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}}</ref> the [[Simele massacre]], and the [[Assyrian genocide]] that occurred under Ottoman Turkish rule in the early 1900s. The latest event to hit the Assyrian community is the [[Iraq War|war in Iraq]]; of the one million or more Iraqis reported by the [[United Nations]] to have fled, forty percent are Assyrian, despite Assyrians comprising only three to five percent of the Iraqi population.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Assyrian Christians 'Most Vulnerable Population' in Iraq |url=http://www.christianpost.com/article/20061205/23863.htm |work= |publisher=The Christian Post |id= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate=2006-12-05 |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Assyrian Report on CWN">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Iraq's Christian community, fights for its survival |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaNG6OF3pQE |work= |publisher=Christian World News |id= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref>
}}</ref> the [[Simele massacre]], and the [[Assyrian genocide]] that occurred under Ottoman Turkish rule in the early 1900s. The latest event to hit the Assyrian community is the [[Iraq War|war in Iraq]]; of the one million or more Iraqis reported by the [[United Nations]] to have fled, forty percent are Assyrian, despite Assyrians comprising only three to five percent of the Iraqi population.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Assyrian Christians 'Most Vulnerable Population' in Iraq |url=http://www.christianpost.com/article/20061205/23863.htm |work= |publisher=The Christian Post |id= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate=2006-12-05 |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Assyrian Report on CWN">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Iraq's Christian community, fights for its survival |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaNG6OF3pQE |work= |publisher=Christian World News |id= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref>


==History==
fat asses were the assyrians and they were mean but they fell in 612B.C.
{{Main|History of the Assyrian people|Assyrian Genocide}}
The Assyrian people are descended from the population of the ancient [[Assyrian Empire]], which itself emerged from the [[Akkadian Empire]] founded by [[Sargon of Akkad]].<ref>Early History of Assyria, By Sidney Smith, [[University of Michigan]], 1928</ref><ref name="All Empires Chart">http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=AE_Chart</ref><ref name="Akkadian Language Britannica Encyclopaedia"/> Eventually, Assyrian kings conquered [[Aramaeans|Aramaean]] tribes and assimilated them into the Assyrian empire,<ref>{{cite journal
| quotes =
| author = [[Simo Parpola|Parpola, Simo]]
| date =
| year = 2004
| month =
| title = National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times
| journal = [[Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies]]
| volume = Vol. 18
| issue = No. 2
| pages = pp. 8-9
| publisher = JAAS
| location =
| issn =
| pmid =
| doi =
| bibcode =
| oclc =
| id =
| url = http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v18n2/Parpola-identity_Article%20-Final.pdf
| language = English
| format = PDF
| accessdate =
| laysummary =
| laysource =
| laydate =
| quote =
}}</ref><ref>see e.g. [[Jewish Encyclopedia]], s.v. ''[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1698&letter=A&search=Aramaic Aram]''.</ref><ref name="Richard Nelson Frye Syria and Assyria">{{cite journal
| quotes =
| author = [[Richard Nelson Fry|Frye, Richard N.]]
| date =
| year = 1992
| month =
| title = Assyria and Syria: Synonyms
| journal = [[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]
| volume = Vol. 51
| issue = No. 4
| pages = pp. 281-285
| publisher = JNES
| location =
| issn =
| pmid =
| doi =
| bibcode =
| oclc =
| id =
| url = http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v11n2/frye.pdf
| language = English
| format = PDF
| accessdate =
| laysummary =
| laysource =
| laydate =
| quote =
}}</ref> and their language, [[Aramaic]], supplanted the native [[Akkadian language]],<ref name="Akkadian Language Britannica Encyclopaedia"/><ref>{{cite web |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=The History of Ancient Mesopotamia |url=http://www.suffragio.it/suffragio/viaggi/assiri%20e%20ittiti.htm |work= |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |id= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate= |quote=By this time the process of "Aramaicization" had reached even the oldest cities of Babylonia and Assyria. }}</ref><ref name="Assyrians after Assyria Akkadian to Aramaic">{{cite web |first=Simo |last=Parpola |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Assyrians after Assyria |url=http://www.nineveh.com/Assyrians%20after%20Assyria.html |work=[[Assyriologist]] |publisher=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, Vol. XIII No. 2, |id= |pages= |page= |date=1999 |accessdate= |quote=Distinctively Assyrians names are also found in later Aramaic and Greek texts from Assur, Hatra, Dura-Europus and Palmyra, and continue to be attested until the beginning of the Sasanian period. These names are recognizable from the Assyrian divine names invoked in them; but whereas earlier the other name elements were predominantly Akkadian, they now are exclusively Aramaic. This coupled with the Aramaic script and language of the texts shows that the Assyrians of these later times no longer spoke Akkadian as their mother tongue. In all other respects, however, they continued the traditions of the imperial period. The gods Ashur, Sherua, Istar, Nanaya, Bel, Nabu and Nergal continued to be worshiped in Assur at least until the early third century AD; the local cultic calendar was that of the imperial period; the temple of Ashur was restored in the second century AD; and the stelae of the local rulers resemble those of Assyrian kings in the imperial period. It is also worth pointing out that many of the Aramaic names occurring in the post-empire inscriptions and graffiti from Assur are already attested in imperial texts from the same site that are 800 years older. }}</ref> due in part to the mass relocations enforced by Assyrian kings of the [[Assyria|Neo-Assyrian period]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Hooker |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Mesopotamia, the Assyrians, 1170-612, The Assyrian Period |url=http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/MESO/ASSYRIA.HTM |work= |publisher=Washington State University |id= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> The modern Assyrian identity is therefore believed to be a [[miscegenation]], or [[ethnogenesis]], of the major ethnic groups which inhabited [[Assyrian homeland|Assyria-proper]], which were, for the most part, Assyrian, and to some extent, Aramaean.<ref name="Richard Nelson Frye Syria and Assyria YouTube">{{cite web |first= |last= |authorlink= |author=[[Richard Nelson Frye|Frye, Richard N.]] |coauthors= |title=Assyria and Syria: Synonyms |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KesgkBziUs |work=PhD., Harvard University |publisher=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]] |id= |pages= |page= |date=1992 |accessdate= |quote=The ancient Greek historian, Herodotus, wrote that the Greeks called the Assyrians, by the name Syrian, dropping the A. And that's the first instance we know of, of the distinction in the name, of the same people. Then the Romans, when they conquered the western part of the former Assyrian Empire, they gave the name Syria, to the province, they created, which is today Damascus and Aleppo. So, that is the distinction between Syria, and Assyria. They are the same people, of course. And the ancient Assyrian empire, was the first real, empire in history. What do I mean, it had many different peoples included in the empire, all speaking Aramaic, and becoming what may be called, "Assyrian citizens." That was the first time in history, that we have this. For example, Elamite musicians, were brought to Nineveh, and they were 'made Assyrians' which means, that Assyria, was more than a small country, it was the empire, the whole Fertile Crescent. }}</ref> By the 5th century BC, "Imperial Aramaic" had become lingua franca in the [[Achaemenid Empire]].<ref name="imperial aramaic">[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0073-0548%28195512%2918%3A3%2F4%3C456%3AADOTFC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B. C. by G. R. Driver]</ref>

The Assyrian people are believed to have descended from the ancient Assyrians of [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Aramaic]]: ''Bet-Nahrain'', "''the land of the rivers''"), who, in the [[7th century BC]], controlled a vast [[empire]] which stretched from [[Egypt]] and [[Anatolia]], across the ''land between two rivers'', to western [[Iran]]. Tradition maintains that the history of the Assyrian people stretches back over 6,500 years, to the dawn of Mesopotamian [[civilization]].<ref name="Mesopotamian Religion">http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110693/Mesopotamian-religion</ref> Culturally and linguistically distinct from, although quite influenced by, their neighbours in the [[Middle East]] - the [[Arabs]], [[Persian people|Persians]], [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], and [[Armenians]] - the Assyrians have endured much hardship throughout their recent history as a result of religious and ethnic [[persecution]].<ref>{{cite journal
| quotes =
| author = [[Simo Parpola|Parpola, Simo]]
| date =
| year = 2004
| month =
| title = National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times
| journal = [[Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies]]
| volume = Vol. 18
| issue = No. 2
| pages = pp. 21
| publisher = JAAS
| location =
| issn =
| pmid =
| doi =
| bibcode =
| oclc =
| id =
| url = http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v18n2/Parpola-identity_Article%20-Final.pdf
| language = English
| format = PDF
| accessdate =
| laysummary =
| laysource =
| laydate =
| quote =
}}</ref><ref name="Everyday">{{cite web
|first=
|last=
|authorlink=
|author=
|coauthors=
|title=Assyrians
|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Assyrians.html
|work=
|publisher=World Culture Encyclopedia
|id=
|pages=
|page=
|date=
|accessdate=
|quote= }}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==

Revision as of 14:45, 4 December 2007

Template:Infobox Assyrians The Assyrians (also called Syriacs or Chaldeans; see names of Syriac Christians) are an ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria, but many of whom have migrated to the Caucasus, North America and Western Europe during the past century. Hundreds of thousands more live in Assyrian diaspora and Iraqi refugee communities in Europe, the former Soviet Union, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon.

As a result of persecution in the wake of the First World War, there is now a significant Assyrian diaspora. Major events included the Islamic revolution in Iran,[1] the Simele massacre, and the Assyrian genocide that occurred under Ottoman Turkish rule in the early 1900s. The latest event to hit the Assyrian community is the war in Iraq; of the one million or more Iraqis reported by the United Nations to have fled, forty percent are Assyrian, despite Assyrians comprising only three to five percent of the Iraqi population.[2][3]

History

Main articles: History of the Assyrian people and Assyrian Genocide

The Assyrian people are descended from the population of the ancient Assyrian Empire, which itself emerged from the Akkadian Empire founded by Sargon of Akkad.[4][5][6] Eventually, Assyrian kings conquered Aramaean tribes and assimilated them into the Assyrian empire,[7][8][9] and their language, Aramaic, supplanted the native Akkadian language,[6][10][11] due in part to the mass relocations enforced by Assyrian kings of the Neo-Assyrian period.[12] The modern Assyrian identity is therefore believed to be a miscegenation, or ethnogenesis, of the major ethnic groups which inhabited Assyria-proper, which were, for the most part, Assyrian, and to some extent, Aramaean.[13] By the 5th century BC, "Imperial Aramaic" had become lingua franca in the Achaemenid Empire.[14]

The Assyrian people are believed to have descended from the ancient Assyrians of Mesopotamia (Aramaic: Bet-Nahrain, "the land of the rivers"), who, in the 7th century BC, controlled a vast empire which stretched from Egypt and Anatolia, across the land between two rivers, to western Iran. Tradition maintains that the history of the Assyrian people stretches back over 6,500 years, to the dawn of Mesopotamian civilization.[15] Culturally and linguistically distinct from, although quite influenced by, their neighbours in the Middle East - the Arabs, Persians, Kurds, Turks, and Armenians - the Assyrians have endured much hardship throughout their recent history as a result of religious and ethnic persecution.[16][17]

Demographics

Further information: List of Assyrian settlements
File:Assyrianadministartedareasuggestion2005.jpg
Assyrians in Iraq account for a slight majority in two Ninewa counties, Tel Kaif and Al-Hamdaniya.

Assyrian populations are distributed between the Assyrian homeland and the Assyrian diaspora. There are no official statistics, and estimates of the total number of Syriac Christians vary greatly, between less than one and more than three million, mostly due to the uncertainty of the number of Assyrians Iraq (since the 2003 Iraq war in significant but unknown numbers dislocated to Syria). The diaspora population accounts for roughly 300,000 people,[citation needed] the largest diaspora community in the Near East being in Jordan, and the largest oversea communities found in the United States and in Sweden. The main demographic subdivision is along geographic as well as linguistic and denominational lines, the three main groups being:

In northern Iraq, Assyrians are concentrated in the Ninewa and Dahuk governorates. Assyrian settlements in northwestern Iran are located in the West Azarbaijan Province, those of northeastern Syria in the Al-Hasakah province. Assyrians of Turkey's Southeastern and Eastern Anatolia have mostly moved to the diaspora.

Identity

Assyrian people
Culture
Music
Language
Cuisine
Folk Dance
Religion
Clothing
Settlements
Tribes
Further information: Names of Syriac Christians
Further information: Muslim Assyrians, Arabization, and Kurdification

Assyrians are divided among several churches (see below). They speak and many can read and write modern Assyrian, a dialect of Neo-Aramaic.[18]

In certain areas of the Assyrian homeland, identity within a community depends on a person's village of origin (see List of Assyrian villages) or Christian denomination, for instance Chaldean Catholic.[19]

Assyrians and other ethnic groups feel pressure to identify as "Arabs",[20][21] and "Kurds".[22] Assyrians in Syria, are disappearing as an ethnic group, due to assimilation.[23]

Neo-Aramaic ("Modern Assyrian")[24][25] exhibits is remarkably conservative features compared with Imperial Aramaic,[26] and the earliest European visitors to northern Mesopotamia in modern times encountered a people called "Assyrians" and men with ancient Assyrian names such as Sargon and Sennacherib.[27][28][29] The Assyrians manifested a remarkable degree of linguistic, religious, and cultural continuity from the time of the ancient Greeks, Persians, and Parthians through periods of medieval Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman rule.[30]

Assyrian nationalism emphatically connects Modern Assyrians to the population of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. This connection is disputed,[31] but receives support from Assyriologists like H.W.F. Saggs, Robert D. Biggs and Simo Parpola,[32][33][34] and Iranistics like Richard Nelson Frye.[13][9] They believe that the modern Assyrians truly are the descendants of the ancient Assyrians.[35]

The question of ethnic identity and self-designation is sometimes connected to the scholarly debate on the etymology of "Syria". The question has a long history of academic controversy, but mainstream opinion currently favours that Syria is indeed ultimately derived from the Assyrian term Aššūrāyu.[36][9][37]

Alqosh, located in the midst of Assyrian contemporary civilization.

Rudolf Macuch points out that the Eastern Neo-Aramaic press initially used the term "Syrian" (suryêta) and only much later, with the rise of nationalism, switched to "Assyrian" (atorêta).[38] According to Tsereteli, however, a Georgian equivalent of "Assyrians" appears in ancient Georgian and Armenian documents.[39]

More recent archaeological findings have added to the debate, attesting to the synonymy between the terms "Assyria" and "Syria", including the Çineköy Inscription[36].

DNA analysis that has been conducted "shows that [Assyrians] have a distinct genetic profile that distinguishes their population from any other population."[40] Genetic analysis of the Assyrians of Persia demonstrated that they were "closed" with little "intermixture" with the Muslim Persian population.[41]

Culture

Assyrian child dressed in traditional clothes.
Main article: Assyrian culture

Assyrian culture is dictated by religion. The language is also tied to the church as well for it uses the Syriac language in liturgy. Festivals occur during religious holidays such as Easter and Christmas. There are also secular holidays such as Akitu (the Assyrian New Year).[42]

People often greet and bid relatives farewell with a kiss on each cheek and by saying "Peace be upon you." Others are greeted with a handshake with the right hand only; according to Middle Eastern customs, the left hand is associated with evil. Similarly, shoes may not be left facing up, one may not have their feet facing anyone directly, whistling at night is thought to waken evil spirits, etc.

There are many Assyrian customs that are common in other Middle Eastern cultures. A parent will often place an eye pendant on their baby to prevent "an evil eye being cast upon it". Spitting on anyone or their belongings is seen as a grave insult.

There are Assyrians that are not very religious yet they may be very nationalistic. Assyrians are proud of their heritage, their Christianity, and of speaking the language of Christ. Children are often given Christian or Assyrian names such as Ashur, Sargon, Shamiram, Nineveh, Ninos, Nimrod, etc. Baptism and First Communion are heavily celebrated events similar to how a Bris and a Bar Mitzvah are in Judaism. When an Assyrian person dies, three days after they are buried they gather to celebrate them rising to heaven (as did Jesus), after seven days they again gather to commomerate their passing. A close family member wears only black clothes for forty days or one year as a sign of respect.

Language

Main article: Neo-Aramaic languages
Syriac alphabet
(200 BCE–present)
ܐ    ܒ    ܓ    ܕ    ܗ    ܘ
ܙ    ܚ    ܛ    ܝ    ܟܟ    ܠ
ܡܡ    ܢܢ    ܣ    ܥ    ܦ
ܨ    ܩ    ܪ    ܫ    ܬ

The ancient Assyrian tongue was referred to as the Akkadian language (also called Assyro-Babylonian),[6] an East Semitic language written in cuneiform script. After the Assyrian empire expanded westward, Aramaic gradually became the dominant tongue.[6] Aramaic was declared an auxiliary language by King Ashur-nirari V in 752 BC[citation needed] and became a lingua franca under Achaemenid Dynasty of Persia.[14] By the first century AD, Akkadian was extinct. Modern Syriac, however, shares some of its vocabulary, as both are Semitic languages,[43] and a result of vocabulary remnants from the Akkadian language still being preserved in the modern Syriac language.

Most Assyrians speak a modern form of Syriac,[44] an Eastern Aramaic language whose dialects include Chaldean and Turoyo as well as Assyrian. All are classified as Neo-Aramaic languages and are written using Syriac script, a derivative of the ancient Aramaic script. Assyrians also may speak one or more languages of their country of residence.

To the native speaker, "Syriac" is usually called Soureth or Suryoyo. A wide variety of dialects exist, including Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, and Turoyo. Being stateless, Assyrians also learn the language or languages of their adopted country, usually Arabic, Armenian, Persian or Turkish. In northern Iraq and western Iran, Kurdish is widely spoken.

Recent archaeological evidence includes a statue from Syria with Assyrian and Aramaic inscriptions.[45] It is the oldest known Aramaic text.

Religion

File:Chaldean.jpg
File:Assyrian Church of the East Symbol.JPG
Main article: Syriac Christianity

Assyrians became Christians during the first century AD,[32] though not until during the third century had they all become Christians.[11] Some Assyrians also claim that their ancestors became Christians during the lifetime of Jesus.[46] Jesus spoke of "Men of Nineveh", repenting from their old sins; this refers to when the prophet Jonah visited the Assyrian capital Nineveh:

The men of Nineveh shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for they repented at the preaching of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here.

— Luke 11:32, King James Version

Many members of the following churches consider themselves Assyrian. Ethnic and national identities are deeply intertwined with religion, a legacy of the Ottoman Millet system.

Main Churches

A small minority of Assyrians accepted the Protestant Reformation in the 20th century, possibly due to British influences, and is now organized in the Assyrian Evangelical Church, the Assyrian Pentecostal Church and other Protestant Assyrian groups.

Based on the following Bible passage, many Assyrians hold apocalyptic beliefs regarding the future of their nation:[47]

In that day there shall be a way from Egypt to the Assyrians, and the Assyrian shall enter into Egypt, and the Egyptian to the Assyrians, and the Egyptians shall serve the Assyrian. In that day shall Israel be the third to the Egyptian and the Assyrian: a blessing in the midst of the land, Which the Lord of hosts hath blessed, saying: "Blessed be my people of Egypt, the work of my hands Assyria, and Israel my inheritance."

— Isaiah 19:23-25

Music

Main article: Assyrian music

Assyrian music is divided into three main periods: ancient music written in Ur, Babylon and Nineveh; a middle period of tribal and folkloric music; and the modern period.

Art

Main article: Assyrian art

An Assyrian artistic style distinct from that of Babylonian art which was the dominant contemporary art in Mesopotamia, began to emerge c.1500 B.C. and lasted until the fall of Nineveh in 612 BC. The characteristic Assyrian art form was the polychrome carved stone relief that decorated imperial monuments.

Cuisine

Main article: Assyrian cuisine

Assyrian cuisine is very closely related to other Middle Eastern cuisines, predating both Arab and Turkish cuisine. It is also similar to Armenian, Persian, Israeli and Greek cuisine. It is believed that Assyrians invented baklava in the eighth century BC.[48]

Institutions

The Assyrian flag.

Political parties

Other institutions

Religious divisions

See also

Column-generating template families

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"columns-list" No Yes {{columns-list}} (wraps div col) – –
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Notes and References

  1. ^ Dr. Eden Naby. "Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ "Assyrian Christians 'Most Vulnerable Population' in Iraq". The Christian Post. Retrieved 2006-12-05. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ "Iraq's Christian community, fights for its survival". Christian World News. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ Early History of Assyria, By Sidney Smith, University of Michigan, 1928
  5. ^ http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=AE_Chart
  6. ^ a b c d http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005290/Akkadian-language#62711.hook
  7. ^ Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. Vol. 18 (No. 2). JAAS: pp. 8-9. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help); |pages= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laysource=, |laydate=, |month=, |laysummary=, and |quotes= (help)
  8. ^ see e.g. Jewish Encyclopedia, s.v. Aram.
  9. ^ a b c Frye, Richard N. (1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Vol. 51 (No. 4). JNES: pp. 281-285. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help); |pages= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laysource=, |laydate=, |month=, |laysummary=, and |quotes= (help)
  10. ^ "The History of Ancient Mesopotamia". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. By this time the process of "Aramaicization" had reached even the oldest cities of Babylonia and Assyria. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ a b Parpola, Simo (1999). "Assyrians after Assyria". Assyriologist. Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, Vol. XIII No. 2,. Distinctively Assyrians names are also found in later Aramaic and Greek texts from Assur, Hatra, Dura-Europus and Palmyra, and continue to be attested until the beginning of the Sasanian period. These names are recognizable from the Assyrian divine names invoked in them; but whereas earlier the other name elements were predominantly Akkadian, they now are exclusively Aramaic. This coupled with the Aramaic script and language of the texts shows that the Assyrians of these later times no longer spoke Akkadian as their mother tongue. In all other respects, however, they continued the traditions of the imperial period. The gods Ashur, Sherua, Istar, Nanaya, Bel, Nabu and Nergal continued to be worshiped in Assur at least until the early third century AD; the local cultic calendar was that of the imperial period; the temple of Ashur was restored in the second century AD; and the stelae of the local rulers resemble those of Assyrian kings in the imperial period. It is also worth pointing out that many of the Aramaic names occurring in the post-empire inscriptions and graffiti from Assur are already attested in imperial texts from the same site that are 800 years older. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  12. ^ Hooker, Richard. "Mesopotamia, the Assyrians, 1170-612, The Assyrian Period". Washington State University. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ a b Frye, Richard N. (1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms". PhD., Harvard University. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. The ancient Greek historian, Herodotus, wrote that the Greeks called the Assyrians, by the name Syrian, dropping the A. And that's the first instance we know of, of the distinction in the name, of the same people. Then the Romans, when they conquered the western part of the former Assyrian Empire, they gave the name Syria, to the province, they created, which is today Damascus and Aleppo. So, that is the distinction between Syria, and Assyria. They are the same people, of course. And the ancient Assyrian empire, was the first real, empire in history. What do I mean, it had many different peoples included in the empire, all speaking Aramaic, and becoming what may be called, "Assyrian citizens." That was the first time in history, that we have this. For example, Elamite musicians, were brought to Nineveh, and they were 'made Assyrians' which means, that Assyria, was more than a small country, it was the empire, the whole Fertile Crescent. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^ a b Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B. C. by G. R. Driver
  15. ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110693/Mesopotamian-religion
  16. ^ Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. Vol. 18 (No. 2). JAAS: pp. 21. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help); |pages= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laysource=, |laydate=, |month=, |laysummary=, and |quotes= (help)
  17. ^ "Assyrians". World Culture Encyclopedia. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ Florian Coulmas, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems 23 (1996)
  19. ^ Note on the Modern Assyrians
  20. ^ Iraqi Assyrians: A Barometer of Pluralism
  21. ^ http://www.aina.org/releases/20070416140021.htm
  22. ^ http://www.aina.org/news/20061120133220.htm
  23. ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-29952/Syria#404105.hook
  24. ^ "Assyrians". Historians and linguists use the term "modern Assyrian" to refer to the language spoken by the modern Assyrians. see: Andrew Dalby, Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages (2004): 32; Dr. J. F. Coakley, "The First Modern Assyrian Printed Book," Journal of the Assyrian Academic Society, vol. 9 (1995)
  25. ^ Eden Naby & Michael E. Hopper eds., The Assyrian Experience: Sources for the study of the 19th and 20th centuries: from the holdings of the Harvard University Libraries (with a selected bibliography) (Cambridge, MA: Harvard College Library, 1999)
  26. ^ J.G. Browne, ‘‘The Assyrians,’’ Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 85 (1937)
  27. ^ George Percy Badger, The Christians of Assyria Commonly Called Nestorians (London: W.H. Bartlett, 1869)
  28. ^ J.F. Coakley, The Church of the East and the Church of England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), pp. 5, 89, 99, 149, 366–67, 382, 411
  29. ^ Michael D. Coogan, ed., The Oxford History of the Biblical World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 279
  30. ^ Fred Aprim, Assyrians: The Continuous Saga (Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2004); ‘‘Parthia,’’ in The Cambridge Ancient History: The Roman Republic, 2nd ed., vol. 3, pt. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 597–98; Patricia Crone and Michael Cook, Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 55–60; ‘‘Ashurbanipal and the Fall of Assyria,’’ in The Cambridge Ancient History: The Assyrian Empire, vol. 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954), 130–31; A.T. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), 168; Albert Hourani, Minorities in the Arab World (London: Oxford University Press, 1947), 99; Aubrey Vine, The Nestorian Churches (London: Independent Press, 1937); Flavius Josephus, The Antiquities of the Jews, trans. William Whiston (1737), bk. 13, ch. 6, http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-13.htm; Simo Parpola, ‘‘National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in the Post-Empire Times,’’ Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 18, 2 (2004): 16–17; Simo Parpola, ‘‘Assyrians after Assyria,’’ Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 12, 2 (2000): 1–13; R.N. Frye, ‘‘A Postscript to My Article [Assyria and Syria: Synonyms],’’ Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 11 (1997): 35–36; R.N. Frye, ‘‘Assyria and Syria: Synonyms,’’ Journal of the Near East Society 51 (1992): 281–85; Michael G. Morony, Iraq after the Muslim Conquest (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 336, 345; J.G. Browne, ‘‘The Assyrians,’’ Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 85 (1937)
  31. ^ Smith, Sidney (1925). "Early History of Assyria to 1000 B.C." The disappearance of the Assyrian people will always remain a unique and striking phenomenon in ancient history. Other, similar kingdoms and empires have indeed passed away but the people have lived on... No other land seems to have been sacked and pillaged so completely as was Assyria. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  32. ^ a b Saggs, H.W.F. (1984). The Might That Was Assyria. Sidgwick & Jackson. pp. pp. 290. ISBN 0283989610. OCLC 10569174. The destruction of the Assyrian empire did not wipe out its population. They were predominantly peasant farmers, and since Assyria contains some of the best wheat land in the Near East, descendants of the Assyrian peasants would, as opportunity permitted, build new villages over the old cities and carry on with agricultural life, remembering traditions of the former cities. After seven or eight centuries and various vicissitudes, these people became Christians. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |month=, |chapterurl=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)
  33. ^ Robert D. Biggs (2005). "My Career in Assyrialogy and Near Eastern Archaeology". Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. Vol. 19 (No. 1). JAAS: pp. 14. I think there is very likelihood that ancient Assyrians are among the ancestors of the modern Assyrians of the area. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help); |pages= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laysource=, |laydate=, |month=, |laysummary=, and |quotes= (help)
  34. ^ Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. Vol. 18 (No. 2). JAAS: pp. 22. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help); |pages= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laysource=, |laydate=, |month=, |laysummary=, and |quotes= (help)
  35. ^ Parpola, Simo. "Assyrians after Assyria". Assyriologist. University of Helsinki. Retrieved 1999-09-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  36. ^ a b Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The terms “Assyria” and “Syria” again" (PDF). Assyriology. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 65(4). pp. 284–287. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  37. ^ Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. Vol. 18 (No. 2). JAAS: pp. 16. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help); |pages= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laysource=, |laydate=, |month=, |laysummary=, and |quotes= (help)
  38. ^ Rudolf Macuch, Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur, New York: de Gruyter, 1976.
  39. ^ Tsereteli, Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk, Moscow: Nauka, 1964.
  40. ^ Cite error: The named reference Assyrian DNA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  41. ^ M.T. Akbari, Sunder S. Papiha, D.F. Roberts, and Daryoush D. Farhud, ‘‘Genetic Differentiation among Iranian Christian Communities,’’ American Journal of Human Genetics 38 (1986): 84–98
  42. ^ The Assyrian New Year
  43. ^ Akkadian Words in Modern Assyrian
  44. ^ The British Survey, By British Society for International Understanding, 1968, page 3
  45. ^ A Statue from Syria with Assyrian and Aramaic Inscriptions
  46. ^ http://www.abc.net.au/rn/religionreport/stories/2007/1937124.htm
  47. ^ Assyria in Prophecy
  48. ^ History of Baklava, Turkish Culture: Baklava, Baklava War Intesifies, Baklava


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