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[[File:JanBrewer PresObama.jpg|thumb|right|Arizona Governor [[Jan Brewer]] meeting with President [[Barack Obama]] in June 2010 in the wake of SB&nbsp;1070, to discuss immigration and border security issues.<ref name="az-wh-meet"/>]]
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The '''Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act''' (introduced as '''Arizona Senate Bill 1070''' and thus often referred to simply as '''Arizona SB&nbsp;1070''') is a 2010 legislative [[Act (document)|Act]] in the U.S. state of [[Arizona]] that at the time of passage in 2010 was the broadest and strictest anti-[[illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigration]] measure in a long time.<ref name="nyt-az-law"/> It has received national and international attention and has spurred considerable controversy.<ref name=CNN_LA_boycott/><ref name="az-3mo"/>
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U.S. federal law requires all [[Alien (law)|aliens]] over the age of 14 who remain in the United States for longer than 30 days<ref>Exceptions are regulated by treaties with individual countries and by the [[Visa Waiver Program]].</ref> to register with the U.S. government,<ref name="usc|8|1302">{{usc|8|1302}}</ref> and to have registration documents in their possession at all times; violation of this requirement is a federal [[misdemeanor]] crime.<ref name="usc|8|1304e">{{usc|8|1304(e)}}</ref> The Arizona act additionally made it a state misdemeanor crime for an alien to be in Arizona without carrying the required documents,<ref name="sb1070sect3"/> required that state law enforcement officers attempt to determine an individual's immigration status during a "lawful stop, detention or arrest", when there is [[reasonable suspicion]] that the individual is an illegal immigrant.<ref name="hb2162sect3">Police may "transport" said alien to a federal facility "in this state or any other point" where such a facility exists. Arizona HB&nbsp;2162, §3.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://radiolingua.com/2010/06/news-time-spanish-premium-samples/ | title=News Time Spanish – Premium samples | date=June 1, 2010 | publisher=[[Radio Lingua Network]]|language=Spanish}}</ref> The law barred state or local officials or agencies from restricting enforcement of [[Federal government of the United States|federal]] [[immigration law]]s,<ref name="sb1070sect2"/> and imposed penalties on those sheltering, hiring and transporting unregistered aliens.<ref name="sb1070sect5"/> The paragraph on intent in the legislation says it embodies an "attrition through enforcement" doctrine.<ref name="sb1070sect1">Arizona SB&nbsp;1070, §1.</ref><ref name="cis-attr">{{cite web | url=http://www.cis.org/Enforcement-IllegalPopulation | publisher=[[Center for Immigration Studies]] | title=Attrition Through Enforcement: A Cost-Effective Strategy to Shrink the Illegal Population | author=Vaughan, Jessica M. | date=April 2006}}</ref>
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Critics of the legislation say it encourages [[racial profiling]], while supporters say the law prohibits the use of race as the sole basis for investigating immigration status.<ref name="ap-dissa-2"/> The law was modified by Arizona House Bill 2162 within a week of its signing with the goal of addressing some of these concerns. There have been protests in opposition to the law in over 70 U.S. cities,<ref name="cbc-may1"/> including boycotts and calls for boycotts of Arizona.<ref name="wapo-boy"/> Polling has found the law to have majority support in Arizona and nationwide.<ref name="rr-4"/><ref name="rr-3"/><ref name="csm-polls"/><ref name="angus-poll"/> Passage of the measure has prompted other states to consider adopting similar legislation.<ref name="max-other"/>
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The Act was signed into law by Governor [[Jan Brewer]] on April 23, 2010.<ref name="nyt-az-law">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/us/politics/24immig.html?ref=us | title=U.S.'s Toughest Immigration Law Is Signed in Arizona | author=Archibold, Randal C. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=April 24, 2010 | page=1}}</ref> It was scheduled to go into effect on July 29, 2010, ninety days after [[Adjournment sine die|the end of the legislative session]].<ref name="geneffdate">{{cite web | url=http://www.azleg.gov/GeneralEffectiveDates.asp | publisher=[[Arizona State Legislature]] | title=General Effective Dates | accessdate = April 30, 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100514150141/http://www.azleg.gov/GeneralEffectiveDates.asp| archivedate= May 14, 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="ars1-103">{{cite web | url=http://www.azleg.gov/ars/1/00103.htm | title=Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 1-103 | accessdate=April 30, 2010 | author=[[Arizona State Legislature]]}}</ref> Legal challenges over its [[constitutionality]] and compliance with [[civil rights]] law were filed, including one by the [[United States Department of Justice]], that also asked for an injunction against enforcement of the law.<ref name="Feds sue" /> The day before the law was to take effect, a federal judge issued a preliminary injunction that blocked the law's most controversial provisions.<ref name="cnn-blocks"/> In June 2012, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled on the case ''[[Arizona v. United States]]'', upholding the provision requiring immigration status checks during law enforcement stops but striking down three other provisions as violations of the [[Supremacy Clause]] of the [[United States Constitution]].<ref name="wapo-sc-ruling"/>
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== Provisions ==
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U.S. federal law requires aliens 14 years old or older who are in the country for longer than 30 days to register with the U.S. government<ref name="usc|8|1302"/> and have registration documents in their possession at all times.<ref name="usc|8|1304e"/> The Act makes it a state [[misdemeanor]] crime for an alien to be in Arizona without carrying the required documents<ref name="sb1070sect3">Arizona SB&nbsp;1070, §3.</ref> and obligates police to make an attempt, when practicable during a "lawful stop, detention or arrest",<ref name="hb2162sect3"/> to determine a person's immigration status if there is [[reasonable suspicion]] that the person is an illegal alien.<ref name=sb1070sect2>Arizona SB&nbsp;1070, §2.</ref> <!-- Judge Bolton's 7-28-2010 injunction held that the literal requirement to arrest "any person" applied -->Any person arrested cannot be released without confirmation of the person's legal immigration status by the federal government pursuant to §&nbsp;1373(c) of [[Title 8 of the United States Code]].<ref name="sb1070sect2"/> A first offense carries a fine of up to $100, plus court costs, and up to 20&nbsp;days in jail; subsequent offenses can result in up to 30&nbsp;days in jail<ref name="hb2162sect4">Arizona HB&nbsp;2162, §4.</ref> (SB&nbsp;1070 required a ''minimum'' fine of $500 for a first violation, and for a second violation a minimum $1,000 fine and a maximum jail sentence of 6 months).<ref name=sb1070sect5>Arizona SB&nbsp;1070, §5.</ref> A person is "presumed to not<!--DO NOT CHANGE: the wording of the law is indeed "not... unlawfully" (double negative)--> be an alien who is unlawfully present in the United States" if he or she presents any of the following four forms of identification: a valid Arizona [[Driver's license in the United States|driver license]]; a valid Arizona [[Driver's license in the United States#Non-driver identification cards|nonoperating identification license]]; a valid [[Blood quantum laws|tribal enrollment card]] or other tribal identification; or any valid [[Identity documents in the United States|federal, state, or local government-issued identification]], if the issuer requires proof of legal presence in the United States as a condition of issuance.<ref name=sb1070sect2/>
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The Act also prohibits state, county, and local officials from limiting or restricting "the enforcement of federal immigration laws to less than the full extent permitted by federal law" and provides that any legal Arizona resident can sue the agencies or officials in question to compel such full enforcement.<ref name=sb1070sect2/><ref name="az-signing"/> If the person who brings suit prevails, that person may be entitled to reimbursement of court costs and reasonable attorney fees.<ref name=sb1070sect2/>
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In addition, the Act makes it a crime for anyone, regardless of citizenship or immigration status, to hire or to be hired from a vehicle which "blocks or impedes the normal movement of traffic." Vehicles used in such manner are subject to mandatory immobilization or impoundment. Moreover, for a person in violation of a criminal law, it is an additional offense to transport an alien "in furtherance" of the alien's unauthorized presence in the U.S., to "conceal, harbor or shield" an alien, or to encourage or induce an alien to immigrate to the state, if the person "knows or recklessly disregards the fact" that the alien is in the U.S. without authorization or that immigration would be illegal.<ref name=sb1070sect5/> Violation is a class&nbsp;1 misdemeanor if fewer than ten unauthorized aliens are involved, and a class&nbsp;6 felony if ten or more are involved. The offender is subject to a fine of at least $1,000 for each authorized alien involved. The transportation provision includes exceptions for child protective services workers, and ambulance attendants and emergency medical technicians.<ref name=sb1070sect5/>
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===Arizona HB 2162===
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On April 30, 2010, the Arizona legislature passed and Governor Brewer signed, House Bill 2162, which modified the Act that had been signed a week earlier, with the amended text stating that "prosecutors would not investigate complaints based on race, color or national origin."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/04/30/arizona.immigration.law.changes/ | title=Arizona governor signs changes into immigration law | author=Silverleib, Alan | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=April 30, 2010}}</ref> The new text also states that police may only investigate immigration status incident to a "lawful stop, detention, or arrest", lowers the original fine from a minimum of $500(?) to a maximum of $100,<ref name="hb2162sect4"/> and changes incarceration limits for first-time offenders from 6&nbsp;months to 20&nbsp;days.<ref name="hb2162sect3"/>
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==Background and passage==
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Arizona is the first state to enact such far-reaching legislation.<ref name="az-chal"/> Prior law in Arizona, like the law in most other states, does not mandate that law enforcement personnel ask about the immigration status of those they encounter.<ref name="ap-dissa"/> Many police departments discourage such inquiries to avoid deterring immigrants from reporting crimes and cooperating in other investigations.<ref name="ap-dissa"/>
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Arizona had an estimated 460,000 undocumented aliens in April 2010,<ref name="ap-dissa">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/24/AR2010042402200.html | title=Immigration advocacy groups to challenge Arizona law | author=Cooper, Jonathan J. | author2=Davenport, Paul| agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=April 25, 2010}}</ref> a figure that had increased fivefold since 1990.<ref name="ap-oth-border"/> As the state with the most illegal crossings of the [[Mexico – United States border]], its remote and dangerous deserts are the entry point for thousands of illegal alien Mexicans and Central Americans.<ref name="ap-dissa-2">{{cite news | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36768649/ | title=Ariz. immigration law target of protest | author=Cooper, Jonathan J. | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[MSNBC]] | date=April 26, 2010}}</ref> By the late 1990s, Tucson Border Patrol Sector had become the location for the most number of arrests by the [[United States Border Patrol]].<ref name="ap-oth-border"/>

Whether illegal aliens commit a disproportionate number of crimes is uncertain, with different authorities and academics claiming that the rate for this group was the same, greater, or less than that of the overall population.<ref name="nyt-crime-rates">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/20/us/20crime.html | title=On Border Violence, Truth Pales Compared to Ideas | author=Archibold, Randal C. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=June 20, 2010 | page=18}} The decreased rate in property crimes was noted in a correction on June 27, 2010.</ref> [[Perception bias]] leads many on both sides of the debate to reject or rationalize crime rate statistics.<ref name="nyt-crime-rates"/> There was also anxiety that the [[Mexican Drug War]], which had caused thousands of deaths, would spill over into the U.S.<ref name="nyt-crime-rates"/> Moreover, by the late 2000s (decade) Phoenix was seeing an average of one kidnapping per day, earning it the reputation as America's worst city in that regard.<ref name="ap-oth-border"/>

Arizona has a history of passing restrictions on illegal immigration, including legislation in 2007 that imposed heavy sanctions on employers hiring illegal aliens.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/06/AR2007070601929_pf.html | author=[[David S. Broder|Broder, David S.]] | title=Arizona's Border Burden | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=July 8, 2007}}</ref> Measures similar to SB&nbsp;1070 had been passed by the legislature in 2006 and 2008, only to be vetoed by Democratic Governor [[Janet Napolitano]].<ref name="nyt-az-law"/><ref name="mex-amer">{{cite news | url=http://mexican-american.org/history/2010/arizona/immigration-law/SB-1070_p2.html | title=Governor Jan Brewer Signs (S.B. 1070) Toughest Illegal Immigration Law in U.S.| first=Tito | last=Rodriguez | publisher=Mexican-American.org | date=April 27, 2010}}</ref><ref name="time-battle"/> She was subsequently appointed as [[Secretary of Homeland Security]] in the [[Obama administration]] and was replaced by Republican [[Secretary of State of Arizona]] Jan Brewer.<ref name="nyt-az-law"/><ref name="wkpo-law">{{cite news |url=http://www.kpho.com/politics/23179490/detail.html | title=Ariz. Lawmakers Pass Controversial Illegal Immigration Bill | publisher=[[KPHO-TV]] | date=April 20, 2010}}</ref> There is a similar history of referenda, such as the [[Arizona Proposition 200 (2004)]] that have sought to restrict illegal aliens' use of social services. The 'attrition through enforcement' doctrine is one that think tanks such as the [[Center for Immigration Studies]] have been supporting for several years.<ref name="cis-attr"/>

[[File:Russell Pearce at Phoenix Tea Party 09.12.09.jpg|thumb|right|State Senator [[Russell Pearce]], sponsor of the bill|alt=A smiling, somewhat heavy-set man in his sixties with thinning white hair and wearing a green and blue floral print shirt sits behind a table under a covering outdoors. On his shirt is a sticker saying no to tax hikes and in front of him is a bottle of water. Several other men are sitting near him; in the background is a sign with a quotation about liberty from John Adams, some cars in a parking lot, and tall palm trees.]]
Impetus for SB&nbsp;1070 is attributed to shifting demographics leading to a larger Hispanic population, increased drugs- and human smuggling-related violence in Mexico and Arizona, and a struggling state economy and economic anxiety during the [[late-2000s recession]].<ref name="az-3mo"/><ref name="nyt-reasons">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/us/29arizona.html | title=Welcome to Arizona, Outpost of Contradictions | author=Archibold, Randal C. | author2=Steinhauer, Jennifer | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=April 29, 2010 | page=A14}}</ref> State residents were also frustrated by the lack of federal progress on immigration,<ref name="az-3mo"/> which they viewed as even more disappointing given that Napolitano was in the administration.<ref name="nyt-reasons"/>

The major sponsor of, and legislative force behind, the bill was State Senator [[Russell Pearce]], who had long been one of Arizona's most vocal opponents of illegal immigration<ref name="wkpo-house"/> and who had successfully pushed through several prior pieces of tough legislation against those he termed "invaders on the American sovereignty".<ref name="npr20080312">{{cite news|title=The Man Behind Arizona's Toughest Immigrant Laws|first=Ted|last=Robbins|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=March 12, 2008|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88125098|work=[[Morning Edition]]}}</ref><ref name="az-p-k">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/05/31/20100531arizona-immigration-law-kris-kobach.html | title=Arizona immigration law was crafted by activist | author=Rau, Alia Beard | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=May 31, 2010}}</ref> Much of the drafting of the bill was done by [[Kris Kobach]],<ref name="az-p-k"/> a professor at the [[University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law]]<ref name="time-bill">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1982268,00.html | title=Arizona's Tough New Law Against Illegal Immigrants | author=O'Leary, Kevin | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=April 16, 2010}}</ref> and a figure long associated with the [[Federation for American Immigration Reform]] who had written immigration-related bills in many other parts of the country.<ref name="nyt-legal"/> Pearce and Kobach had worked together on past legislative efforts regarding immigration, and Pearce contacted Kobach when he was ready to pursue the idea of the state enforcing federal immigration laws.<ref name="az-p-k"/> A December 2009 meeting of the [[American Legislative Exchange Council]] (ALEC) in Washington, D.C., resulted in that body drafting [[model act|model legislation]] that embodied the ideas that Pearce presented.<ref name="npr-origins">{{cite news | url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130833741 | title=Prison Economics Help Drive Ariz. Immigration Law | author=[[Laura Sullivan|Sullivan, Laura]] | publisher=[[NPR]] | date=October 28, 2010}}</ref>

(One theory explaining the impetus behind the bill was that ALEC is largely funded by contributions of corporate members and among those members are several companies in the private prisons industry, such as the [[Corrections Corporation of America]], [[Management and Training Corporation]], and [[GEO Group]], and that these companies stood to benefit by a large increase in the number of illegal immigrants being sent to jail.<ref name="npr-origins"/><ref name="int-corps">{{cite news | url=http://inthesetimes.com/article/6084/corporate_con_game/ | title=Corporate Con Game | magazine=[[In These Times]] | first= Beau | last=Hodai | date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> Pearce later denied that he created the bill for any reason other than stopping illegal immigration and denied that he submitted the idea to ALEC for any reason other than helping it pass in Arizona and, potentially, in other states.<ref name="npr-origins"/>)

The proposed bill reached the Arizona legislature in January 2010 and quickly gained 36 cosponsors.<ref name="npr-origins"/> The [[Arizona State Senate]] approved an early version of the bill in February 2010.<ref name="wkpo-house"/> Saying, "Enough is enough," Pearce stated figuratively that this new bill would remove handcuffs from law enforcement and place them on violent offenders.<ref name="wkpo-law"/><ref name="ap042310">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/04/23/politics/main6426967.shtml?tag=mncol;lst;3 | title=Thousands Protest Ariz. Immigration Law | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=April 23, 2010}}</ref>

On March 27, 2010, 58-year-old [[Robert Krentz]] and his dog were shot and killed while Krentz was doing fence work on his large ranch roughly {{convert|19|mi|km}} from the [[Mexico - United States border|Mexican border]]. This incident gave a tangible public face to fears about immigration-related crime.<ref name="nyt-crime-rates"/><ref name="vanc-bkg"/> Arizona police were not able to name a murder suspect but traced a set of footprints from the crime scene south towards the border. The resulting speculation that the killer was an illegal alien increased support among the public for the measure.<ref name="nyt-az-law"/><ref name="nyt-crime-rates"/><ref name="time-battle"/><ref name="vanc-bkg">{{cite news | url=http://www.globaltvbc.com/world/Obama+criticizes+controversial+immigration/2944444/story.html | title=Obama criticizes controversial immigration law | author=Alberts, Sheldon | agency=[[Canwest News Service]] | publisher=[[Global BC]] | date=April 23, 2010}}</ref> For a while there was talk of naming the law after Krentz.<ref name="time-battle">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1993872,00.html | title=The Battle for Arizona | author= Thornburgh, Nathan | author2=Douglas | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=June 14, 2010 | pages=38–43}}</ref> Some state legislators (both for and against the law) believe, however, that the impact of the Krentz killing has been overstated as a factor in the bill's passing.<ref name="az-3mo"/>

The bill, with a number of changes made to it, passed the [[Arizona House of Representatives]] on April 13 by a 35–21 party-line vote.<ref name="wkpo-house">{{cite news | url=http://www.kpho.com/news/23143174/detail.html | title=Immigration Bill Takes Huge Step Forward | author=Rossi, Donna | publisher=[[KPHO-TV]] | date=April 14, 2010}}</ref> The revised measure then passed the State Senate on April 19 by a 17–11 vote that also closely followed party lines,<ref name="wkpo-law"/> with all but one Republican voting for the bill, ten Democrats voting against the bill, and two Democrats not voting.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/legtext/49leg/2r/bills/sb1070.sfinal.1.asp | publisher=[[Arizona State Legislature]] | title=Bill Status Votes For SB1070 – Final Reading | accessdate=April 27, 2010 }}</ref>

Once a bill passes, the governor has five days to make a decision to sign, veto, or let it pass unsigned.<ref name="az-angst">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/04/21/20100421arizona-immigration-bill.html | title=Angst rises as Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer mulls immigration bill | author=Rau, Alia Beard Rau | author2=Pitzl, Mary Jo | author3=Rough, Ginger | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=April 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statescape.com/resources/Governors/GovSignDeadline.asp |title=Governor Signing Deadlines | publisher=StateScape | accessdate=May 9, 2010}}</ref> The question then became whether or not Governor Brewer would sign the bill into law, as she had remained silent on the measure while weighing the consequences.<ref name="nyt-az-law"/><ref name="az-angst"/> Immigration had not been a prime focus of her political career up to this point, although as secretary of state she had supported [[Arizona Proposition 200 (2004)]].<ref name="nyt-brewer"/> As governor, she had made another push for [[Arizona Proposition 100 (2010)]], a one percent increase in the state sales tax to prevent cuts in education, health and human services, and public safety, despite opposition from within her own party.<ref name="az-angst"/><ref name="nyt-brewer">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/25/us/25brewer.html | title=Woman in the News: Unexpected Governor Takes an Unwavering Course | author=Archibold, Randal C. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=April 24, 2010}}</ref> These preceding political moves, along with an upcoming tough Republican Party primary in the [[Arizona gubernatorial election, 2010|2010 Arizona gubernatorial election]] from other conservative opponents supporting the bill, were all considered major factors in her decision.<ref name="nyt-az-law"/><ref name="az-angst"/><ref name="nyt-brewer"/> During the bill's development, her staff had gone over its language line by line with State Senator Pearce,<ref name="az-angst"/><ref name="nyt-brewer"/> but she had also said she had concerns about several of its provisions.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/members/Blog/PoliticalInsider/78844 | title=Brewer has 'concerns' about immigration bill; won't say if she'll sign or veto | author=Rough, Ginger | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=April 19, 2010}}</ref> The [[Senate (Mexico)|Mexican Senate]] urged the governor to veto the measure<ref name="ap042310"/> and the [[Embassy of Mexico in Washington, D.C.|Mexican Embassy to the U.S.]] raised concerns about potential [[racial profiling]] that may result.<ref name="wkpo-law"/> Citizen messages to Brewer, however, were 3–1 in favor of the law.<ref name="wkpo-law"/> A [[Rasmussen Reports]] poll taken between the House and Senate votes showed wide support for the bill among likely voters in the state, with 70&nbsp;percent in favor and 23&nbsp;percent opposed.<ref name="rr-1"/> Of those same voters, 53&nbsp;percent were at least somewhat concerned that actions taken due to the measures in the bill would violate the civil rights of some American citizens.<ref name="rr-1">{{cite news | url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections2/election_2010/election_2010_senate_elections/arizona/70_of_arizona_voters_favor_new_state_measure_cracking_down_on_illegal_immigration | title=70% of Arizona Voters Favor New State Measure Cracking Down On Illegal Immigration | publisher=[[Rasmussen Reports]] | date=April 21, 2010}}</ref> Brewer's staff said that she was considering the legal issues, the impact on the state's business, and the feelings of the citizens in coming to her decision.<ref name="az-angst"/> They added that "she agonizes over these things,"<ref name="az-angst"/> and the governor also prayed over the matter.<ref name="time-battle"/> Brewer's political allies said her decision would cause her political trouble no matter which way she decided.<ref name="nyt-brewer"/> Most observers expected that in the end, she would sign the bill, and on April 23 she did.<ref name="nyt-az-law" />

[[File:Kyrsten Sinema at SB1070 protest.jpg|thumb|left|State Representative [[Kyrsten Sinema]], opponent of the bill, attending a protest at the [[Arizona State Capitol]] on the day of the bill's signing|alt=A woman in her thirties with fairly short blond hair, wearing sunglasses and a beige and pink top, is surrounded by a crowd in an outdoor setting. Two signs are being held by the crowd, one with Bible quotations about loving others and the other depicting a stop sign. On the right is the corner of a building labeled State Senate.]]

During the time of the signing, there were over a thousand people at the [[Arizona State Capitol]] both in support of and opposition to the bill, and some minor civil unrest occurred.<ref name="az-signing">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/04/23/20100423arizona-immigration-law-passed.html | title=Arizona governor signs immigration law; foes promise fight | author=Harris, Craig | author2=Rau, Alia Beard | author3=Creno, Glen | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=April 24, 2010}}</ref> Against concerns that the measure would promote racial profiling, Brewer stated that no such behavior would be tolerated: "We must enforce the law evenly, and without regard to skin color, accent or social status."<ref name="nydn062410">{{cite news | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2010/04/25/2010-04-25_pols_rip_ariz_immig_law.html | title=New York politicians rip into Arizona immigration law, call it 'un-American' | author=Samuels, Tanyanika | newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] | date=April 24, 2010}}</ref> She vowed to ensure that police forces had proper training relative to the law and civil rights,<ref name="nyt-az-law"/><ref name="nydn062410"/> and on the same day as the signing issued an executive order requiring additional training for all officers on how to implement SB&nbsp;1070 without engaging in racial profiling.<ref name="cnn042810">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/04/28/immigration.reform.debate/index.html |title=Democrats call for elimination of Arizona's new immigration law | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=April 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://azgovernor.gov/dms/upload/PR_042310_StatementByGovernorOnSB1070.pdf|title=Governor Jan Brewer Statement on Signing SB&nbsp;1070|date=April 23, 2010|publisher=[[Governor of Arizona]]}}</ref> Ultimately, she said, "We have to trust our law enforcement."<ref name="nyt-az-law"/> (The training materials developed by the Arizona [[Peace Officer Standards and Training]] Board were released in June 2010.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.kpho.com/news/24105292/detail.html | title=Video Released To Train Police On Enforcing Immigration Law | publisher=[[KPHO-TV]] | date=July 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.azpost.state.az.us/SB1070infocenter.htm | title=SB1070 Public Information Center | publisher=Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training Board | accessdate=July 18, 2010}}</ref>)

Sponsor Pearce called the bill's signing "a good day for America."<ref name="az-signing"/>
News of the law and the debate around immigration gained national attention, especially on cable news television channels, where topics that attract strong opinions are often given extra airtime.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.journalism.org/index_report/pej_news_coverage_index_april_1925_2010 | title=PEJ News Coverage Index: April 19–25, 2010 | publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] | accessdate=June 13, 2010 | author=Morgan, Jon| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100508193727/http://www.journalism.org/index_report/pej_news_coverage_index_april_1925_2010| archivedate= May 8, 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
Nevertheless, those voting on the bill were later surprised by the reaction it gained. State Representative Michele Reagan reflected three months later: "The majority of us who voted yes on that bill, myself included, did not expect or encourage an outcry from the public. The majority of us just voted for it because we thought we could try to fix the problem. Nobody envisioned boycotts. Nobody anticipated the emotion, the prayer vigils. The attitude was: These are the laws, let's start following them."<ref name="az-3mo">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/07/25/20100725immigration-law-history-politics.html | title=Arizona immigration law ripples through history, U.S. politics | author=Nowicki, Dan | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=July 25, 2010}}</ref> State Representative [[Kyrsten Sinema]], the assistant House minority leader who tried to stop the bill and voted against it, similarly reflected: "I knew it would be bad, but no one thought it would be this big. No one."<ref name="az-3mo"/>

The immigration issue also gained center stage in the re-election campaign of Republican U.S. Senator from Arizona [[John McCain]], who had been a past champion of federal immigration reform measures such as the [[Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007]].<ref name="vanc-bkg"/> Also [[United States Senate election in Arizona, 2010|faced with a primary battle]] – against the more conservative [[J. D. Hayworth]], who had made measures against illegal immigration a central point of his candidacy – McCain supported SB&nbsp;1070 only hours before its passage in the State Senate.<ref name="nyt-az-law"/><ref name="vanc-bkg"/> McCain subsequently became a vocal defender of the law, saying that the state had been forced to take action given the federal government's inability to control the border.<ref>{{cite news | author=Good, Chris | url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/04/mccain-defends-arizonas-immigration-law/39518/ | title=McCain Defends Arizona's Immigration Law | magazine=[[The Atlantic]] | date=April 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Slevin, Peter | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/21/AR2010052102162.html | title=Hard line on immigration marks GOP race in Arizona | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=May 22, 2010}}</ref>

In September 2014, U.S. District Judge Susan Bolton ordered the primary sponsor of Arizona’s 2010 immigration law to comply with a subpoena calling for him to turn over his emails and documents about the contentious statute. Challengers of the bill want to determine from these whether there was a discriminatory intent in composing the statute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Judge orders Pearce to comply with subpoena|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/sep/11/judge-orders-pearce-to-comply-with-subpoena/|website=Washington Times|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref>

==Reaction==

===Opinion polls===
A [[Rasmussen Reports]] poll done nationally around the time of the signing indicated that 60&nbsp;percent of Americans were in favor of and 31&nbsp;percent opposed to legislation that allows local police to "stop and verify the immigration status of anyone they suspect of being an illegal immigrant."<ref name="rr-3"/> The same poll also indicated that 58&nbsp;percent are at least somewhat concerned that "efforts to identify and deport illegal immigrants will also end up violating the civil rights of some U.S. citizens."<ref name="rr-3">{{cite news | url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/immigration/nationally_60_favor_letting_local_police_stop_and_verify_immigration_status | title=Nationally, 60% Favor Letting Local Police Stop and Verify Immigration Status | publisher=[[Rasmussen Reports]] | date=April 26, 2010}}</ref> A national [[Gallup Poll]] found that more than three-quarters of Americans had heard about the law, and of those who had, 51&nbsp;percent were in favor of it against 39&nbsp;percent opposed.<ref name="csm-polls">{{cite news | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2010/0430/Opinion-polls-show-broad-support-for-tough-Arizona-immigration-law | title=Opinion polls show broad support for tough Arizona immigration law | author=Wood, Daniel B. | newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] | date=April 30, 2010}}</ref> An [[Angus Reid Public Opinion]] poll indicated that 71&nbsp;percent of Americans said they supported the notion of requiring their own police to determine people's status if there was "reasonable suspicion" the people were illegal immigrants, and arresting those people if they could not prove they were legally in the United States.<ref name="angus-poll">{{cite news | url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/04/29/Poll-Most-support-Arizona-immigration-law/UPI-55921272544207/ | title=Poll: Most support Arizona immigration law | agency=[[United Press International]] | date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> A nationwide [[New York Times]]/[[CBS News]] poll found similar results to the others, with 51&nbsp;percent of respondents saying the Arizona law was "about right" in its approach to the problem of illegal immigration, 36&nbsp;percent saying it went too far, and 9&nbsp;percent saying it did not go far enough.<ref name="nytcbs-poll">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/04/us/04poll.html | title=Poll Shows Most in U.S. Want Overhaul of Immigration Laws | author=Archibold, Randal C. | author2=Thee-Brenan, Megan | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=May 3, 2010 | page=A15}}</ref> Another CBS News poll, conducted a month after the signing, showed 52&nbsp;percent seeing the law as about right, 28&nbsp;percent thinking it goes too far, and 17&nbsp;percent thinking it does not go far enough.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20005957-503544.html?tag=contentMain;contentBody | title=Poll: Most Still Support Arizona Immigration Law | author=Condon, Stephanie | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=May 25, 2010}}</ref> A 57&nbsp;percent majority thought that the federal government should be responsible for determining immigration law.<ref name="nytcbs-poll"/> A national [[Fox News]] poll found that 61&nbsp;percent of respondents thought Arizona was right to take action itself rather than wait for federal action, and 64&nbsp;percent thought the Obama administration should wait and see how the law works in practice rather than trying to stop it right away.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/05/07/fox-news-poll-arizona-right-action-immigration/ | title=Fox News Poll: Arizona Was Right to Take Action on Immigration | author=Blanton, Dana | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=May 7, 2010}}</ref> Experts caution that in general, polling has difficulty reflecting complex immigration issues and law.<ref name="csm-polls"/>

Another Rasmussen poll, done statewide after several days of heavy news coverage about the controversial law and its signing, found a large majority of Arizonans still supported it, by a 64&nbsp;percent to 30&nbsp;percent margin.<ref name="rr-4">{{cite news | url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_state_surveys/arizona/arizona_voters_favor_welcoming_immigration_policy_64_support_new_immigration_law | title=Arizona Voters Favor Welcoming Immigration Policy, 64% Support New Immigration Law | publisher=[[Rasmussen Reports]] | date=April 28, 2010}}</ref> Rasmussen also found that Brewer's approval ratings as governor had shot up, going from 40&nbsp;percent of likely voters before the signing to 56&nbsp;percent after, and that her margin over prospective Democratic gubernatorial opponent, State Attorney General [[Terry Goddard]] (who opposes the law) had widened.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections2/election_2010/election_2010_governor_elections/arizona/election_2010_arizona_governor | title=Election 2010: Arizona Governor: Poll Bounce for Arizona Governor After Signing Immigration Law | publisher=[[Rasmussen Reports]] | date=April 28, 2010}}</ref> A poll done by [[Arizona State University]] researchers found that 81&nbsp;percent of registered Latino voters in the state opposed SB&nbsp;1070.<ref name="az-backlash">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/06/08/20100608arizona-immigration-law-backlash.html | title=SB 1070 backlash spurs Hispanics to join Democrats | author=González, Daniel | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=June 8, 2010}}</ref>

===Public officials===

====United States====
In the United States, supporters and opponents of the bill have roughly followed party lines, with most [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] opposing the bill and most [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] supporting it.

The bill was criticized by President [[Barack Obama]] who called it "misguided" and said it would "undermine basic notions of fairness that we cherish as Americans, as well as the trust between police and our communities that is so crucial to keeping us safe."<ref name="nyt-az-law"/><ref name="vanc-bkg"/> Obama did later note that the HB&nbsp;2162 modification had stipulated that the law not be applied in a discriminatory fashion, but the president said there was still the possibility of suspected illegal immigrants "being harassed and arrested".<ref name="csm-visit"/> He repeatedly called for federal [[Immigration reform#Immigration reform in the United States|immigration reform]] legislation to forestall such actions among the states and as the only long-term solution to the problem of illegal immigration.<ref name="nyt-az-law"/><ref name="vanc-bkg"/><ref name="csm-visit"/><ref name="cbs-obama"/> Governor Brewer and President Obama met at the [[White House]] in early June 2010 to discuss immigration and border security issues in the wake of SB&nbsp;1070; the meeting was termed pleasant, but brought about little change in the participants' stances.<ref name="az-wh-meet">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/06/03/20100603arizona-governor-meets-with-obama.html | title=Brewer calls Obama meeting a 'success' | author=Rough, Ginger | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=June 4, 2010}}</ref>

[[Image:Immigration Reform Leaders Arrested 4.jpg|thumb|right|A sign at a rally against the law in Washington, DC]]

Secretary of Homeland Security and former Arizona governor [[Janet Napolitano]] testified before the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] that she had "deep concerns" about the law and that it would divert necessary law enforcement resources from combating violent criminals.<ref name="lat042810"/> (As governor, Napolitano had consistently vetoed similar legislation throughout her term.<ref name="nyt-az-law"/><ref name="mex-amer"/>) U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]] said the federal government was considering several options, including a court challenge based on the law leading to possible civil rights violations.<ref name="nyt-legal"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/05/09/holder.arizona.immigration/ | title=Holder: Feds may sue over Arizona immigration law | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=May 9, 2010}}</ref> [[Michael Posner (lawyer)|Michael Posner]], the [[Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]], brought up the law in discussions with a Chinese delegation to illustrate human rights areas the U.S. needed to improve on.<ref name="fox-china">{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/05/19/gop-senators-diplomat-apologize-arizona-law-comment-chinese/ | title=McCain, Kyl Call on Diplomat to Apologize for Arizona Law Comment to Chinese | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=May 19, 2010}}</ref> This led McCain and fellow senator from Arizona [[Jon Kyl]] to strongly object to any possibly implied comparison of the law to [[Human rights in the People's Republic of China|human rights abuses in China]].<ref name="fox-china"/> Senior Democratic U.S. Senator [[Chuck Schumer]] of New York and Mayor of New York City [[Michael Bloomberg]] have criticized the law, with Bloomberg stating that it sends exactly the wrong message to international companies and travelers.<ref name="nydn062410"/>

In testimony before the [[United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs|Senate Homeland Security Committee]], McCain drew out that Napolitano had made her remarks before having actually read the law.<ref name="fox-napo"/> Holder also acknowledged that he had not read the statute.<ref name="fox-napo">{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/05/18/napolitano-admits-read-arizona-immigration-law/ | title=Napolitano Admits She Hasn't Read Arizona Immigration Law in 'Detail' | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=May 18, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/may/13/holder-hasnt-read-ariz-law-he-criticized/ | title=Holder hasn't read Arizona law he criticized | author=Dinan, Stephen | newspaper=[[The Washington Times]] | date=May 13, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/14/AR2010051404231.html | title=Holder is criticized for comments on Ariz. immigration law, which he hasn't read | author=Markon, Jerry | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=May 14, 2010}}</ref> The admissions by the two cabinet secretaries that they had not yet read SB&nbsp;1070 became an enduring criticism of the reaction against the law.<ref name="cbs-read">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20005321-503544.html | title=Sarah Palin: Read Arizona Immigration Law before Condemning It | author=Condon, Stephanie | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=May 18, 2010}}</ref><ref name="nydn-puppet"/>
Former Alaska governor and vice-presidential candidate [[Sarah Palin]] accused the party in power of being willing to "criticize bills (and divide the country with ensuing rhetoric) without actually reading them."<ref name="cbs-read"/> Governor Brewer's election campaign issued a video featuring a frog hand puppet that sang "reading helps you know what you're talkin' 'bout" and urged viewers to fully read the law.<ref name="nydn-puppet">{{cite news | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2010/05/27/2010-05-27_arizona_governor_jan_brewer_employs_singing_frog_hand_puppet_in_fight_against_il.html | title=Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer employs singing frog hand puppet to promote immigration law | author=Alfano, Sean | newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] | date=May 27, 2010}}</ref> In reaction to the question, President Obama told a group of Republican senators that he had in fact read the law.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/05/25/obama-tells-gop-senators-read-arizona-immigration-law/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+foxnews%2Fpolitics+%28Text+-+Politics%29 | title=Obama Tells GOP Senators He Has Read Arizona Immigration Law | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=May 25, 2010}}</ref>

Democrat [[Linda Sánchez]], U.S. Representative from [[California's 39th congressional district]], has claimed that [[white supremacy]] groups are in part to blame for the law's passage, saying, "There's a concerted effort behind promoting these kinds of laws on a state-by-state basis by people who have ties to white supremacy groups. It's been documented. It's not mainstream politics."<ref name="fox-sanchez">{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/06/03/congresswoman-says-white-supremacist-groups-inspired-arizonas-immigration-law/?test=latestnews | title=Congresswoman: White Supremacist Groups Behind Arizona Immigration Law | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=June 3, 2010}}</ref> Republican Representative [[Gary Miller]], from [[California's 42nd congressional district]], called her remarks "an outrageous accusation [and a] red herring. [She's] trying to change the debate from what the law says."<ref name="fox-sanchez"/> Sánchez' district is in [[Los Angeles County]] and Miller's district is in both Los Angeles County and neighboring [[Orange County, California|Orange County]].

The law has been popular among the Republican Party base electorate; however, several Republicans have opposed aspects of the measure, mostly from those who have represented heavily Hispanic states.<ref name="pol-gop">{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/36617.html | title=Worries in Republican Arizona law could hurt party | author=Hunt, Kasie | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=April 30, 2010}}</ref> These include former Governor of Florida [[Jeb Bush]],<ref name="pol042710">{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/36427.html#ixzz0mKZmqlwp | title=Jeb Bush speaks out against Ariz. law | author=Martin, Jonathan | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=April 27, 2010}}</ref> former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives and campaigning U.S. Senate candidate [[Marco Rubio]],<ref name="pol042710"/> and former George W. Bush chief political strategist [[Karl Rove]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20003631-503544.html | title=Karl Rove Speaks Out Against Arizona Immigration Law | author=Condon, Stephanie | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=April 28, 2010}}</ref> Some analysts have stated that Republican support for the law gives short-term political benefits by energizing their base and independents, but longer term carries the potential of alienating the growing Hispanic population from the party.<ref name="pol-gop"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20003577-503544.html | title=Arizona Immigration Bill Exposes GOP Rift | author=Montopoli, Brian | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=April 27, 2010}}</ref> The issue played a role in several Republican primary contests during the [[United States congressional elections, 2010|2010 congressional election]] season.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/22/us/politics/22immig.html | title=Immigration Law in Arizona Reveals G.O.P. Divisions | author=Steinhauer, Jennifer | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=May 22, 2010 | page=A1}}</ref>

One Arizona Democrat who defended some of the motivation behind the bill was Congresswoman [[Gabrielle Giffords]], who said her constituents were "sick and tired" of the federal government failing to protect the border, that the current situation was "completely unacceptable", and that the legislation was a "clear calling that the federal government needs to do a better job".<ref name="cnn042810"/> However, she stopped short of supporting the law itself, saying it "does nothing to secure our border" and that it "stands in direct contradiction to our past and, as a result, threatens our future."<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://giffords.house.gov/2010/04/us-rep-gabrielle-giffords-statement-on-arizonas-new-immigration-law-and-the-need-to-secure-our-borde.shtml|title=U.S. Rep. Gabrielle Giffords' Statement on Arizona's New Immigration Law and the Need to Secure Our Border|date=April 30, 2010}}</ref> Her opposition to the law became one of the issues in [[United States House of Representatives elections in Arizona, 2010#District 8|her 2010 re-election campaign]], in which she narrowly prevailed over her Republican opponent, who supported it.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/10/08/20101008tucson-gabrielle-giffords-jesse-kelly.html | title=Gabrielle Giffords, Jesse Kelly race all about immigration | author=Kelly, Erin | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=October 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/11/05/20101105arizona-elections-gabrielle-giffords-elected.html|title=Gabrielle Giffords wins re-election in Arizona|newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]]|date=November 5, 2010|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] included the dispute over SB&nbsp;1070 in an August 2010 report to the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]], as an example to other countries of how fractious issues can be resolved under the rule of law.<ref name="fox083010">{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/08/30/state-department-stands-decision-include-arizona-human-rights-report/ | title=State Department Stands By Decision to Include Arizona in U.N. Human Rights Report | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=August 30, 2010}}</ref> Governor Brewer demanded that the reference to the law be removed from the report, seeing its inclusion as implying that the law was a violation of human rights<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/state/brewer-condemns-report-to-un-mentioning-arizona-law | title=Brewer condemns report to UN mentioning Arizona law | publisher=[[KNXV-TV]] | date=August 29, 2010}}</ref> and saying that any notion of submitting U.S. laws to U.N. review was "internationalism run amok".<ref name="fox083010"/>

====Mexico====
Mexican President [[Felipe Calderón]]'s office said that "the Mexican government condemns the approval of the law [and] the criminalization of migration."<ref name="ap-dissa-2"/> President Calderón also characterized the new law as a "violation of human rights".<ref name="wapo-mex">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/26/AR2010042603810.html | title=Mexican officials condemn Arizona's tough new immigration law | author=Booth, William | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=April 27, 2010}}</ref> Calderón repeated his criticism during a subsequent [[state visit]] to the White House.<ref name="csm-visit">{{cite news | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2010/0519/Obama-and-Calderon-agree-Arizona-immigration-law-is-wrong | title=Obama and Calderón agree: Arizona immigration law is wrong | author=LaFranchi, Howard | newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] | date=May 19, 2010}}</ref>

The measure was also strongly criticized by Mexican health minister [[José Ángel Córdova]], former education minister [[Josefina Vázquez Mota]], and Governor of Baja California [[José Guadalupe Osuna Millán]], with Osuna saying it "could disrupt the indispensable economic, political and cultural exchanges of the entire border region."<ref name="wapo-mex"/> The [[Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)|Mexican Foreign Ministry]] issued a [[travel advisory]] for its citizens visiting Arizona, saying "It must be assumed that every Mexican citizen may be harassed and questioned without further cause at any time."<ref>{{cite web | publisher=[[Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)|Secretariat of External Relations]] | location=Mexico | url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/csocial/contenido/comunicados/2010/abr/cp_121eng.html | title=Travel alert | date=April 27, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-04-27-immigration_N.htm | title=Mexico issues travel alert over new Ariz. immigration law | author=Johnson, Kevin | newspaper=[[USA Today]] | date=April 27, 2010}}</ref>

In response to these comments, Chris Hawley of ''[[USA Today]]'' said that "Mexico has a law that is no different from Arizona's", referring to legislation which gives local police forces the power to check documents of people suspected of being in the country illegally.<ref name="usa-mex-law">{{cite news | url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-05-25-mexico-migrants_N.htm | title=Activists blast Mexico's immigration law | author=Hawley, Chris | newspaper=[[USA Today]] | date=May 25, 2010}}</ref> Immigration and human rights activists have also noted that Mexican authorities frequently engage in racial profiling, harassment, and shakedowns against migrants from Central America.<ref name="usa-mex-law"/>

The law imperiled the 28th annual, binational [[Border Governors Conference]], scheduled to be held in Phoenix in September 2010 and to be hosted by Governor Brewer.<ref name="nyt-bgc">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/us/07governors.html | title=Law in Arizona Is Causing Split in Border Talks | author=Archibold, Randal C. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 7, 2010 | page=A1}}</ref> The governors of the six Mexican states belonging to the conference vowed to boycott it in protest of the law, saying SB&nbsp;1070 is "based on ethnic and cultural prejudice contrary to fundamental rights," and Brewer said in response that she was canceling the gathering.<ref name="nyt-bgc"/> Governors [[Bill Richardson]] of New Mexico and [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] of California, U.S. border governors who oppose the law, supported moving the conference to another state and going forward with it,<ref name="nyt-bgc"/> and it was subsequently held in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]] without Brewer attending.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://newmexicoindependent.com/60435/schwarzenegger-to-cohost-border-guvs-conference-in-santa-fe | title=Schwarzenegger to cohost border guvs conference in Santa Fe | author=Doland, Gwyneth | newspaper=[[The New Mexico Independent]] | date=July 28, 2010}}</ref>

===Arizona law enforcement===
Arizona's law enforcement groups have been split on the bill,<ref name="wkpo-law"/><ref name="wkpo-enf"/> with statewide rank-and-file police officer groups generally supporting it and police chief associations opposing it.<ref name="az-signing"/><ref name="ap-pol-split">{{cite news | url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=10669418 | title=Ariz. Immigration Law Divides Police Across US | author=Cooper, Jonathan J. | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[ABC News]] | date=May 17, 2010}}</ref>

The Arizona Association of Chiefs of Police criticized the legislation, calling the provisions of the bill "problematic" and expressing that it will negatively affect the ability of law enforcement agencies across the state to fulfill their many responsibilities in a timely manner.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.leei.us/main/media/AACOP_STATEMENT_ON_SENATE_BILL_1070.pdf | title=AACOP Statement on Senate Bill 1070 | publisher=Arizona Association of Chiefs of Police | accessdate=April 25, 2010}}</ref> Additionally, some officers have repeated the past concern that illegal immigrants may come to fear the police and not contact them in situations of emergency or in instances where they have valuable knowledge of a crime.<ref name="ap-pol-split"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/29/AR2010042904970.html?hpid=topnews&sid=ST2010042905051 | title=Arizona Law on Immigration Puts Police in Tight Spot | author=Slevin, Peter | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=April 30, 2010}}</ref> However, the Phoenix Law Enforcement Association, which represents the city's police officers, has supported the legislation and lobbied aggressively for its passage.<ref name="wkpo-enf">{{cite news | url=http://www.kpho.com/news/23155537/detail.html | title=Police Agencies Split Over Immigration Bill | author=Johnson, Elias | publisher=[[KPHO-TV]] | date=April 15, 2010}}</ref><ref name="ap-pol-split"/> Officers supporting the measure say they have many indicators other than race they can use to determine whether someone may be an illegal immigrant, such as absent identification or conflicting statements made.<ref name="ap-pol-split"/>

The measure was hailed by [[Joe Arpaio]], Sheriff of [[Maricopa County, Arizona]] – known for his tough crackdowns on illegal immigration within his own jurisdiction – who hoped the measure would cause the federal action to seal the border.<ref name="ap-dissa-3"/> Arpaio said, "I think they'll be afraid that other states will follow this new law that's now been passed."<ref name="ap-dissa-3">{{cite news | url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/36753942/ns/us_news-life/ | title=Foes to fight Ariz. immigration law | author=Cooper, Jonathan J. | author2=Davenport, Paul | work=[[Today (NBC program)|Today]] | publisher=[[MSNBC]] | date=April 24, 2010}}</ref>

===Religious organizations and perspectives===
Activists within the church were present on both sides of the immigration debate,<ref name="slct-faith"/> and both proponents and opponents of the law appealed to religious arguments for support.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=10598741 | title=Religion becomes a topic of discussion in immigration debate | author=Adams, Andrew | publisher=[[KSL-TV]] | date=April 30, 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Minneapolis protest against Arizona immigrant law SB 1070.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A protest against SB&nbsp;1070 by a coalition of community organizations in [[Minneapolis]]|alt=A daytime city scene on a sidewalk with a tall, brick-faced building on the right and glass-covered skyscrapers in the distance in the center. A dark-haired, fairly young man dressed in casual clothes stands next to a drawing of Jesus and speaks through a megaphone. About 25 people of different ages and both genders can be seen watching him, with a few holding signs, one of which says SEIU.]]

State Senator Pearce, a devout member of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) which has a substantial population in Arizona, frequently said that his efforts to push forward this legislation was based on that church's [[Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)|13 Articles of Faith]], one of which instructs in obeying the law.<ref name="slct-faith"/><ref name="az-faith">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/05/18/20100518arizona-immigration-law-mormon-church.html | title=Arizona immigration law fallout harms LDS Church outreach | author=González, Daniel | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=May 18, 2010}}</ref> This association caused a backlash against the LDS Church and threatened its proselytizing efforts among the area's Hispanic population.<ref name="az-faith"/> The church emphasized that it took no position on the law or immigration in general and that Pearce did not speak for it.<ref name="slct-faith">{{cite news | url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/home/49496927-76/immigration-law-church-lds.html.csp | title=Mormons on both sides in immigration controversy | author=Stack, Peggy Fletcher |authorlink=Peggy Fletcher Stack | newspaper=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] | date=April 30, 2010}}</ref><ref name="az-faith"/> It later endorsed the [[Utah Compact]] on immigration<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://newsroom.lds.org/article/church-supports-principles-of-utah-compact-on-immigration | title=Church Supports Principles of ''Utah Compact'' on Immigration | publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] | date=November 11, 2010}}</ref> and in the following year, took an official position on the issue which opposed Pearce's approach to immigration, saying, "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is concerned that any state legislation that only contains enforcement provisions is likely to fall short of the high moral standard of treating each other as children of God. The Church supports an approach where illegal immigrants are allowed to square themselves with the law and continue to work without this necessarily leading to citizenship."<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://newsroom.lds.org/article/immigration-church-issues-new-statement | title=Immigration: Church Issues New Statement | publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] | date=June 10, 2011}}</ref>

The [[U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops]] denounced the law, characterizing it as draconian and saying it "could lead to the wrongful questioning and arrest of U.S. citizens."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/us_bishops_oppose_draconian_arizona_immigration_law/ | title=US bishops oppose 'draconian' Arizona immigration law | publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]]/[[EWTN News]] | date=April 28, 2010}}</ref> The [[National Council of Churches]] also criticized the law, saying that it ran counter to centuries of biblical teachings regarding justice and neighborliness.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ncccusa.org/news/100426arizonalaw.html | title=Religious leaders say new Arizona immigration law is unjust, dangerous and contrary to biblical teaching | publisher=[[National Council of Churches]] | date=April 26, 2010}}</ref>

Other members of the Christian clergy differed on the law.<ref name="renw-churches">{{cite news | url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/episodes/may-21-2010/churches-and-arizona-immigration-law/6322/ | title=Churches and Arizona Immigration Law | author=Severson, Lucky | work=[[Religion & Ethics Newsweekly]] | publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] | date=May 21, 2010}}</ref> United Methodist Church Bishop [[Minerva G. Carcaño]] of Arizona's Desert Southwest Conference opposed it as "unwise, short sighted and mean spirited"<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20003812-503544.html | title=Religious Leaders Mobilize Against Arizona Immigration Law | author=Condon, Stephanie | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> and led a mission of prominent religious figures to Washington to lobby for comprehensive immigration reform.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0510/37033.html | title=Immigration advocates woo McCain | author=Cummings, Jeanne | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=May 11, 2010}}</ref><ref name="rns-boy">{{cite news | url=http://www.kansascity.com/2010/05/28/1978062/faith-leaders-tread-carefully.html | title=Faith leaders tread carefully on Arizona boycott | author=Goldberg, Eleanor | agency=[[Religion News Service]] | newspaper=[[Kansas City Star]] | date=May 28, 2010 | archiveurl=http://replay.web.archive.org/20100529102204/http://www.kansascity.com/2010/05/28/1978062/faith-leaders-tread-carefully.html | archivedate=May 29, 2010}}</ref> But others stressed the Biblical command to follow laws.<ref name="renw-churches"/> While there was a perception that most Christian groups opposed the law, [[Mark Tooley]] of the [[Institute on Religion and Democracy]] said that immigration was a political issue that "Christians across the spectrum can disagree about" and that liberal churches were simply more outspoken on this matter.<ref name="renw-churches"/>

===Concerns over potential civil rights violations===
The [[National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials]] said the legislation was "an unconstitutional and costly measure that will violate the civil rights of all Arizonans."<ref name="hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article410982.ece | title=Furore over Arizona immigration bill | author=Lakshman, Narayan | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=April 26, 2010 | location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Mayor [[Chris Coleman (politician)|Chris Coleman]] of [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]], labeled it as "draconian" as did Democratic [[Texas House of Representatives]] member [[Garnet Coleman]].<ref name="draco"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.myfoxhouston.com/dpp/news/100428-arizona-immigration-law-controversy-spills-into-texas | title=Arizona Immigration Law Controversy Spills into Texas | author=Shieh, Pattie | publisher=[[KRIV (TV)|KRIV]] | date=April 28, 2010}}</ref> Edwin Kneedler, the U.S. Deputy Solicitor General, also criticized the legislation for its potential infringement on the civil liberties of Arizona's citizens and lawful permanent residents.<ref>[http://www.radioproject.org/2010/11/arizonas-sb-1070-the-battle-for-immigrants-rights/ "Arizona's SB 1070: the Battle for Immigrant's Rights"] Making Contact, produced by National Radio Project. November 16, 2010.</ref>

Proponents of the law have rejected such criticism, and argued that the law was reasonable, limited, and carefully crafted.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/politics/A-carefully-crafted-immigration-law-in-Arizona-92136104.html | title= A carefully crafted immigration law in Arizona | author=[[Byron York|York, Byron]] | newspaper=[[The Washington Examiner]] | date=April 26, 2010}}</ref> [[Stewart Baker]], a former Homeland Security official in the [[George W. Bush administration]], said, "The coverage of this law and the text of the law are a little hard to square. There's nothing in the law that requires cities to stop people without cause, or encourages racial or ethnic profiling by itself."<ref name="nyt-legal"/>

Republican member of the Arizona House of Representatives [[Steve Montenegro]] supported the law, saying that "This bill has nothing to do with race or profiling. It has to do with the law. We are seeing a lot of crime here in Arizona because of the open borders that we have."<ref name="ksaz-monte">{{cite news | url=http://www.myfoxphoenix.com/dpp/news/immigration/montenegro-supports-immigration-law-4-28-2010 | title=Hispanic Rep. Montenegro Supports Immigration Law | publisher=[[KSAZ-TV]] | date=April 28, 2010}}</ref> Montenegro, who legally immigrated to the U.S. from [[El Salvador]] with his family when he was four, stated, "I am saying if you here illegally, get in line, come in the right way."<ref name="ksaz-monte"/>

As one of the main drafters of the law, Kobach has stated that the way the law has been written makes any form of [[racial profiling]] illegal. In particular, Kobach references the phrase in the law that directly states that officers "may not solely consider race, color, or national origin."<ref name="Kobach NYT" /> Kobach also disagrees that the "reasonable suspicion" clause of the bill specifically allows for racial profiling, replying that the term "reasonable suspicion" has been used in other laws prior and therefore has "legal precedent".<ref name="Kobach NYT">{{cite news|last=Kobach|first=Kris|title=Why Arizona Drew a Line|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/opinion/29kobach.html|accessdate=March 6, 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 29, 2010}}</ref>

However, there are ongoing arguments in legal journal articles that racial profiling does exist and threatens [[human security]], particularly community security of the Mexicans living in the United States. India Williams argues that the Border Patrol is very likely to stop anyone if a suspect resembles "Mexican appearance" and states that such generalization of unchangeable physical features threatens the culture and the heritage of the ethnic group.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=India|title=Arizona Senate Bill 1070: State Sanctioned Racial Profiling?|journal=Journal of the Legal Profession|year=2011|volume=36|issue=Fall|pages=269–284}}</ref> Andrea Nill argues that it is only a small portion of Mexicans and Latinos that are illegal immigrants, but there is a demonization and illogical discrimination of Latino community by giving less respect, rights, and freedoms, whereas white American citizens will never have to worry about being stopped by the police due to their skin color.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nill|first=Andrea|title=Latinos and S.B. 1070: Demonization, Dehumanization, and Disenfranchisement|journal=Harvard Latino Law Review|year=2011|volume=14|issue=Spring|pages=35–66}}</ref>

Some Latino leaders compared the law to [[Apartheid]] in [[South Africa]] or the [[Japanese American internment]] during [[World War II]].<ref name="az-signing"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2010/04/26/2010-04-26_rev_al_plans_immig_rally.html | title=Sharpton, other activists compare Arizona immigration law to apartheid, Nazi Germany and Jim Crow | author=Sisk, Richard | author2=Einhorn, Erin | newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] | date=April 26, 2010}}</ref> The law's aspect that officers may question the immigration status of those they suspect are in the country illegally became characterized in some quarters as the "show me your papers" or "your papers, please" provision.<ref name="spero-smyp-pp">{{cite web | url=http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?idCategory=33&idsub=134&id=32191&t=10+opinions+on+Arizona%27s+immigration+law | title=10 opinions on Arizona's immigration law | publisher=[[Spero News]] | date=May 4, 2010}}</ref><ref name="cw-pp"/><ref name="ap-smyp-clear"/><ref name="abc15-smyp"/> This echoed a common trope regarding Germans in World War II films.<ref name="spero-smyp-pp"/><ref name="cbs-smyp"/> Such an association was explicitly made by Congresswoman [[Jan Schakowsky]] of Illinois.<ref name="cbs-smyp">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-6441843.html | title=Ariz. Law Puts Immigration on American's Minds | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=April 28, 2010}}</ref> Congressman [[Jared Polis]] of Colorado and Los Angeles Councilwoman [[Janice Hahn]] also said the law's requirement to carry papers all the time was reminiscent of the [[anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany]] and feared that Arizona was headed towards becoming a [[police state]].<ref name="lat042810"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/36365.html | title=Democrat: Arizona law like 'Nazi Germany' | author=Hunt, Kasie | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=April 26, 2010}}</ref> Cardinal [[Roger Mahony]] of Los Angeles said, "I can't imagine Arizonans now reverting to German Nazi and Russian Communist techniques whereby people are required to turn one another in to the authorities on any suspicion of documentation."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=6079 | title=Cardinal Mahony compares Arizona immigration bill to Nazism, Communism | agency=[[Catholic World News]] | date=April 20, 2010}}</ref> The [[Anti-Defamation League]] called for an end to the comparisons with Nazi Germany, saying that no matter how odious or unconstitutional the Arizona law might be, it did not compare to the role that Nazi identity cards played in what eventually became the [[The Holocaust|extermination of European Jews]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=174259 | title=ADL: Stop Arizona-Holocaust analogies | author=Harkov, Lahav | newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] | date=April 29, 2010}}</ref>

In its final form, HB&nbsp;2162 limits the use of race. It states: "A law enforcement official or agency of this state or a county, city, town or other political subdivision of this state may not consider race, color or national origin in implementing the requirements of this subsection except to the extent permitted by the United States or Arizona Constitution."<ref name="hb2162sect3"/> The U.S. and Arizona supreme courts have held that race may be considered in enforcing immigration law. In ''[[United States v. Brignoni-Ponce]]'', the U.S. Supreme Court found: “The likelihood that any given person of Mexican ancestry is an alien is high enough to make Mexican appearance a relevant factor.”<ref>[http://supreme.justia.com/us/422/873/case.html ''United States v. Brignoni-Ponce,''], 422 U.S. 873, 886–87 (1975).</ref> The Arizona Supreme Court agrees that “enforcement of immigration laws often involves a relevant consideration of ethnic factors.”<ref>[http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4830883310689136313&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr ''State v. Graciano,''], 653 P.2d 683, 687 n.7 (Ariz. 1982).</ref> Both decisions say that race alone, however, is an insufficient basis to stop or arrest.

===Protests===
Thousands of people staged protests in state capital [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] over the law around the time of its signing, and a pro-immigrant activist called the measure "racist".<ref name="ap042310"/><ref name="cbs042610">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20003391-503544.html | title=Arizona Immigration Law Fight Far From Over | author=Condon, Stephanie | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=April 26, 2010}}</ref> Passage of the HB&nbsp;2162 modifications to the law, although intended to address some of the criticisms of it, did little to change the minds of the law's opponents.<ref name="nytcbs-poll"/><ref name="cbs050510">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20004262-503544.html | title=Tucson, Flagstaff Sue Arizona over Immigration Law | author=Condon, Stephanie | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=May 5, 2010}}</ref>

[[Image:Immigration Reform Leaders Arrested 7.jpg|thumb|left|Protesters being arrested as part of the May 1, 2010, civil disobedience display in front of the [[White House]] ]]

Tens of thousands of people demonstrated against the law in over 70 U.S. cities on May 1, 2010, a day [[International Workers' Day|traditionally used around the world to assert workers' rights]].<ref name="cbc-may1">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/05/01/arizona-immigration-law-protests.html | title=Arizona immigration law sparks huge rallies | publisher=[[CBC News]] | date=May 1, 2010}}</ref><ref name="ap-may1">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/05/01/20100501national-immigration-protests.html | title=Anger over Ariz. immigration law drives US rallies | author=Tareen, Sophia | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[Arizona Republic]] | date=May 1, 2010}}</ref><ref name="nyt-may1">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/us/02immig.html | title=Fueled by Anger Over Arizona Law, Immigration Advocates Rally for Change | author=Preston, Julia | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=May 2, 2010 | page=A22}}</ref> A rally in Los Angeles, attended by Cardinal Mahoney, attracted between 50,000 and 60,000 people, with protesters waving Mexican flags and chanting "[[Sí se puede]]".<ref name="cbc-may1"/><ref name="ap-may1"/><ref name="lat-may1"/> The city had become the national epicenter of protests against the Arizona law.<ref name="lat-may1">{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/immigration/la-me-0502-immig-rally-20100502,0,5011733.story | title=L.A.'s May Day immigration rally is nation's largest | author=Watanabe, Teresa | author2= McDonnell, Patrick | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=May 1, 2010}}</ref> Around 25,000 people were at a protest in [[Dallas]], and more than 5,000 were in [[Chicago]] and [[Milwaukee]], while rallies in other cities generally attracted around a thousand people or so.<ref name="ap-may1"/><ref name="nyt-may1"/> Democratic U.S. Congressman from Illinois [[Luis Gutiérrez]] was part of a 35-person group arrested in front of the [[White House]] in a planned act of [[civil disobedience]] that was also urging President Obama to push for comprehensive immigration reform.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0510/Gutierrez_arrested_in_protest.html | title=Gutierrez arrested in protest | author=Smith, Ben | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=May 1, 2010}}</ref> There and in some other locations, demonstrators expressed frustration with what they saw as the administration's lack of action on immigration reform, with signs holding messages such as "Hey Obama! Don't deport my mama."<ref name="nyt-may1"/>

Protests both for and against the Act took place over [[Memorial Day Weekend]] in Phoenix and commanded thousands of people.<ref name="nyt-memday">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/us/30immig.html | title=The Two Sides Intersect in Immigration Debate | author=Archibold, Randal C. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=May 30, 2010 | page=14}}</ref> Those opposing it, mostly consisting of Latinos, marched five miles to the State Capitol in high heat, while those supporting it met in a stadium in an event arranged by elements of the [[Tea Party movement]].<ref name="nyt-memday"/>

Protests against the law extended to the arts and sports world as well. Colombian pop singer [[Shakira]] came to Phoenix and gave a joint press conference against the bill with Mayor of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] [[Phil Gordon (politician)|Phil Gordon]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/entertainment/2010-04/30/content_9797017.htm | title=Shakira visits Phoenix over tough immigration law | newspaper=[[China Daily]] | date=April 30, 2010}}</ref> [[Linda Ronstadt]], of part Mexican descent and raised in Arizona, also appeared in Phoenix and said, "Mexican-Americans are not going to take this lying down."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b178877_ricky_martin_arizona_law_makes_no_sense.html | title=Ricky Martin: Arizona Law 'Makes No Sense' | author=Heldman, Breanne L. | publisher=[[E! Online]] | date=April 30, 2010}}</ref> A May 16 concert in [[Mexico City]]'s [[Zócalo]], called ''Prepa Si Youth For Dignity: We Are All Arizona'', drew some 85,000 people to hear [[Molotov (band)|Molotov]], [[Jaguares (rock band)|Jaguares]], and [[Maldita Vecindad]] headline a seven-hour show in protest against the law.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i7278144fcfbad6f7f06d5ce4d2ec1d50 | title=Mexican Rock Acts Headline Concert To Protest Arizona Law | author=Ben-Yehuda, Ayala | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date=May 17, 2010}}</ref>

The [[Major League Baseball Players Association]], of whose members one quarter are born outside the U.S., said that the law "could have a negative impact on hundreds of major league players," especially since many teams come to Arizona for [[spring training]], and called for it to be "repealed or modified promptly."<ref name="lat-mlb">{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-arizona-players-union-20100501,0,7332125.story | title=Baseball union calls for Arizona immigration law to be ‘repealed or modified’ | author=Baxter, Kevin | author2=DiGiovanna, Mike | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=May 1, 2010}}</ref> A [[Major League Baseball]] game at [[Wrigley Field]] where the [[Arizona Diamondbacks]] were visiting the [[Chicago Cubs]] saw demonstrators protesting the law.<ref name="espn-move"/> Protesters focused on the Diamondbacks because owner [[Ken Kendrick]] had been a prominent fundraiser in Republican causes, but he in fact opposed the law.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://ktar.com/?nid=184&sid=1289400 | title=D-backs play on field being shadowed by protests | author=Rowe, Ashlee | publisher=[[KTAR (AM)|KTAR 620 ESPN Radio]] | date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> The [[Phoenix Suns]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] wore their "Los Suns" uniforms normally used for the league's "Noche Latina" program for their May 5, 2010 ([[Cinco de Mayo]]) [[2010 NBA Playoffs|playoff game]] against the [[San Antonio Spurs]] to show their support for Arizona's Latino community and to voice disapproval of the immigration law.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/playoffs/2010/columns/story?columnist=adande_ja&page=Sarver-100504 | title=Suns using jerseys to send message| author= Adande, J.A. | publisher=[[ESPN]] | date=May 5, 2010}}</ref> The Suns' political action, rare in American team sports, created a firestorm and drew opposition from many of the teams' fans;<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/05/06/20100506arizona-immigration-law-phoenix-suns-los-suns-jerseys.html | title=Political gesture by Phoenix Suns, a rarity in sports, angers many fans | author=Harris, Craig | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=May 6, 2010}}</ref> President Obama highlighted it, while conservative radio commentator [[Rush Limbaugh]] called the move "cowardice, pure and simple."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-05-06/obama-limbaugh-focus-on-los-suns-jerseys-in-nba-playoffs.html | title=Obama, Limbaugh Focus on ‘Los Suns’ Jerseys in NBA Playoffs | author=Gloster, Rob | agency=[[Bloomberg News]] | magazine=[[BusinessWeek]] | date=May 6, 2010}}</ref>

===Boycotts===
{{redirect|Arizona boycott|the late 1980s–early 1990s boycott of Arizona related to Martin Luther King Jr. Day|Evan Mecham#Martin Luther King Jr. Day|and|Martin Luther King, Jr. Day#Reluctance to observe}}
[[Boycott]]s of Arizona were organized in response to SB&nbsp;1070, with resolutions by city governments being among the first to materialize.<ref name="lat042810">{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/crime/la-me-0428-arizona-boycott-20100428,0,3583777.story | title=Calls to boycott Arizona grow over new immigration law | author=Gorman, Anna | author2=Riccardi, Nicholas | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=April 28, 2010}}</ref><ref name="nyt042710">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/27/us/27arizona.html?ref=us | title=In Wake of Immigration Law, Calls for an Economic Boycott of Arizona | author=Archibold, Randal C. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=April 27, 2010 | page=A13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/27/AR2010042705146.html | title=D.C. Council to consider boycotting Arizona to protest immigration law | author=Craig, Tim | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=April 28, 2010}}</ref><ref name="nydn043010"/> The [[government of San Francisco]], the [[Los Angeles City Council]], and city officials in [[Oakland]], [[Minneapolis]], [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], [[Denver]], and [[Seattle]] all took specific action, usually by banning some of their employees from work-related travel to Arizona or by limiting city business done with companies headquartered in Arizona.<ref name=CNN_LA_boycott>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/05/13/los.angeles.arizona.boycott/index.html | title=Los Angeles approves Arizona business boycott | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=May 13, 2010}}</ref><ref name="draco">{{cite news | url=http://www.kare11.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=848926 | title=Chris Coleman protests the AZ immigration law | publisher=[[KARE-TV]] | date=April 29, 2010}}</ref><ref name="nydn043010">{{cite news | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2010/04/30/2010-04-30_battle_over_arizonas_sb_1070_oklahoma_eyes_similar_immigration_law_city_councils.html#ixzz0meLopi8o| author=Sacks, Ethan | newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] | date=April 30, 2010 | title=Battle over Arizona's SB 1070: Oklahoma eyes similar immigration law; City Councils eye boycotts}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2011890438_apusarizonaboycottseattle.html|title=Seattle City Council approves Arizona boycott|author=[[Associated Press]]|newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|date=May 17, 2010}}</ref>

In an attempt to push back against the Los Angeles City Council's action, which was valued at $56 million,<ref name=CNN_LA_boycott/> Arizona Corporation Commissioner [[Gary Pierce]] sent a letter to Los Angeles Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]], suggesting that he'd "be happy to encourage Arizona utilities to renegotiate your power agreements so that Los Angeles no longer receives any power from Arizona-based generation."<ref name="az-la"/> Such a move was infeasible for reasons of ownership and governance, and Pierce later stated that he was not making a literal threat to cut power to the city.<ref name="az-la">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/business/articles/2010/05/19/20100519arizona-immigration-electricity-regulator-threatens-power-supply-los-angeles.html | title=Arizona electricity regulator threatens power supply to Los Angeles | author=Randazzo, Ryan | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date= May 19, 2010}}</ref>

[[Image:Phoenix Convention Center - South on 3rd St - 2009-07-06.jpg|thumb|right|Arizona's convention business, such as here at the [[Phoenix Convention Center]], was a prime target of boycott efforts.]]

U.S. Congressman [[Raúl Grijalva]], from [[Arizona's 7th congressional district]], had been the first prominent officeholder to call for an [[economic boycott]] of his state, by industries from manufacturing to tourism, in response to SB&nbsp;1070.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/04/24/eveningnews/main6429215.shtml?tag=contentMain;contentBody | title=Congressman Touts Boycott Of Immigration Law | author=Blackstone, John | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=April 24, 2010}}</ref> His call was echoed by ''[[La Opinión]]'', the nation's largest Spanish-language newspaper.<ref name="nyt042710"/> Calls for various kinds of boycotts were also spread through [[social media]] sites, and there were reports of individuals or groups changing their plans or activities in protest of the law.<ref name="cbs042610"/><ref name="nyt042710"/><ref name="az042710"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Alpha Phi Alpha Removes Convention From Ariz. Due To Immigration Law |date=May 1, 2010 |url=http://newsone.com/nation/news-one-staff/alpha-phi-alpha-removes-convention-from-ariz-due-to-immigration-law/comment-page-1/ |newspaper=[[News One]] |publisher=Radio One}}</ref> The prospect of an adverse economic impact made Arizonan business leaders and groups nervous,<ref name="lat042810"/><ref name="cbs042610"/><ref name="az042710">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/business/articles/2010/04/27/20100427arizona-immigration-bill-boycott.html | title=Calls to boycott Arizona multiply on social media | author=Beard, Betty | author2=Gilbertson, Dawn | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=April 27, 2010}}</ref> and Phoenix officials estimated that the city could lose up to $90 million in hotel and convention business over the next five years due to the controversy over the law.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2010/05/11/20100511phoenix-convention-center-boycott.html | title=$90 million at risk in boycott of Arizona | author=Berry, Jahna | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=May 11, 2010}}</ref> Phoenix Mayor Gordon urged people not to punish the entire state as a consequence.<ref name="nyt042710"/>

Major organizations opposing the law, such as the [[National Council of La Raza]], refrained from initially supporting a boycott, knowing that such actions are difficult to execute successfully and even if done cause broad economic suffering, including among the people they are supporting.<ref name="wapo-boy">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/30/AR2010043001027.html | title=Protesters of Arizona's new immigration law try to focus boycotts | author=Thompson, Krissah | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=April 30, 2010}}</ref> Arizona did have a past case of a large-scale boycott during the late 1980s and early 1990s, when it lost many conventions and several hundred million dollars in revenues after [[Evan Mecham#Martin Luther King Jr. Day|Governor Evan Mecham's cancellation]] of a [[Martin Luther King, Jr. Day]] state holiday and a subsequent failed initial referendum to restore it.<ref name="wapo-boy"/> La Raza subsequently switched its position regarding SB&nbsp;1070 and became one of the leaders of the boycott effort.<ref name="wapo-rnc">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/12/AR2010051203317.html | title=Arizona tourism loses more business in wake of immigration law vote | author=Thompson, Krissah | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=May 12, 2010}}</ref>

The Arizona Hispanic Chamber of Commerce opposed both the law and the idea of boycotting, saying the latter would only hurt small businesses and the state’s economy, which was already badly damaged by the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2010|collapse of real estate prices]] and the [[late-2000s recession]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://phoenix.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2010/04/26/daily81.html | title=Political parties still see Phoenix as potential convention site | author=Casacchia, Chris | newspaper=[[Phoenix Business Journal]] | date=April 30, 2010}}</ref> Other state business groups opposed a boycott for the same reasons.<ref name="atl-boy"/> Religious groups opposed to the law split on whether a boycott was advisable, with Bishop Carcaño saying one "would only extend our recession by three to five years and hit those who are poorest among us."<ref name="rns-boy"/> Representative Grijalva said he wanted to keep a boycott restricted to conferences and conventions and only for a limited time: "The idea is to send a message, not grind down the state economy."<ref name="wapo-boy"/> Governor Brewer said that she was disappointed and surprised at the proposed boycotts – "How could further punishing families and businesses, large and small, be a solution viewed as constructive?" – but said that the state would not back away from the law.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://azstarnet.com/business/local/article_6f0f09ef-e5df-5417-ad7f-68abe83d8f6b.html | title=Governor: Boycotts disappointing but won't change new law | author=Fischer, Howard | newspaper=[[Arizona Daily Star]] | date=May 6, 2010}}</ref> President Obama took no position on the matter, saying, "I'm the president of the United States, I don't endorse boycotts or not endorse boycotts. That's something that private citizens can make a decision about."<ref name="cbs-obama">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20006174-503544.html | title=Obama: I Don't Endorse – or Not Endorse – Arizona Boycott | author=Montopoli, Brian | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=May 27, 2010}}</ref>

[[Image:Chase Field - 2011-07-11 - Interior North Upper.jpg|thumb|left|Calls to boycott the [[2011 Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] were ineffective.]]

Sports-related boycotts were proposed as well. U.S. Congressman from New York [[José Enrique Serrano|José Serrano]] asked baseball commissioner [[Bud Selig]] to move the [[2011 Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] from [[Chase Field]] in Phoenix.<ref name="espn-move">{{cite news | url=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=5151030 | title=Congressman asks Selig to move game | publisher=[[ESPN]] | date=April 30, 2010}}</ref> The manager of the [[Chicago White Sox]], [[Ozzie Guillen]], stated that he would boycott that game "as a Latin American" and several players indicated they might as well.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dave-zirin/this-is-racist-stuff-base_b_559738.html | title='This is Racist Stuff': Baseball Players/Union Speak Out Against Arizona Law | publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=May 1, 2010 | author=[[Dave Zirin|Zirin, Dave]]}}</ref><ref name="huffpo-allstargame"/> Selig refused to move the game and it took place as scheduled a year later, with no players or coaches staying away.<ref name="huffpo-allstargame"/> Two groups protesting outside the stadium drew little interest from fans eager to get into the game.<ref name="huffpo-allstargame">{{cite news|last=Myers|first=Amanda Lee|title=Immigration Law Protesters Plan To Be At MLB All-Star Game|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/12/all-star-game-2011-immigration-protesters_n_896532.html|newspaper=[[Huffington Post]]|date=July 12, 2011}}</ref> The [[World Boxing Council]], based in [[Mexico City]], said it would not schedule Mexican boxers to fight in the state.<ref name="espn-move"/>

A boycott by musicians saying they would not stage performances in Arizona was co-founded by Marco Amador, a Chicano activist and independent media advocate and [[Zack de la Rocha]], the lead singer of [[Rage Against the Machine]] and the son of [[Beto de la Rocha]] of Chicano art group [[Los Four]], who said, "Some of us grew up dealing with racial profiling, but this law (SB 1070) takes it to a whole new low."<ref name="nyt-zack">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/28/us/28boycott.html | title=Performers to Stay Away From Arizona in Protest of Law | author=Rohter, Larry | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=May 27, 2010}}</ref><ref name="cbs-zack">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20006306-503544.html | title=Musicians Boycott Arizona to Protest Immigration Law | author=Condon, Stephanie | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=May 28, 2010}}</ref> Called the Sound Strike, artists signing on with the effort included [[Kanye West]], [[Cypress Hill]], [[Massive Attack]], [[Conor Oberst]], [[Sonic Youth]], [[Joe Satriani]], [[Rise Against]], [[Tenacious D]], [[The Coup]], [[Gogol Bordello]], and [[Los Tigres del Norte]].<ref name="nyt-zack"/><ref name="cbs-zack"/> Some other Spanish-language artists did not join this effort but avoided playing in Arizona on their tours anyway; these included [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]], [[Wisin & Yandel]], and [[Conjunto Primavera]].<ref name="nyt-zack"/> The Sound Strike boycott failed to gain support from many area- or stadium-level acts, and no country music acts signed on.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/arts/music/29boycott.html | title=Musicians Differ in Responses to Arizona’s New Immigration Law | author=Rohter, Larry | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=May 28, 2010}}</ref> [[Elton John]] very publicly opposed such efforts, saying at a concert performance in Tucson: "We are all very pleased to be playing in Arizona. I have read that some of the artists won't come here. They are fuckwits! Let's face it: I still play in California, and as a gay man I have no legal rights whatsoever. So what's the fuck up with these people?"<ref>{{cite news | url=http://azstarnet.com/article_f13019c4-9692-11df-a25d-001cc4c002e0.html?mode=story | title=Elton John's choice words for boycotting musicians | author=Burch, Cathalena E. | newspaper=[[Arizona Daily Star]] | date=July 23, 2010}}</ref> By November 2010, Pitbull had announced a change of heart, playing a show in Phoenix because large parts of the law had been stopped by the judicial action.<ref name="pnt-fu1">{{cite news | url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/uponsun/2010/10/pitbull_un-boycotting_arizona.php | title=Pitbull Un-Boycotting Arizona with Saturday Show at Celebrity Theatre | author=Cizmar, Martin | newspaper=[[Phoenix New Times]] | date=October 22, 2010}}</ref> [[My Chemical Romance]], an original Sound Strike participant, supposedly dropped out and scheduled a show in the state as well<ref>{{cite news | url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/uponsun/2010/11/my_chemical_romance_un-boycott.php | title=My Chemical Romance Un-Boycotting Arizona: List of Sound Strike Deserters Grows | author=Cizmar, Martin | newspaper=[[Phoenix New Times]] | date=November 15, 2010}}</ref> (however, the following day the show was cancelled and the band apologized, explaining that it was an error with tour scheduling and it should not have been booked in the first place due to "the band's affiliation with The Sound Strike" ).<ref name="pnt-fu3">{{cite news | url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/uponsun/2010/11/my_chemical_romance_issues_sta.php | title=My Chemical Romance Issues Statement About Re-Boycott: They're {{sic|Offi|cally|nolink=yes}} Back On The Sound Strike | author=Cizmar, Martin | newspaper=[[Phoenix New Times]] | date=November 16, 2010}}</ref> De la Rocha said Sound Strike would continue despite the injunction against large parts of SB&nbsp;1070 in order to battle Arizona's "racist and fear mongering state government" and until the Obama administration stopped participating in federal actions such as the [[Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)|287(g) program]], [[Immigration detention in the United States#Secure Communities|Secure Communities]], and other [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] policies.<ref name="pnt-fu1"/><ref name="pnt-fu3"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zack-de-la-rocha/why-the-boycott-of-arizon_b_761360.html | title=Why the Boycott of Arizona Continues | author=[[Zack de la Rocha|Rocha, Zack de la]] | author2= Reza, Salvador | publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=October 13, 2010}}</ref>

In reaction to the boycott talk, proponents of the law advocated making a special effort to buy products and services from Arizona in order to indicate support for the law.<ref name="apm-buy">{{cite news | url=http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2010/05/18/pm-some-dont-buy-arizona-boycotts/ | title=Some don't buy Arizona boycotts | work=[[Marketplace (radio program)|Marketplace]] | publisher=[[American Public Media]] | date=May 18, 2010}}</ref><ref name="abc15-buy">{{cite news | url=http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/state/sb-1070%3A-to-boycott-or-%27buycott%27-arizona%3F | title=SB 1070: To Boycott or 'Buycott' Arizona? | author=Shahbazi, Rudabeh | publisher=[[KNXV-TV]] | date=May 16, 2010}}</ref> These efforts, sometimes termed a "buycott", were spread by social media and talk radio as well as by elements of the [[Tea Party movement]].<ref name="apm-buy"/><ref name="abc15-buy"/> Some supporters of the law and legal scholars have also suggested that the city government boycotts of Arizona represent an unconstitutional violation of the [[Interstate Commerce Clause]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ocregister.com/news/arizona-252174-city-law.html?plckFindCommentKey=CommentKey:b31f72ce-e5a3-48aa-b0c7-0c561228f13b | title=Cypress councilman wants to support Arizona | author=Mello, Michael | newspaper=[[The Orange County Register]] | date=June 15, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/2010/05/24/a-legal-analysis-of-the-new-arizona-immigration-law/ | title=A Legal Analysis of the New Arizona Immigration Law | author=Shapiro, Ilya | publisher=[[Cato Institute]] | date=May 24, 2010}}</ref>

By early May, the state had lost a projected $6–10 million in business revenue, according to the Arizona Hotel & Lodging Association.<ref name="atl-boy">{{cite news | url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/05/arizonas-immigration-law-comes-with-a-price/56416/ | title=Arizona's Immigration Law Comes With a Price | author=Good, Chris | magazine=[[The Atlantic]] | date=May 7, 2010}}</ref> However, an increase in leisure travel and an overall economic recovery more than compensated for the business travel loss; by July, overall hotel occupancy rates and revenues were up from the same period in 2009.<ref name="fox-hotels">{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/27/arizona-hotels-thriving-despite-boycotts-immigration-law/ | title=Arizona Hotels Thriving Despite Boycotts Over Immigration Law | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=July 27, 2010}}</ref> The president of the Greater Phoenix Economic Council said, "Fundamentally, the boycotts have been unsuccessful."<ref name="fox-hotels"/> A November 2010 study by the progressive-oriented [[Center for American Progress]] stated that the boycott had so far cost the state economy as much as $141 million in lost revenues, including $45 million in the lodging industry.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-18/boycott-over-arizona-immigration-law-cost-state-141-million-study-shows.html | title=Boycott Over Arizona Immigrant Law Cost $141 Million, Study Says | author=Lutz, Ashley | publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=November 18, 2010}}</ref> However, an examination at the same time by the [[Associated Press]] found that while the boycott had been disruptive in some areas, it had had nowhere near the effect some had originally imagined.<ref name="ap-boy-nov">{{cite news | url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700083335/AZ-boycott-over-immigration-law-sees-mixed-results.html?pg=1 | title=AZ boycott over immigration law sees mixed results | author=Christie, Bob | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[Deseret News]] | date=November 18, 2010}}</ref> Visitors at [[Grand Canyon National Park]] were up from the year before, several well-known Arizona-based companies that were targeted said they had seen no effect from it, and the actions by the San Francisco and Los Angeles city governments had resulted in few practical consequences.<ref name="ap-boy-nov"/> Sports-related boycotts, such as of the [[Fiesta Bowl]], sponsor [[Frito-Lay]] and beer distributor [[Hensley & Co.]], had also had no effect.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2010/10/04/story13.html | title=Arizona businesses look for signs SB 1070 immigration law boycotts losing steam | author= Sunnucks, Mike | author2=Ducey, Lynn | newspaper=[[Phoenix Business Journal]] | date=October 4, 2010}}</ref> In September 2011 La Raza and two associated groups called off their boycott, saying that the action had been successful in discouraging some other states from passing SB&nbsp;1070-like laws and that continuing the boycott would only punish businesses and workers.<ref name="laraza-end">{{cite news | url= http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2011/09/09/20110909arizona-boycott-called-off-la-raza.html#ixzz1ZcoNzH3N | title=National Council of La Raza calls off boycott | author=Beard, Betty | author2=Neighbor, Megan | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=September 9, 2011}}</ref>

==Effects==

===Arizona===
Some Christian churches in Arizona with large immigrant congregations reported a 30&nbsp;percent drop in their attendance figures.<ref name="rns-boy"/> Schools, businesses, and health care facilities in certain areas also reported sizable drops in their numbers.<ref name="ap-leaving"/><ref name="apr-leaving"/> That and the prevalence of yard sales suggested undocumented immigrants were leaving Arizona, with some returning to Mexico and others moving to other U.S. states.<ref name="ap-leaving">{{cite news | url=http://www.statesman.com/news/nation/evidence-suggests-many-immigrants-leaving-arizona-over-new-765543.html | title=Evidence suggests many immigrants leaving Arizona over new law | author=Myers, Amanda Lee | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[Austin American-Statesman]] | date=June 22, 2010}}</ref><ref name="apr-leaving">{{cite news | url=http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2010/06/14/pm-hispanics-leave-arizona-over-immigrant-law/ | title=Hispanics leave AZ over immigrant law | author=Tyler, Jeff | work=[[Marketplace (radio program)|Marketplace]] | publisher=[[American Public Media]] | date=May 18, 2010}}</ref> A November 2010 study by [[BBVA Bancomer]] based upon [[Current Population Survey]] figures stated that there were 100,000 fewer Hispanics in Arizona than before the debate about the law began; it said Arizona's poor economic climate could also be contributing to the decline.<ref name="ap-pop-decl">{{cite news | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40141843/ns/us_news-immigration_a_nation_divided/ | title=Study: 100,000 Hispanics leave Arizona after immigration law debated | author=Stevenson, Mark | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[MSNBC]] | date=November 11, 2010}}</ref> The government of Mexico reported that over 23,000 of its citizens returned to the country from Arizona between June and September 2010.<ref name="ap-pop-decl"/> A report by Seminario Niñez Migrante found that about 8,000 students entered into [[Sonora]] public schools in 2009–2011 with families quoting the American economy and SB&nbsp;1070 as the main causes.<ref name="Karim">{{cite journal|last=Reed|first=Karim|title=The Mexican Border: Crossing a Cultural Divide|journal=[[The American Scholar (magazine)|The American Scholar]]|year=2011|volume=80|issue=3|pages=6–13}}</ref>

The weeks after the bill's signing saw a sharp increase in the number of Hispanics in the state registering their party affiliations as Democrats.<ref name="az-backlash"/>

Some immigration experts said the law might make workers with [[H-1B visa]]s vulnerable to being caught in public without their hard-to-replace paperwork, which they are ordinarily reluctant to carry with them on a daily basis, and that as a consequence universities and technology companies in the state might find it harder to recruit students and employees.<ref name="cw-pp">{{cite news |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9176019/Arizona_s_new_papers_please_law_may_hurt_H_1B_workers | title=Arizona's new 'papers, please' law may hurt H-1B workers | author=Thibodeau, Patrick | newspaper=[[Computerworld]] | date=April 27, 2010}}</ref> Some college and university administrators shared this fear, and President [[Robert N. Shelton]] of the [[University of Arizona]] expressed concern regarding the withdrawal of a number of honor roll students from the university in reaction to this bill.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/20/arizona-immigration-law-s_n_544864.html#s86807|title=Students Withdraw From Arizona Universities In Reaction To Law|publisher=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=April 27, 2010|first=Nico|last=Pitney}}</ref>

Some women with questionable immigration status avoided domestic abuse hotlines and shelters for fear of deportation.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/region_phoenix_metro/central_phoenix/immigration-issue-hurting-domestic-violence-victims | title=Arizona domestic violence shelters hurt by new immigration law? | author=Reynolds, Jay | publisher=[[KNXV-TV]] | date=July 6, 2010}}</ref> Some critics of SB&nbsp;1070 feared that it will serve as a roadblock to victims getting needed support, while supporters said such concerns were unfounded and that the Act was directed towards criminals, not victims.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.kvoa.com/news/shelters-fear-sb1070-could-prevent-domestic-violence-victims-from-seeking-help/ | title=Shelters fear SB1070 could prevent domestic violence victims from seeking help | author=Rathbun, Sandy | publisher=[[KVOA-TV]] | date=June 29, 2010}}</ref>

While a few provisions of the law were left standing following the July 2010 blockage of the most controversial parts, authorities often kept following existing local ordinances in those areas in preference to using the new SB&nbsp;1070 ones.<ref name="az-tr-year"/><ref name="wt-year">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/apr/21/one-year-later-the-battle-still-rages-in-arizona/ | title=A year later, Ariz. immigration fight rages | author=Dinan, Stephen | newspaper=[[The Washington Times]] | date=April 21, 2011}}</ref> One county sheriff said, "The whole thing is still on the shelf until the Supreme Court hears it."<ref name="wt-year"/> By mid-2012, those provisions had still rarely been made use of.<ref name="ap-smyp-clear"/> The training that police forces had gone through to avoid racial profiling and understand federal immigration policies still had a beneficial effect overall.<ref name="az-tr-year">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2011/04/23/20110423arizona-immigration-law-police-profiling-training-worked.html | title=Arizona immigration law: Police profiling training paid off, some say | author=Hensley, JJ | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=April 23, 2011}}</ref>

===Other states===
The Arizona legislation was one of several reasons pushing Democratic congressional leaders to introduce a proposal addressing immigration.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/29/AR2010042904512.html | title=Democrats unveil immigration-reform proposal | author=Bacon Jr., Perry | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> Senator Schumer sent a letter to Governor Brewer asking her to delay the law while Congress works on comprehensive immigration reform, but Brewer quickly rejected the proposal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20004409-503544.html|title=Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer Rejects Schumer's Plea to Delay Immigration Law|author=Condon, Stephanie|date=May 7, 2010|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref>

Bills similar to SB&nbsp;1070 were introduced in [[Pennsylvania]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], and [[South Carolina]].<ref name="ap-jun-other">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/68505 | title=Many Legislators Aim to Copy Arizona Immigration Law | author=Miller, John | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[CNS News]] | date=June 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/16/nation/la-na-immigration-states-20100717 | title=Arizona's immigration law isn't the only one | author=Gorman, Anna | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=July 16, 2010}}</ref> None of them went to final votes in 2010; politicians in nearly twenty states are proposing to introduce similar legislation during their 2011 legislative calendars.<ref name="ap-jun-other"/> Such proposals drew strong reaction both for and against,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.koco.com/news/23312932/detail.html | title=Immigration Plan Draws Fire, Praise | publisher=[[KOCO-TV]] | date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> and some states may have waited to see how the Arizona law fares in the courts before moving forward.<ref name="max-other">{{cite news | url=http://newsmax.com/Newsfront/arizona-immigration-states-illegal/2010/05/05/id/357991 | title=Arizona-Style Rebellions Over Immigration Spread | author=Patten, David A. | publisher=[[NewsMax.com]] | date=May 5, 2010}}</ref> The other states along the Mexican border – Texas, New Mexico, and California – generally showed little interest in following Arizona's path.<ref name="ap-oth-border">{{cite news | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37116159 | title=Other border states shun Arizona's immigration law | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[MSNBC]] | date=May 13, 2010 | author=Spagat, Elliot}}</ref> This was due to their having established, powerful Hispanic communities, deep cultural ties to Mexico, past experience with bruising political battles over the issue (such as with [[California Proposition 187 (1994)|California Proposition 187]] in the 1990s), and the perception among their populations that illegal immigration was less severe a problem.<ref name="ap-oth-border"/>

By March 2011, Arizona-like bills had been defeated or had failed to progress in at least six states and momentum had shifted against such imitative efforts.<ref name="lat-no-mo">{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-illegal-immigration-20110306,0,7227436,full.story | title=On immigration, momentum shifts away from Arizona | author=Riccardi, Nicholas | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> Reasons ranged from opposition from business leaders to fear among legislators of the legal costs of defending any adopted measure.<ref name="lat-no-mo"/> One state that did pass a law based partly on SB&nbsp;1070, Utah, combined it with a guest worker program that went in the other direction<ref name="lat-no-mo"/> (and fit into the spirit of the [[Utah Compact]]). Even in Arizona itself, additional tough measures against illegal immigration were having a difficult time gaining passage in the Arizona Senate.<ref name="lat-no-mo"/> Other states were still waiting to see what the outcome of the legal battles would be.<ref name="nyt-9thpanel"/> By September 2011, Indiana, Georgia, and South Carolina had passed somewhat similar measures and were facing legal action.<ref name="laraza-end"/> Another anti-illegal immigration measure, [[Alabama HB 56]], was considered tougher even than SB&nbsp;1070; it was signed into law in June 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fausset|first=Richard|title=Alabama enacts anti-illegal-immigration law described as nation's strictest|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/10/nation/la-na-alabama-immigration-20110610|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 10, 2011}}</ref> However, federal courts subsequently blocked many of the key provisions of these laws in those states, and other provisions were dropped following settlements of lawsuits.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/10/30/key-parts-alabama-immigration-law-gutted-following-settlement/ | title=Key Parts Of Alabama Immigration Law Gutted Following Settlement | publisher=[[Fox News Latino]] | agency=[[Associated Press]] | date=October 30, 2013}}</ref>

===Political careers===
State Senator Pearce rose to become [[President of the Arizona Senate]] in January 2011. But he then suffered a startling defeat when he lost a November 2011 [[recall election]].<ref name="az-recall">{{cite news | url= http://www.azcentral.com/community/mesa/articles/2011/11/11/20111111mesa-pearce-recall-shockwaves.html | title=Russell Pearce recall shock waves assessed in Mesa | author=Nelson, Gary | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=November 12, 2011}}</ref> Among the reasons given for his loss were the desire for greater civility in politics and a lessening of the tension over [[immigration policy]], and a loss of support for Pearce among LDS Church members based on character issues.<ref name="az-recall"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/09/politics/arizona-recall-vote/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 | title=Author of tough Arizona immigration law loses recall election | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=November 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/1111/Mormon_voters_recalled_Pearce_over_character_not_immigration.html?showall | title=Mormon voters recalled Pearce over 'character,' not immigration | author=[[Ben Smith (journalist)|Smith, Ben]] | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=November 11, 2011}}</ref> Other reasons for the defeat, such as concerns over Pearce's ethics in taking free trips or the involvement of a third candidacy in the recall election, had little to do with SB&nbsp;1070.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.kpho.com/story/15989405/pearce-ousted-in-recall | title=Russell Pearce ousted in historic recall election | publisher=[[KPHO-TV]] | date=November 8, 2011}}</ref> In August 2012, Pearce lost a comeback bid in the Republican primary for the nomination for a state senate seat to businessman Bob Worsley.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nelson|first=Gary|title=Worsley beats Russell Pearce in Mesa Senate race|url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20120828mesa-gop-legislative-primary-worsley-leads-pearce.html|newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]]|date=August 29, 2012}}</ref>

Drafter of the law Kris Kobach won election as [[Secretary of State of Kansas]], first defeating two other candidates in a Republican primary,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.kmbc.com/election-results/24454813/detail.html | title=2010 Kansas Republican Primary election results for Kansas Secretary of State | publisher=[[KMBC-TV]] | date= August 4, 2010 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307131534/http://www.kmbc.com/election-results/24454813/detail.html | archivedate=March 7, 2012}}</ref> then winning the general election against Democratic incumbent [[Chris Biggs]] by a wide margin. Sheriff Joe Arpaio was among those who campaigned for Kobach.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.kansas.com/2010/07/14/1403117/arizona-sheriff-arpaio-stumps.html | title=Arizona sheriff Arpaio stumps for Kobach | newspaper=[[The Wichita Eagle]] | first=John | last=Milburn | agency=[[Associated Press]] | date= July 14, 2010}}</ref>

State Attorney General Goddard did get the Democratic nomination in the [[Arizona gubernatorial election, 2010|2010 Arizona gubernatorial election]]. Governor Jan Brewer went on to defeat him by a 54 to 42 percent margin in the November 2010 general election.

== Challenges to legality and constitutionality ==

=== Legal theory: Supremacy Clause vs. concurrent enforcement ===
The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) criticized the statute as a violation of the [[Supremacy Clause]] of the [[United States Constitution]], which states that federal law, so long as it is constitutional, is paramount over state laws.<ref name="az-chal">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/04/25/20100425immigration-bill-jan-brewer-arizona.html | title=Court fight looms on new immigration law | author=Nowicki, Dan | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=April 25, 2010}}</ref><ref name="aclu-sec">{{cite press release | url=http://www.courthousenews.com/2010/04/16/ACLUAZImmig.pdf | title=ACLU of Arizona Section By Section Analysis of SB 1070 'Immigration; Law Enforcement; Safe Neighborhoods' As Amended by HB 2162 | publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] | date=May 18, 2010 }}</ref> [[Erwin Chemerinsky]], a constitutional scholar and dean of the [[University of California, Irvine School of Law]] says that "The law is clearly pre-empted by federal law under Supreme Court precedents."<ref name="nyt-legal"/>

According to Kobach, the law embodies the doctrine of "concurrent enforcement" – i.e., that the state law parallels applicable federal law without any conflict<ref name="nyt-legal"/><ref name="NLJKobachInterview">{{cite news | url=http://www.law.com/jsp/nlj/PubArticleNLJ.jsp?id=1202456983126 | title=The law prof behind the Arizona immigration law | newspaper=[[National Law Journal]] | date =April 29, 2010 }}</ref> – and Kobach stated that he believes it would thus survive any challenge: "There are some things that states can do and some that states can't do, but this law threads the needle perfectly.... Arizona only penalizes what is already a crime under federal law."<ref name="time-bill"/> State Senator Pearce noted that some past state laws on immigration enforcement had been upheld in federal courts.<ref name="az-chal"/>
In ''Gonzales v. City of Peoria'' (9th Cir. 1983),<ref>[http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/722/468/ ''Gonzales v. City of Peoria''], 722 F.2d 468 (9th Cir. 1983).</ref> the Court held that the [[Immigration and Naturalization Act]] precludes local enforcement of the Act's civil provisions but does not preclude local enforcement of the Act's criminal provisions. The [[U.S. Attorney General]] may enter into a written agreement with a state or local government agency, under which that agency's employees perform the function of an immigration officer in relation to the investigation, apprehension, or detention of aliens in the United States;<ref>{{USC|8|1357(g)(1)}}.</ref>
however, such an agreement is not ''required'' for the agency's employees to perform those functions.<ref>
{{USC|8|1357(g)(10)}}.</ref>

On the other hand, various legal experts were divided on whether the law would survive a court challenge, with one law professor saying it "sits right on that thin line of pure state criminal law and federally controlled immigration law."<ref name="nyt-legal">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/us/28legal.html | title=A Law Facing a Tough Road Through the Courts | author=Schwartz, John | author2=Archibold, Randal C. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=April 28, 2010 | page=A17}}</ref> Past lower court decisions in this area were not always consistent and a decision on the bill's legality from the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] is one possible outcome.<ref name="nyt-legal"/>

===Initial court actions filed against the Act===

On April 27, 2010, Roberto Javier Frisancho, a natural born citizen and resident of Washington, D.C., who planned on visiting Arizona, filed the first lawsuit against S.B. 1070.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frisancho v. Brewer et al|url=https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2010cv00926/518556/}}</ref> On April 29, 2010, the [[National Coalition of Latino Clergy and Christian Leaders]] and a Tucson police officer, Martin Escobar, filed suit against SB&nbsp;1070, with each doing so separately in federal court.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8653132.stm | title=Tough Arizona immigration law faces legal challenges | first=Rajesh | last=Mirchandani | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=April 30, 2010}}</ref><ref name="lat-suits">{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/29/nation/la-na-obama-immigration-20100430 | title=Obama administration considers challenges to Arizona immigration law | author=Serrano, Richard A. | author2=Nicholas, Peter | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> The National Coalition's filing claimed that the law usurped federal responsibilities under the Supremacy Clause, and also that it lends itself to racial profiling by imposing a "reasonable suspicion" requirement upon police officers to check the immigration status of those they come in official conduct with, which will in turn be subject to too much personal interpretation by each officer.<ref name="lat-suits"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://azstarnet.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/article_5f4f524e-53e0-11df-b705-001cc4c03286.html | title=2 lawsuits challenge Arizona's immigration law | author=Fischer, Howard | agency=Capitol Media Services | newspaper=[[Arizona Daily Star]] | date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> Escobar's suit argued that there was no race-neutral criteria available to him to suspect that a person was an illegal immigrant, and that implementation of the law would hinder police investigations in areas that were predominantly Hispanic.<ref name="ap-pol-split"/><ref name="ads-suit2"/> The suit also claimed the Act violated federal law because the police and the city have no authority to perform immigration-related duties.<ref name="ads-suit2"/> The Tucson police department made clear that Escobar was not acting on its behalf, and they received many calls from citizens complaining about his suit.<ref name="ads-suit2">{{cite news | url=http://azstarnet.com/news/local/article_e8a094d4-53ab-11df-92c8-001cc4c002e0.html | title=Tucson cop first to sue to block AZ immigration law | author=Pedersen, Brian J. | newspaper=[[Arizona Daily Star]] | date=April 29, 2010}}</ref>

A Phoenix police officer, David Salgado, quickly followed with his own federal suit, claiming that to enforce the law he would be required to violate the rights of Hispanics.<ref name="az-suit3"/> He also said that he would be forced to spend his own time and resources studying the law's requirements, and that he was liable to being sued whether he enforced the law or not.<ref name="az-suit3">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2010/04/30/20100430immigrationsuit0430.html | title=3 lawsuits challenge legality of new law | author=Rau, Alia Beard | author2=Rough, Ginger | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=April 30, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/05/15/20100515arizona-immigration-law-officer-lawsuits.html | title=Phoenix, Tucson officers sue over Arizona's new immigration law | author=Madrid, Ofelia | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=May 15, 2010}}</ref>

On May 5, [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] and [[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]] became the first two cities to authorize legal action against the state over the Act;<ref name="cbs050510"/> [[San Luis, Arizona|San Luis]] later joined them.<ref name="fox-suit"/> However, as of mid-late May, none of them had actually filed a suit.<ref name="az-joint"/> In late May, though, the city of Tucson filed a [[cross-claim]] and joined Officer Escobar in his suit.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.kgun9.com/Global/story.asp?S=12578063 | title=City of Tucson joins officer's lawsuit against SB 1070 | author=Nunez, Steve | author2=Pryor, Bryan | publisher=[[KGUN-TV]] | date=June 2, 2010}}</ref>

On May 17, a joint [[class action lawsuit]], ''Friendly House et al. v. Whiting'', was filed in U.S. District Court on behalf of ten individuals and fourteen labor, religious, and civil rights organizations.<ref name="abc15-buy"/><ref name="fox-suit">{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/05/17/aclu-civil-rights-groups-file-suit-arizona-immigration-law/ | title=ACLU, Civil Rights Groups File Suit Against Arizona Immigration Law | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=May 17, 2010}}</ref><ref name="az-joint">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/05/18/20100518arizona-immigration-law-organizations-lawsuits.html | title=14 organizations, 10 individuals file suit over Arizona's immigration law | author=Rau, Alia Beard | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=May 18, 2010}}</ref><ref name="aclu-joint">{{cite press release | url=http://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights-racial-justice/aclu-and-civil-rights-groups-file-legal-challenge-arizona-racial-pr | title=ACLU And Civil Rights Groups File Legal Challenge To Arizona Racial Profiling Law | publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] | date=May 17, 2010}}</ref> The legal counsel filing the action, which is the largest of those filed, is a collaboration of the ACLU, the [[Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund]], the [[National Immigration Law Center]], the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]], the [[National Day Laborer Organizing Network]], and the [[Asian Pacific American Legal Center]].<ref name="az-joint"/> The suit seeks to prevent SB&nbsp;1070 from going into effect by charging that it:
*violates the federal Supremacy Clause by attempting to bypass federal immigration law;
*violates the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] and [[Equal Protection Clause]] rights of racial and national origin minorities by subjecting them to stops, detentions, and arrests based on their race or origin;
*violates the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] rights of [[Freedom of speech in the United States|freedom of speech]] by exposing speakers to scrutiny based on their language or accent;
*violates the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]]'s prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures because it allows for warrantless searches in absence of probable cause;
*violates the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause by being impermissibly vague;
*and infringes on constitutional provisions that protect the right to travel without being stopped, questioned, or detained.<ref name="az-joint"/>

This suit named County's Attorney and Sheriffs as defendants, rather than the State of Arizona or Governor Brewer as the earlier suits had.<ref name="fox-suit"/><ref name="az-joint"/> On June 4, the ACLU and others filed a request for an [[injunction]], arguing that the Act's scheduled start date of July 29 should be postponed until the underlying legal challenges against it are resolved.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/06/05/new-challenge-to-arizona-immigration-law/?test=latestnews | title=New Challenge to Arizona Immigration Law | author=Ross, Lee | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=June 5, 2010}}</ref>

Arizona Attorneys for Criminal Justice, the state affiliate of the [[National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers]], alleged in an ''[[amicus curiae]]'' brief for the ACLU et al. case that the prolonged detentions mandated by the law when there is reasonable suspicion that someone subject to a lawful stop is an illegal alien are justifiable only under the [[probable cause]] standard and thus that the law requires violations of Fourth Amendment rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goldwaterstate.blogspot.com/2010/06/important-new-sb-1070-brief-filed-aacj.html|work=Goldwater State (weblog)|author=Bennett Kalafut|title=Important new SB 1070 brief filed: AACJ says law requires 4th Amendment violations.|date=June 21, 2010}}</ref><ref name="aacj">{{cite web|url=http://www.aacj.org/resources/uploads/amicuscuriaebrief.aacj.final.pdf|title=Amicus curiae brief by Arizona Attorneys for Criminal Justice in support of plaintiff's motion for preliminary injunction, No. CV-10-01061-JWS|accessdate=June 22, 2010}}</ref> The [[Anti-Defamation League]] also filed an ''amicus curiae'' brief in support of this case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/Civil_Rights/2010/pdf/motion_forleavetofile_amicusbrief.pdf|title=Motion for leave to file brief of amicus curiae Anti-Defamation League in support of plaintiffs' motion for preliminary injunction, No. CV 10-1061-PHX-JWS|accessdate=June 22, 2010}}</ref> So too did the [[Government of Mexico]], saying the law is unconstitutional, would lead to unlawful discrimination against Mexican citizens, and would damage bilateral relations between the two nations.<ref name="mex-chal">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/us_and_canada/10386190.stm | title=Mexico joins Arizona immigration lawsuit | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=June 23, 2010}}</ref> Indeed, so many ''amicus curiae'' briefs have been filed regarding the law that size limits were imposed upon them.<ref name="ap-donations"/>

Kobach remained optimistic that the suits would fail, saying "I think it will be difficult for the plaintiffs challenging this. They are heavy on political rhetoric but light on legal arguments."<ref name="az-p-k"/> In late May 2010, Governor Brewer issued an executive order to create the Governor's Border Security and Immigration Legal Defense Fund to handle suits over the law.<ref name="ap-donations"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2010/05/27/2010-05-27_arizona_governor_jan_brewer_creates_legal_defense_fund_for_suits_over_immigratio.html | title=Arizona Governor Jan Brewer creates legal defense fund for suits over immigration law SB1070 | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] | date=May 27, 2010}}</ref> Brewer got into a dispute with Arizona Attorney General [[Terry Goddard]] over whether he would defend the law against legal challenges, as a state attorney general normally would.<ref name="nyt-memday"/> Brewer accused Goddard, who opposed the law personally and was one of Brewer's possible rivals in the gubernatorial election, of colluding with the U.S. Justice Department as it deliberated whether to challenge the law in court.<ref name="nyt-memday"/> Goddard subsequently agreed to withdraw from the state's defense.<ref name="ap-donations"/>

===Department of Justice lawsuit===
{{main|United States of America v. Arizona}}
The [[United States Department of Justice]] filed a lawsuit against the state of Arizona in the [[U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona]] on July 6, 2010, asking that the law be declared invalid since it interferes with the immigration regulations "exclusively vested in the federal government."<ref name="Feds sue">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/07/06/arizona.immigration.lawsuit/index.html?hpt=T2 | title=Feds sue to overturn Arizona immigration law | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=July 6, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="cbs-feds"/> In a brief to the press, the department's lawyers referenced the notion of [[federal preemption]] and stated that, "The Constitution and the federal immigration laws do not permit the development of a patchwork of state and local immigration policies throughout the country,"<ref name="wapo-feds">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/06/AR2010070601928.html?hpid=topnews | title=Justice Department sues Arizona over immigration law | author=Markon, Jerry | author2=Shear, Michael D. | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=July 6, 2010}}</ref> and that "The immigration framework set forth by Congress and administered by federal agencies reflects a careful and considered balance of national law enforcement, foreign relations, and humanitarian concerns – concerns that belong to the nation as a whole, not a single state."<ref name="Feds sue" /> This pointed to an additional practical argument, that being that the law would result in federal authorities losing focus on their broader priorities in order to deal with an influx of deportations from Arizona.<ref name="wapo-feds"/> The Justice Department requested that the federal courts issue an injunction to enjoin enforcement of the law before it goes into effect.<ref name="Feds sue" /> The suit does not argue that the law will lead to racial profiling, although department officials said they would continue to monitor that aspect when and if the measure went into effect.<ref name="wapo-feds"/>

A direct suit of a state by the federal government is rare, and the action held possible political consequences for the [[United States elections, 2010|2010 U.S. midterm elections]] as well.<ref name="wapo-feds"/> It was also seen as a preemptive measure to discourage other states considering similar laws from moving forward with them.<ref name="nyt-feds">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/us/07immig.html | title=Justice Dept. Sues Arizona Over Its Immigration Law | author=Preston, Julia | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 7, 2010 | page=A3}}</ref> Immediate reaction to the Justice Department's decision was highly split, with liberal groups hailing it but with Governor Brewer calling it "nothing more than a massive waste of taxpayer funds."<ref name="wapo-feds"/> Senators Kyl and McCain released a joint statement noting that "the American people must wonder whether the Obama Administration is really committed to securing the border when it sues a state that is simply trying to protect its people by enforcing immigration law."<ref name="cbs-feds">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/06/politics/main6651468.shtml | title=Feds Sue to Block Ariz. Immigration Law | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=July 6, 2010}}</ref> Congressman [[Darrell Issa]], one of nineteen Republicans to sign a letter criticizing the suit on the day it was announced, said "For President Obama to stand in the way of a state which has taken action to stand up for its citizens against the daily threat of violence and fear is disgraceful and a betrayal of his Constitutional obligation to protect our citizens."<ref name="nyt-feds"/> The federal action also led to a surge in contributions to the governor's defense fund for the law; by July 8, total donations were over $500,000, with the large majority of them being for $100 or less and coming from around the nation.<ref name="ap-donations">{{cite news | url=http://www.myfoxphoenix.com/dpp/news/immigration/immigration-defense-fund-donations-7-8-2010 | title=Donations to Immigration Law's Defense Fund Top $500K | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[KSAZ-TV]] | date=July 8, 2010}}</ref>

The Arizona Latino Republican Association became the first Latino organization to come out in support of SB&nbsp;1070 and filed a motion to intervene against the Justice Department's lawsuit challenging it.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/20/hispanic-gop-group-announce-support-arizona-immigration-law/ | title=Hispanic GOP Group to Announce Support for Arizona Immigration Law | author=Miller, Joshua Rhett | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=July 21, 2010}}</ref> An attempt in the U.S. Senate to block funding for the Justice Department's lawsuit lost by a 55–43 vote that was mostly along party lines.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://blogs.ajc.com/jamie-dupree-washington-insider/2010/07/22/arizona-immigration-vote/?cxntfid=blogs_jamie_dupree_washington_insider | title=Arizona Immigration Vote | author=Dupree, Jamie | newspaper=[[Atlanta Journal Constitution]] | date=July 22, 2010}}</ref>

===Initial hearings and rulings===
Hearings on three of the seven lawsuits were held on July 15 and 22, 2010, before U.S. District Judge [[Susan Bolton]].<ref name="ads">{{cite news | url=http://azstarnet.com/news/local/border/article_8c8e75a9-6af4-5392-b68b-4ee44ad6d547.html | title=Judge is known as fair, thorough | author=McCombs, Brady | newspaper=[[Arizona Daily Star]] | date=July 21, 2010}}</ref><ref name="wapo-hearings-2">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/22/AR2010072201548.html | title=Hearing on Arizona immigration law begins | author=Markon, Jerry | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=July 23, 2010}}</ref><ref name="nyt-blocks"/> Judge Bolton asked pointed questions of each side during both hearings, but gave no indication of how or when she would rule.<ref name="wapo-hearings-2"/><ref name="nyt-hearings-1">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/16/us/politics/16arizona.html | title=Debate Over Arizona Immigration Law Comes to U.S. Court | author=Archibold, Randal C. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 15, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-arizona-immigration-20100723,0,3498774.story | title=Judge doubts constitutionality of a portion of Arizona's immigration law | author=Riccardi, Nicholas | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=July 23, 2010}}</ref>

On July 28, 2010, Judge Bolton issued a ruling on the Justice Department suit, ''[[United States of America v. Arizona]]'', granting a [[preliminary injunction]] that blocked the most key and controversial portions of SB&nbsp;1070 from going into effect.<ref name="cnn-blocks">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/07/28/arizona.immigration.law/index.html?hpt=T2 | title=Legal battle looms over Arizona immigration law | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=July 28, 2010}}</ref><ref name="nyt-blocks">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/29/us/29arizona.html | title=Judge Blocks Arizona's Law on Immigrants | author=Archibold, Randal C. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 29, 2010 | page=A1}}</ref><ref>
''United States v. Arizona, et al.'' [http://www.azd.uscourts.gov/azd/courtinfo.nsf/983700DFEE44B56B0725776E005D6CCB/$file/10-1413-87.pdf?openelement Order on Preliminary Injunction]</ref> These included requiring police to check the immigration status of those arrested or stopped, which the judge ruled would overwhelm the federal government handling of immigration cases, and could mean that legal immigrants would be wrongly arrested.<ref name="judgeblocks">{{cite news|title=Judge blocks key parts of Ariz. immigration law|author=Dinan, Stephen |newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jul/28/judge-blocks-key-parts-ariz-immigration-law/|date=July 28, 2010}}</ref> Judge Bolton wrote that "Federal resources will be taxed and diverted from federal enforcement priorities as a result of the increase in requests for immigration status determination that will flow from Arizona."<ref name="judgeblocks"/> Her ruling was not a final decision, but rather was based on the belief that the Justice Department was likely, but not certain, to win a full later trial in federal court on these aspects.<ref name="nyt-blocks"/> Judge Bolton made no rulings in the other six lawsuits.<ref name="nyt-blocks"/> Governor Brewer said that the injunction would be appealed,<ref name="cnn-blocks"/> and on July 29 this was done in the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]] in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/07/30/amid_protests_arizona_appeals_ruling_on_state_immigration_law/ | title=Amid protests, Arizona appeals ruling on state immigration law | author=Christie, Bob | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=July 30, 2010}}</ref><ref>
Documents related to the appeal in ''USA v. State of Arizona'', No. 10-16645, are available on the [http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/ web site] for the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals: Judge Bolton's [http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2010/07/30/10-16645_order.pdf Order ] granting the preliminary injunction, the [http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2010/07/29/10-16645Motion.pdf Motion to Expedite Briefing and Hearing Schedule] by the State of Arizona, and the [http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2010/07/29/10-16645Response.pdf Response to Motion to Expedite] by the United States.</ref> State Senator Pearce predicted that the legal battle would eventually end up in the Supreme Court and likely be upheld by a 5–4 margin.<ref name="fox-blocks"/><ref name="azrepublic100728">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/07/28/20100728arizona-immigration-law-court-ruling-brk28-ON.html | title=Arizona immigration law: State to appeal injunction
| authors=Rau, Alia Beard; Rough, Ginger; and Hensley, JJ. | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=July 28, 2010}}</ref>

Judge Bolton's ruling let a number of other aspects of the law take effect on July 29, including the ability to prevent state officials from maintaining "[[sanctuary city]]" policies and allowing civil suits against those policies, the mandating that state officials work with federal officials on matters related to illegal immigration, and the prohibition against stopping a vehicle in traffic to pick up day laborers.<ref name="nyt-blocks"/><ref name="fox-blocks">{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/28/supporters-arizonas-immigration-law-solace-remaining-portions/ | title=Arizona Immigration Law Still a 'Powerful Deterrent,' Supporters Say | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=July 28, 2010}}</ref> These parts of the law were not challenged by the Justice Department, but were in some of the other suits.<ref name="nyt-blocks"/>

A three-judge panel from the Ninth Circuit heard arguments in the appeal case on November 1, 2010, and gave indications that it might reinstate but weaken parts of the law.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/11/01/MNDP1G54K0.DTL | title=Court signals backing for Arizona immigration law | author=Egelko, Bob | newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date=November 2, 2010}}</ref>

In February 2011, Arizona filed a countersuit against the federal government in the ''United States v. Arizona'' case, accusing it of failing to secure the Mexican border against large numbers of illegal immigrants.<ref name="wapo-counter">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/13/AR2011021303377.html | title=Arizona files countersuit tied to challenge of its immigration law | author=Markon, Jerry | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=February 14, 2011}}</ref> Arizona Attorney General [[Tom Horne]] acknowledged that precedent surrounding [[sovereign immunity in the United States]] made the state's case difficult, but said, "We're asking the 9th Circuit to take a second look."<ref name="wapo-counter"/>

On April 11, 2011, the Ninth Circuit panel upheld the district court's ban on parts of the law taking effect, thus ruling in favor of the Obama administration and against Arizona. Judge [[Richard Paez]] gave the majority opinion, in which Judge [[John T. Noonan, Jr.]] joined; Judge [[Carlos Bea]] dissented in part.<ref name="nyt-9thpanel">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/12/us/12arizona.html | title=Appeals Court Rules Against Arizona Law | author=Lacey, Marc | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=April 11, 2011}}</ref><ref name="wapo-9thpanel">{{cite news|last=Markon|first=Jerry|title=Court upholds block on parts of Arizona immigration law|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/appeals_court_upholds_justice_challenge_on_ariz_law/2011/04/11/AFbyUKLD_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 11, 2011}}</ref> Paez agreed with the administration's view that the state had intruded upon federal prerogatives. Noonan wrote in his concurrence: "The Arizona statute before us has become a symbol. For those sympathetic to immigrants to the United States, it is a challenge and a chilling foretaste of what other states might attempt."<ref name="wapo-9thpanel"/> On May 9, 2011, Governor Brewer announced that Arizona would appeal directly to the U.S. Supreme Court rather than request a hearing ''[[en banc]]'' before the Ninth Circuit;<ref name="azcentral-directappeal">{{cite news | url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2011/05/09/20110509sb1070-appeal-arizona-next-step09-ON.html | title=Gov. Jan Brewer wants Supreme Court to overturn SB 1070 ruling | author=Rough, Ginger | newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] | date=May 9, 2011}}</ref> that appeal was filed on August 10, 2011.<ref name="ap-filed">{{cite news | url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=14269527 | title=Brewer Asks Court to Hear Immigration Law Appeal | author=Billeaud, Jacques | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[ABC News]] | date=August 10, 2011}}</ref> In response, the Justice Department requested that the Supreme Court stay out of the case, saying that the lower courts' actions were appropriate.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/judicial/story/2011-11-10/arizona-immigration-law-supreme-court/51159948/1 | title=Gov't asks justices to stay out of immigration case | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[USA Today]] | date=November 10, 2011}}</ref> Observers thought it likely that the Supreme Court would take up the matter,<ref name="ap-filed"/> but if it declined to step in, the case most likely would be returned to the trial judge in the District Court to review the case on its merits and determine whether the temporary injunction that blocked the law's most controversial provisions should become permanent.<ref name="(9thCirAZSB1070">{{cite news | url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/ninth-circuit-and-arizona-s-sb-1070 | title=The Ninth Circuit and Arizona’s S.B. 1070 | author=Aliaskari, Mahsa | work= [[The National Law Review]] | date=May 2, 2011}}</ref> The Supreme Court announced in December 2011 that it granted a petition for writ of certiorari, and oral arguments took place on April 25, 2012.

Bolton's court continues to oversee the other lawsuits;<ref name="nyt-9thpanel"/> by early 2012 three of the seven were still active.<ref name="ap-leapday"/> On February 29, 2012, Bolton ruled in favor of an action led by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund and blocked provisions of the law that allowed for the arrest of day workers who block traffic in an effort to gain employment.<ref name="ap-leapday">{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/02/29/federal-judge-blocks-arizonas-day-laborer-restrictions/ | title=Federal judge blocks Arizona's day laborer restrictions | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=February 29, 2012}}</ref>

===U.S. Supreme Court ruling===
On June 25, 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in the case ''[[Arizona v. United States]]''. The court determined by a 5–3 majority, with Justice [[Anthony Kennedy]] writing the opinion, that Sections 3, 5(C), and 6 of SB&nbsp;1070 are preempted by federal law.<ref>[http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-182b5e1.pdf ''Arizona v. United States''], No. 11-182.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Andrew|title=Razing Arizona: Supreme Court Sides With Feds on Immigration|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/06/razing-arizona-supreme-court-sides-with-feds-on-immigration/258932/|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|date=June 25, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Savage|first=David G.|title=Supreme Court strikes down key parts of Arizona immigration law|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-supreme-court-strikes-down-key-parts-of-arizona-immigration-law-20120625,0,5912888.story|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 25, 2012}}</ref> These sections make it a state misdemeanor for an immigrant not to be carrying documentation of lawful presence in the country, allow state police to arrest without a warrant in some situations, and make it unlawful under state law for an individual to apply for employment without federal work authorization.<ref name="wapo-sc-ruling">{{cite news |title= Supreme Court Rejects Much of Arizona Immigration Law |first= Robert |last= Barnes |work= The Washington Post |date= June 25, 2012 |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-rules-on-arizona-immigration-law/2012/06/25/gJQA0Nrm1V_story.html?hpid=z1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court mostly rejects Arizona immigration law; gov says 'heart' remains|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/25/politics/scotus-arizona-law/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|author=Cohen, Tom|author2=Mears, Bill|date=June 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=At a glance: Supreme Court decision on Arizona's immigration law|url=http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2012/06/us/scotus.immigration/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=June 26, 2012}}</ref> All justices agreed to uphold the portion of the law allowing Arizona state police to investigate the immigration status of an individual stopped, detained, or arrested if there is reasonable suspicion that individual is in the country illegally.<ref name="nyt-sc-ruling">{{cite news |title= Supreme Court Rejects Part of Arizona Immigration Law |first1= Adam |last1= Liptak |first2= Adam H. |last2= Cushman Jr. |date= June 25, 2012 |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/26/us/supreme-court-rejects-part-of-arizona-immigration-law.html?_r=1&hp }}</ref> However, Justice Kennedy specified in the majority opinion that state police may not detain the individual for a prolonged amount of time for not carrying immigration documents, and that cases based upon allegations of racial profiling are allowed to proceed through the courts, if such cases happen to arise later on.<ref name="nyt-sc-ruling"/>
Justice Scalia dissented and said that he would have upheld the entire law.<ref name="az-sc-ruling">{{cite news |title= Arizona Immigration Law: Supreme Court Upholds Key Portion of Senate Bill 1070: Three Other Parts of Controversial Immigration Law Ruled Unconstitutional |newspaper= [[The Arizona Republic]] |first= Alia Beard |last= Rau |date= June 25, 2012 |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/2012/06/03/20120603arizona-immigration-law-supreme-court-opinion.html}}</ref> Justice Thomas likewise stated that he would have upheld the entire law as not preempted by federal law.<ref name="az-sc-ruling"/> Justice Alito agreed with Justices Scalia and Thomas regarding Sections 5(C) and 6, but joined with the majority in finding Section 3 preempted.<ref name="az-sc-ruling"/>

===Further rulings and challenges===
On September 5, 2012, Judge Bolton cleared the way for police to carry out the 2010 law's requirement that officers, while enforcing other laws, may question the immigration status of those they suspect are in the country illegally.<ref name="ap-smyp-clear">{{cite news|title=Federal judge OKs section of Arizona immigration law allowing police to question status of suspected illegals |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/09/05/federal-judge-oks-arizona-immigration-law-section-allowing-police-to-question/|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=September 5, 2012|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> She said that the Supreme Court had clearly stated that the provision "cannot be challenged further on its face before the law takes effect," but that constitutionality challenges on other grounds could take place in the future.<ref name="ap-smyp-clear"/> Later that month, the first arrest received some news attention.<ref name="abc15-smyp">{{cite news | url=http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/region_phoenix_metro/central_phoenix/first-arrest-made-since-new-immigration-law-provision-in-effect | title=First arrest made since new immigration law provision 'show me your papers' in effect | author=Kuzj, Steve | publisher=[[KNXV-TV]] | date=September 21, 2012}}</ref> In November 2013, the ACLU filed the first legal challenge to this provision.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://m.azstarnet.com/news/local/border/aclu-files-lawsuit-precursor-in-sb-challenge-case/article_24900305-4cd5-5edb-a408-81a7aa70ea9f.html?mobile_touch=true | title=ACLU files lawsuit precursor in SB 1070 challenge case | first=Carli | last=Brosseau | newspaper=[[Arizona Daily Star]] | date=November 13, 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Arizona}}
* [[Illegal immigration in the United States]]
* ''[[Arizona v. United States]]''
* [[Chandler Roundup]]
* [[Special Order 40]]
* [[Sanctuary city]]
* [[Alabama HB 56]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/legtext/49leg/2r/laws/0113.htm | title=State of Arizona: 2010 Arizona Session Laws, Chapter 113, Forty-ninth Legislature, Second Regular Session: Senate Bill 1070: House Engrossed Senate Bill: immigration; law enforcement; safe neighborhoods (NOW: safe neighborhoods; immigration; law enforcement)| publisher=[[Arizona State Legislature]] | accessdate=April 30, 2010}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/legtext/49leg/2R/laws/0211.htm | title=State of Arizona: Forty-ninth Legislature, Second Regular Session 2010: Session Laws, Chapter 211, House Bill 2162: Conference Version| publisher=[[Arizona State Legislature]] | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act}}
* [http://www.azleg.gov/DocumentsForBill.asp?Bill_Number=1070&image.x=6&image.y=7 Documents for SB&nbsp;1070 at the Arizona State Legislature]
* [http://www.azleg.gov/DocumentsForBill.asp?Bill_Number=HB2162 Documents for HB&nbsp;2162 at the Arizona State Legislature]
* [http://www.azleg.gov/alispdfs/council/SB1070-HB2162.PDF SB1070 as amended by HB 2162 (combined version), unofficial but provided by Arizona State Legislature]
* [http://azgovernor.gov/dms/upload/SB_1070_Signed.pdf House Engrossed Senate Bill SB 1070, as enacted], [http://azgovernor.gov/ Arizona Governor website].
* [http://azgovernor.gov/dms/upload/HB_2162Signed.pdf Conference engrossed Bill HB 2162 Amending SB 1070, as enacted], [http://azgovernor.gov/ Arizona Governor website].
* [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode08/usc_sup_01_8.html United States Code Title 8 – Aliens and Nationality]
* [http://www.azpost.state.az.us/SB1070infocenter.htm SB1070 Public Information Center – Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training Board]
* [[Gabriel J. Chin]], Carissa Byrne Hessick, Toni Massaro & Marc Miller, [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1617440 ''Arizona Senate Bill 1070: A Preliminary Report''], [[Social Science Research Network]]
* Tito Rodriguez, [http://www.mexican-american.org/history/2010/arizona/immigration-law/SB-1070_p1.html ''Governor Jan Brewer Signs (SB 1070) Toughest Illegal Immigration Law in the U.S.''] - [http://www.mexican-american.org Mexican-American.org (4/23/10)]
* Keith Gaddie and Kelly Damphousse (eds.), ''Social Science Quarterly'' virtual issue: [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1540-6237/homepage/virtual_issue__immigration.htm ''Immigration on the One Year Anniversary of Arizona SB 1070''].
* [http://www.mexicanos.co/2010/fact-sheet-for-s-b-1070/ Fact sheet for S.B. 1070] ([http://www.mexicanos.co/2010/hoja-de-datos-para-sb-1070/ Hoja de resumen para la S.B. 1070])
* [http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/11-182.pdf ''Arizona, et al. v. United States'' U.S. Supreme Court oral arguments transcript] and [http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_audio_detail.aspx?argument=11-182 audio]
* [http://www.castlibrary.com/audio_books/united-states-supreme-court-arizona-vs-united-states Arizona v. United States Audio Book] Bookmarkable m4b audio book of the arguments in ''Arizona v. United States''
{{Immigration to the United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arizona Sb1070}}
[[Category:Arizona statutes]]
[[Category:United States immigration law]]
[[Category:2010 in American law]]
[[Category:2010 in Arizona]]
[[Category:Race and law in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and law in the United States]]
[[Category:Illegal immigration to the United States]]
[[Category:Illegal immigration to the United States]]

Revision as of 16:57, 26 February 2016

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