 3, 2006. Retrieved on March 30, 2012

[EarlySuffragists-14] SBA List – Early Suffragists Archived 2010-01-15 at the Wayback Machine

[15] "Abortion and the early feminists". BBC. Retrieved March 31, 2012.

[McLaughlin2010-16] McLaughlin, Peter (February 11, 2010). "Susan B. Anthony (Birthplace) House opens". The Eagle. Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum. Retrieved October 19, 2010.

[:1-17] Kennedy, Angela; Derr, Mary Krane (August 1999). "Feminism and abortion". History Today. 49 (8): 34–35. ProQuest 202814071.

[18] Beisel, Nicola; Kay, Tamara (2004). "Abortion, Race, and Gender in Nineteenth-Century America". American Sociological Review. 69 (4): 498–518. JSTOR 3593062.

[:2-19] Gordon, Linda (1973). "Voluntary Motherhood; The Beginnings of Feminist Birth Control Ideas in the United States". Feminist Studies. 1 (3/4): 5–22. JSTOR 1566477.

[Stevens2006-20] Stevens, Allison (2006-10-06). "Susan B. Anthony's Abortion Position Spurs Scuffle". Women's eNews. Retrieved 2009-11-21.

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 '''Anti-abortion feminism''' or '''pro-life feminism''' is the opposition to [[abortion]] by some [[Feminism|feminists]]. Anti-abortion feminists may believe that the principles behind women's rights also call them to oppose [[abortion]] on [[right to life]] grounds and that abortion hurts women more than it benefits them.
-The modern anti-abortion feminist movement cites precedent in the 19th century; the movement itself began to take shape in the early to mid-1970s with the founding of [[Feminists for Life]] (FFL) in the United States and Women for Life in Great Britain amid legal changes in those nations which widely permitted abortion.<ref name="Oaks2000">{{cite journal |last1=Oaks |first1=Laury |year=2000 |title='Pro-Woman, Pro-Life'? The Emergence of Pro-Life Feminism in Irish Anti-Abortion Discourses and Practices |journal=Irish Journal of Feminist Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=73–90 |doi= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> FFL and the [[Susan B. Anthony List]] (SBA List) are the most prominent anti-abortion feminist organizations in the United States. Other anti-abortion feminist organizations include [[New Wave Feminists]] and Feminists for Nonviolent Choices.
+The modern anti-abortion feminist movement cites precedent in the 19th century; the movement itself began to take shape in the early to mid-1970s with the founding of [[Feminists for Life]] (FFL) in the United States and Women for Life in Great Britain amid legal changes in those nations which widely permitted abortion.<ref name="Oaks2000">{{cite journal |last1=Oaks |first1=Laury |year=2000 |title='Pro-Woman, Pro-Life'? The Emergence of Pro-Life Feminism in Irish Anti-Abortion Discourses and Practices |journal=Irish Journal of Feminist Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=73–90 }}</ref> FFL and the [[Susan B. Anthony List]] (SBA List) are the most prominent anti-abortion feminist organizations in the United States. Other anti-abortion feminist organizations include [[New Wave Feminists]] and Feminists for Nonviolent Choices.
 == Views and goals ==
-Anti-abortion feminists consider the legal option of abortion to "support anti-motherhood social attitudes and policies and limit respect for women's citizenship".<ref name=NWSA>{{Cite journal|last=Oaks |first=Laury |date=Spring 2009 |title=What Are Pro-Life Feminists Doing on Campus? |journal=[[NWSA Journal]] |volume= 21|issue= 1|pages=178–203 |url= http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa_journal/v021/21.1.oaks.pdf|doi=|pmid= |pmc= |issn=1040-0656}}</ref> Anti-abortion feminists believe that abortion is an action dictated by society and legal abortion "perpetuates an uncaring, male-dominated society."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oaks|first=Laury|year=2009|title=What are Pro-Life Feminists doing on Campus?|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/263661|journal=NWSA|volume=21|pages=178–203|via=Gender Studies Database}}</ref> Laury Oaks, Associate Professor of Feminist Studies at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]], writes that when abortion is legal, anti-abortion feminists believe, "women come to see pregnancy and parenting as obstacles to full participation in education and the workplace,"<ref name=NWSA/> and describes anti-abortion feminist activism in Ireland as more "pro-mother" than "pro-woman".<ref name="Oaks2000"/> Oaks has written that while Irish abortion opponents valorize child-bearing and are critical of the notion that women have "a right to an identity beyond motherhood", some, such as [[Breda O'Brien]], founder of Feminists for Life Ireland, also offer feminist-inspired arguments that women's contributions to society are not limited to such functions.<ref name="Oaks2000"/>
+Anti-abortion feminists consider the legal option of abortion to "support anti-motherhood social attitudes and policies and limit respect for women's citizenship".<ref name=NWSA>{{Cite journal|last=Oaks |first=Laury |date=Spring 2009 |title=What Are Pro-Life Feminists Doing on Campus? |journal=[[NWSA Journal]] |volume= 21|issue= 1|pages=178–203 |url= http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa_journal/v021/21.1.oaks.pdf|issn=1040-0656}}</ref> Anti-abortion feminists believe that abortion is an action dictated by society and legal abortion "perpetuates an uncaring, male-dominated society."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oaks|first=Laury|year=2009|title=What are Pro-Life Feminists doing on Campus?|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/263661|journal=NWSA|volume=21|pages=178–203|via=Gender Studies Database}}</ref> Laury Oaks, Associate Professor of Feminist Studies at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]], writes that when abortion is legal, anti-abortion feminists believe, "women come to see pregnancy and parenting as obstacles to full participation in education and the workplace,"<ref name=NWSA/> and describes anti-abortion feminist activism in Ireland as more "pro-mother" than "pro-woman".<ref name="Oaks2000"/> Oaks has written that while Irish abortion opponents valorize child-bearing and are critical of the notion that women have "a right to an identity beyond motherhood", some, such as [[Breda O'Brien]], founder of Feminists for Life Ireland, also offer feminist-inspired arguments that women's contributions to society are not limited to such functions.<ref name="Oaks2000"/>
 Anti-abortion feminist organizations generally do not distinguish between views on abortion as a legal issue, abortion as a moral issue, and abortion as a medical procedure.<ref name=NWSA/> Such distinctions are made by many women, for example, women who would not abort their own pregnancies but would prefer that abortion remain legal.<ref name=NWSA/>
-Anti-abortion feminist organizations seek to personalize abortion by using women who survived abortions to attempt to convince others of their argument.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Between Jesus and the Market: The Emotions that Matter in Right-Wing America|last=Kintz|first=Linda|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1997|isbn=|location=Durham|pages=269|quote=|via=Gender Studies Database}}</ref>
+Anti-abortion feminist organizations seek to personalize abortion by using women who survived abortions to attempt to convince others of their argument.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Between Jesus and the Market: The Emotions that Matter in Right-Wing America|last=Kintz|first=Linda|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1997|location=Durham|pages=269|via=Gender Studies Database}}</ref>
-Prominent American anti-abortion feminist organizations seek to end abortion in the U.S. The SBA List states this as their "ultimate goal",<ref name="SBA List Mission Statement">{{cite web|url=http://www.sba-list.org/about-sba-list/our-mission |title=SBA List Mission: Advancing, Mobilizing and Representing Pro-Life Women |year=2008 |publisher=Susan B. Anthony List |accessdate=October 18, 2010 |quote=To accomplish our ultimate goal of ending abortion in this country... |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027042315/http://www.sba-list.org/about-sba-list/our-mission |archivedate=October 27, 2014 }}</ref> and FFL President Serrin Foster said that FFL "opposes abortion in all cases because violence is a violation of basic feminist principles".<ref name=NWSA/><ref>''The Nation''. August 11, 2005. Katha Pollitt. Reproductive Rights. [http://www.thenation.com/article/feminists-fetal-life ''Feminists for (Fetal) Life: subject to debate'']. Retrieved on May 11, 2009.</ref>
+Prominent American anti-abortion feminist organizations seek to end abortion in the U.S. The SBA List states this as their "ultimate goal",<ref name="SBA List Mission Statement">{{cite web|url=http://www.sba-list.org/about-sba-list/our-mission |title=SBA List Mission: Advancing, Mobilizing and Representing Pro-Life Women |year=2008 |publisher=Susan B. Anthony List |accessdate=October 18, 2010 |quote=To accomplish our ultimate goal of ending abortion in this country... |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027042315/http://www.sba-list.org/about-sba-list/our-mission |archive-date=October 27, 2014 }}</ref> and FFL President Serrin Foster said that FFL "opposes abortion in all cases because violence is a violation of basic feminist principles".<ref name=NWSA/><ref>''The Nation''. August 11, 2005. Katha Pollitt. Reproductive Rights. [http://www.thenation.com/article/feminists-fetal-life ''Feminists for (Fetal) Life: subject to debate'']. Retrieved on May 11, 2009.</ref>
 == Relationship to other movements ==
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 The "pro-woman" argument frames abortion as harmful to women. Anti-abortion feminists argue that women do not truly want to have abortions,<ref name="Alexa J. Trumpy 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Trumpy |first1=Alexa J. |title=Woman vs. Fetus: Frame Transformation and Intramovement Dynamics in the Pro-Life Movement |journal=Sociological Spectrum |date=March 2014 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=163–184 |doi=10.1080/02732173.2014.878624 }}</ref> but rather are forced into abortions by third parties, partners or medical practitioners.<ref name="Alexa J. Trumpy 2014"/> These unwanted abortions, they say, cause physical and emotional damage to women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rose |first1=Melody |title=Pro-Life, Pro-Woman? Frame Extension in the American Antiabortion Movement |journal=Journal of Women, Politics & Policy |date=31 January 2011 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1080/1554477X.2011.537565 }}</ref> However, research from the Guttmacher Institute shows that the majority of women who have abortions seek the procedure for personal, financial, vocational, and/or family planning purposes rather than under coercion from third-parties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/perspectives50/womens-reasons-having-abortion|title=Women's Reasons for Having an Abortion|date=2018-01-05|website=Guttmacher Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref>
-By positing the existence of a "[[post-abortion syndrome]]" mental condition, which is not medically recognized, anti-abortion feminists reframe opposition to abortion in terms of protecting women's public health.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siegel |first1=Reva B. |title=The Right's Reasons: Constitutional Conflict and the Spread of Woman-Protective Antiabortion Argument |journal=Duke Law Journal |date=2008 |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=1641–1692 |pmid=19108356 |jstor=40040629 }}</ref> The "pro-woman" argument has been used to sway men and women against-abortion.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Righting Feminism|last=Schreiber|first=Ronnee|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-533181-3|location=New York|pages=99–101|quote=|via=}}</ref>
+By positing the existence of a "[[post-abortion syndrome]]" mental condition, which is not medically recognized, anti-abortion feminists reframe opposition to abortion in terms of protecting women's public health.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siegel |first1=Reva B. |title=The Right's Reasons: Constitutional Conflict and the Spread of Woman-Protective Antiabortion Argument |journal=Duke Law Journal |date=2008 |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=1641–1692 |pmid=19108356 |jstor=40040629 }}</ref> The "pro-woman" argument has been used to sway men and women against-abortion.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Righting Feminism|last=Schreiber|first=Ronnee|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-533181-3|location=New York|pages=99–101}}</ref>
 == 19th-century feminists ==