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Coordinates: 25°43′07″N 32°39′27″E / 25.71874°N 32.6574°E / 25.71874; 32.6574
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{{Short description|Inscribed gate in the Karnak Temple Complex}}
{{coord|25.71874|N|32.6574|E|region:EG_type:landmark|display=title}}
{{coord|25.71874|N|32.6574|E|region:EG_type:landmark|display=title}}
[[File:Karnak Tempel 19.jpg|thumb|200px|The temple wall depicts a list of city states conquered by Shoshenq I in his Near Eastern military campaigns.]]
[[File:Karnak Tempel 19.jpg|thumb|200px|The temple wall depicts a list of city states conquered by Shoshenq I in his Near Eastern military campaigns.]]


The '''Bubastite Portal''' gate is located in [[Karnak]], within the [[Precinct of Amun-Re]] temple complex, between the temple of [[Ramesses III]] and the second pylon. It records the conquests and military campaigns in c.925 BC of [[Shoshenq I]], of the [[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-second Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luxor-on-line.com/temple-silsila.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-09-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204031952/http://www.luxor-on-line.com/temple-silsila.html |archivedate=2012-02-04 }}</ref> Shoshenq has been identified with the biblical [[Shishaq]], such that the relief is also known as the '''Shishak Inscription''' or '''Shishaq Relief'''.<ref>http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Relief_and_Stelae_of_Pharaoh_Shoshenq_I:_Rehoboam’s_Tribute,_c._925_BCE{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The '''Bubastite Portal''' gate is located in [[Karnak]], within the [[Precinct of Amun-Re]] temple complex, between the temple of [[Ramesses III]] and the second pylon. It records the conquests and military campaigns {{Circa}} 925 BC of [[Shoshenq I]], of the [[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-second Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luxor-on-line.com/temple-silsila.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-09-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204031952/http://www.luxor-on-line.com/temple-silsila.html |archivedate=2012-02-04 }}</ref> Shoshenq has been identified with the biblical [[Shishaq]], such that the relief is also known as the '''Shishak Inscription''' or '''Shishaq Relief'''.<ref>http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Relief_and_Stelae_of_Pharaoh_Shoshenq_I:_Rehoboam’s_Tribute,_c._925_BCE {{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Royaume de Juda Personnifie,.jpeg|thumb|left|Champollion's 1829 drawing of a [[cartouche]] showing the name "ydhmrk". Champollion's 1829 read of this name as "King of Judah" has been discredited by modern scholars, who generally accept that the phrase refers to "[[Yad]] Hemmelek" ("Hand of the King"), although it has also been interpreted as "[[Juttah]] of the King"<ref name="Wilson2001">{{cite book|author=Kevin A. Wilson|title=The Campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I Into Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovkJkAEACAAJ|year=2001|publisher=UMI|pages=162-163}}</ref>]]
[[File:Royaume de Juda Personnifie,.jpeg|thumb|left|Champollion's 1829 drawing of a [[cartouche]] showing the name "ydhmrk". Champollion's 1829 read of this name as "King of Judah" has been discredited by modern scholars, who generally accept that the phrase refers to "[[Yad]] Hemmelek" ("Hand of the King"), although it has also been interpreted as "[[Juttah]] of the King"<ref name="Wilson2001">{{cite book|author=Kevin A. Wilson|title=The Campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I Into Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovkJkAEACAAJ|year=2001|publisher=UMI|pages=162–163}}</ref>]]
This gate was erected by the kings of the [[Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt]], also known as the "Bubastite Dynasty". It is located to the south-east side of the Temple of Ramesses III.
This gate was erected by the kings of the [[Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt]], also known as the "Bubastite Dynasty". It is located to the south-east side of the Temple of Ramesses III.


Although Karnak had been known to Europeans since the end of the Middle Ages, the possible significance of the Bubastite Portal was not apparent prior to the decipherment of hieroglyphics. [[Jean-François Champollion]] visited Karnak in 1828, six years after his publication of the [[Rosetta Stone]] translation. In his letters he wrote:
Although Karnak had been known to Europeans since the end of the Middle Ages, the possible significance of the Bubastite Portal was not apparent prior to the decipherment of hieroglyphs. [[Jean-François Champollion]] visited Karnak in 1828, six years after his publication of the [[Rosetta Stone]] translation. In his letters he wrote:
{{blockquote
{{quote
|text = In this wonderful palace, I observed the portraits of most of the old Pharaohs known for their great deeds.... we see people fighting enemies Mandoueï of Egypt, and returning in triumph to his homeland, farther campaigns Ramses-Sesostris also Sésonchis dragging the foot of the [[Theban Triad]] ([[Amun]], [[Mut]] and [[Khonsu]]) defeating thirty conquered nations, among which I found, as it should be, in full, Ioudahamalek, the kingdom of Judah, or the Jews. This matches the commentary in 1 Kings 14, which recounts the successful arrival of Sésonchis at Jerusalem: the identity that we have established between the Egyptian Sheschonck the Sésonchis of [[Manetho]] and Scheschôk or [[Shishak]] of the Bible, is confirmed in the most satisfactory manner.
|text = "In this wonderful palace, I have contemplated the portraits of most of the old Pharaohs known for their great deeds, and these are true portraits.... one sees Mandoueï fighting the enemies of Egypt, and returning as triumphator to his homeland; farther along [in the series of images, one sees] the campaigns of Ramses-Sesostris; elsewhere, [one sees] Sésonchis hanging about at the feet of the Theban trinity ([[Amun]], [[Mut]] and [[Khonsu]]), [and] the chiefs of more than thirty conquered nations, among which I found, as it should have been, fully spelled out, Ioudahamalek, "the kingdom of the Jews," or "[the kingdom] of Judah". There is in that [inscription] a commentary to connect to chapter 14 of the third book of Kings, which recounts in effect the arrival of Sésonchis (Sheshonq) at Jerusalem and his success [there]: thus, the identity that we have established between the Egyptian Sheschonck, the Sésonchis of [[Manetho]] and the [[Shishak]] or Scheschôk of the Bible is confirmed in the most satisfactory manner."
|sign = [[Jean-François Champollion]]
|sign = [[Jean-François Champollion]]
|source = Lettres ecrites d'Egypte et de Nubie en 1828 et 1829<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10764/10764-h/10764-h.htm Lettres ecrites d'Egypte et de Nubie en 1828 et 1829] In the original French: "Dans ce palais merveilleux, j'ai contemplé les portraits de la plupart des vieux Pharaons connus par leurs grandes actions, et ce sont des portraits véritables; représentés cent fois dans les bas-reliefs des murs intérieurs et extérieurs, chacun conserve une physionomie propre et qui n'a aucun rapport avec celle de ses prédécesseurs ou successeurs; là, dans des tableaux colossals, d'une sculpture véritablement grande et tout héroïque, plus parfaite qu'on ne peut le croire en Europe, on voit Mandoueï combattant les peuples ennemis de l'Égypte, et rentrant en triomphateur dans sa patrie; plus loin, les campagnes de Rhamsès-Sésostris; ailleurs, Sésonchis traînant aux pieds de la Trinité thébaine (Ammon, Mouth et Khons) les chefs de plus de trente nations vaincues, parmi lesquelles j'ai retrouvé, comme cela devait être, en toutes lettres, Ioudahamalek, le royaume des Juifs ou de Juda (Pl. 2.) C'est là un commentaire à joindre au chapitre XIV du troisième livre des Rois, qui raconte en effet l'arrivée de Sésonchis à Jérusalem et ses succès: ainsi l'identité que nous avons établie entre le Sheschonck égyptien, le Sésonchis de Manéthon et le Sésac ou Scheschôk de la Bible, est confirmée de la manière la plus satisfaisante. J'ai trouvé autour des palais de Karnac une foule d'édifices de toutes les époques, et lorsque, au retour de la seconde cataracte vers laquelle je fais voile demain, je viendrai m'établir pour cinq ou six mois à Thèbes, je m'attends à une récolte immense de faits historiques, puisque, en courant Thèbes comme je l'ai fait pendant quatre jours, sans voir même un seul des milliers d'hypogées qui criblent la montagne libyque, j'ai déjà recueilli des documents fort importants."</ref>
|source = Lettres ecrites d'Egypte et de Nubie en 1828 et 1829<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10764/10764-h/10764-h.htm Lettres ecrites d'Egypte et de Nubie en 1828 et 1829] In the original French: "Dans ce palais merveilleux, j'ai contemplé les portraits de la plupart des vieux Pharaons connus par leurs grandes actions, et ce sont des portraits véritables; représentés cent fois dans les bas-reliefs des murs intérieurs et extérieurs, chacun conserve une physionomie propre et qui n'a aucun rapport avec celle de ses prédécesseurs ou successeurs; là, dans des tableaux colossals, d'une sculpture véritablement grande et tout héroïque, plus parfaite qu'on ne peut le croire en Europe, on voit Mandoueï combattant les peuples ennemis de l'Égypte, et rentrant en triomphateur dans sa patrie; plus loin, les campagnes de Rhamsès-Sésostris; ailleurs, Sésonchis traînant aux pieds de la Trinité thébaine (Ammon, Mouth et Khons) les chefs de plus de trente nations vaincues, parmi lesquelles j'ai retrouvé, comme cela devait être, en toutes lettres, Ioudahamalek, le royaume des Juifs ou de Juda (Pl. 2.) C'est là un commentaire à joindre au chapitre XIV du troisième livre des Rois, qui raconte en effet l'arrivée de Sésonchis à Jérusalem et ses succès: ainsi l'identité que nous avons établie entre le Sheschonck égyptien, le Sésonchis de Manéthon et le Sésac ou Scheschôk de la Bible, est confirmée de la manière la plus satisfaisante. J'ai trouvé autour des palais de Karnac une foule d'édifices de toutes les époques, et lorsque, au retour de la seconde cataracte vers laquelle je fais voile demain, je viendrai m'établir pour cinq ou six mois à Thèbes, je m'attends à une récolte immense de faits historiques, puisque, en courant Thèbes comme je l'ai fait pendant quatre jours, sans voir même un seul des milliers d'hypogées qui criblent la montagne libyque, j'ai déjà recueilli des documents fort importants."</ref>
Line 16: Line 17:


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Bubastis portal at Karnak.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Portal showing [[cartouche]]s of [[Sheshonq I]]]]
[[File:Bubastis portal at Karnak.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Portal showing [[cartouche]]s of [[Shoshenq I]]]]
One facade shows King Sheshonq I, Teklot and Osorkon of the 22nd dynasty, making offerings to the gods and goddesses. Another scene shows Sheshonq grasping a group of captives by the hair and smiting them by his mace. Behind and below him, there are the names of Canaanite towns in several rows. Many of these are lost, but originally there were 156 names and one of the most interesting names which were mentioned is 'The Field of Abram' . The inscriptions give no details for this expedition and mentioned only the victory over the Asiatics.
One facade shows King Shoshenq I, [[Takelot I]], and [[Osorkon I]] of the [[Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt]] making offerings to the [[Ancient Egyptian deities|gods and goddesses]]. Another scene shows Shoshenq grasping a group of captives by the hair and smiting them by his mace. Behind and below him are the names of Canaanite towns in several rows. Many of these are lost, but initially, there were 156 names, and one of the most exciting names mentioned is 'The Field of Abram.' The inscriptions give no details about this expedition and mention only the victory over the [[Aamu|Asiatics]] ([[:wikt:ꜥꜣm|ꜥꜣm.w]]).{{cn|date=July 2024}}


==Transliterations and translations==
==Transliterations and translations==
Below is a translation of the 156 names on the inscription.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kevin A. Wilson|title=The Campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I Into Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovkJkAEACAAJ|year=2001|publisher=UMI}}</ref>
Below is a translation of the one hundred fifty-five names on the inscription.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kevin A. Wilson|title=The Campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I Into Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovkJkAEACAAJ|year=2001|publisher=UMI}}</ref>


===Section >
===Section >
<poem>
<poem>
'''Row I - Listing of the [[Nine bows]]'''
'''Row I - Listing of the [[Nine bows]]'''
1. tirsy- Southern Land (i.e. Upper Egypt)
1. tꜣ rsy - Southern Land (i.e. Upper Egypt)
2. ti mhw = Northern Land (i.e. Lower Egypt)
2. tꜣ mḥw = Northern Land (i.e. Lower Egypt)
3. iwn.tiw = Tribesmen
3. jwn.tjw = Tribesmen
4. ṯhnw = [[Ancient Libya|Tjehenu]]
4. thnw = Libyans
5. sht[-iimw\ - Sekhet[-Iam]
5. sḫt[-jꜣmw] - Field [of tents]
6. mn[.tiw] = Beduin
6. mn[.tjw] = Bedouin
7. pd[.tiwswi\= Bow[men of the feather]
7. pḏ[.tjw swt] = Bow[men of the feather]
8. Sit = Upper Nubia
8. šꜣt = Swamp (Upper [[Nubia]])
9. /tf[.wwi]<b.w = Northerners
9. ḥꜣ[.w-n]b.w = Northerners
</poem>
</poem>


===Section Two - Coastal plain, Shephelah, Meggido plain and Jezreel plain===
===Section Two - Coastal plain, Shephelah, Meggido plain and Jezreel plain===
<poem>
<poem>
10. mi.ti Tr.f] = Copy of the [scroll]
10. mj.tj ꜥ[r.t] = Copy of the [scroll]
11. St 1
11. g[...] = unknown
12. m[ ]i[] = Makkedah
12. m[]ꜣ[] = [[Makkedah]]
13. rbt = Rubate
13. rwbꜣ = [[Rubutu|Rubate]]


'''Row II'''
'''Row II'''
14. r&lt;7i*/ = Ta'anach
14. tꜣꜥnkj = [[Taanach]]
15. Snmi = Shunem
15. šꜣnmꜥ = [[Shunem]]
16. btSnri = Beth-Shean
16. bꜣtšꜣn swr = [[Beit She'an|Beth-Shean]]
17. r#H = Rehob
17. rwꜣḫbꜣ = [[Rehob]]
18. hprmi = Hapharaim
18. ꜣḫpwrwm = [[Hapharaim]]
19. idrm = Adoraim (unknown locality in [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israelite Kingdom]], different from [[Dura, Hebron|Adoraim in Judah]]) <ref name=Junkkaala>Junkkaala, Eero. "Three conquests of Canaan: a comparative study of two Egyptian military campaigns and Joshua 10-12 in the light of recent archaeological evidence." (2006).</ref><ref name="Aharoni1979">{{cite book|author=Yohanan Aharoni|title=The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMtoyNxWw0UC&pg=PA327|date=1 January 1979|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-24266-4|page=327}}</ref>
19. jdrw[m] = Adoraim (unknown locality in [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israelite Kingdom]], different from [[Dura, Hebron|Adoraim in Judah]]) <ref name=Junkkaala>Junkkaala, Eero. "Three conquests of Canaan: a comparative study of two Egyptian military campaigns and Joshua 10-12 in the light of recent archaeological evidence." (2006).</ref><ref name="Aharoni1979">{{cite book|author=Yohanan Aharoni|title=The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMtoyNxWw0UC&pg=PA327|date=1 January 1979|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-24266-4|page=327}}</ref>
20. destroyed
20. (destroyed)
21. šꜣꜣwꜣd = unknown
21. Swd
22. mhnm - Mahanaim
22. mjꜣḥꜣnjmꜥ - [[Mahanaim]]
23. &lt;7&&lt;7i = Gibeon
23. qbꜣꜥꜣnꜣ = [[Gibeon (ancient city)|Gibeon]]
24. bthwrn = Beth-Horon
24. bꜣtꜣḥwꜣrwn = [[Bethoron|Beth-Horon]]
25. qdtm = Kiriath-jearim or Gath-Gittaim
25. qꜣdṯm = [[Kiriath-Jearim|Kiriath-jearim]] or [[Gittaim|Gath-Gittaim]]
26. iywrn = Aijalon
26. jywrwn = [[Aijalon]]


'''Row III'''
'''Row III'''
27. mkdi = Megiddo
27. mjkdjw = [[Tel Megiddo|Megiddo]]
28. Wr = Adar
28. jdrw = (Ataroth-)Addar
29. ydhmrk = Yad Hammelek
29. ywd-hꜥmrwk = Yad Hammelek ("hand of the king")
30. [ ]rr
30. []rwt = unknown
31. hinm = Henam
31. ḥꜣjꜣnm = Henam
32. c rn = Aruna
32. ꜥꜣrn = [[Wadi Ara|Aruna]]
33. brm = Borim
33. bꜣrwmꜣꜥ = [[Burin, Nablus|Borim]]
34. ddptr = Giti-Padalla
34. ḏꜣdpṯrw = Giti-Padalla
35. y[]h[]m = Yehem
35. y[]hꜣ[]mꜣ = Yehem
36. bfrm = Beth 'Olam
36. bꜣtꜥꜣrwmmꜣ = Beth 'Olam
37. kꜣꜥqꜣrw = unknown
37. kqr
38. £/* = Socoh
38. šꜣjwkꜣ = [[Sokho|Socoh]]
39. bttp = Beth-Tappuah
39. bꜣttꜣpw = Beth-Tappuah


'''Row IV'''
'''Row IV'''
40. ibri
40. jbꜣrjꜣ = unknown
41. [ ]htp
41. [...]ḥtp = unknown
42. destroyed
42. (destroyed)
43. destroyed
43. (destroyed)
44. destroyed
44. (destroyed)
45. btdb[ ]
45. bꜣtḏb[...] = unknown
46. nbk[ ]
46. nbk[...] = unknown
47. [ ]/[ ]
47. [...]i[...] = unknown
48. destroyed
48. (destroyed)
49. destroyed
49. (destroyed)
50. destroyed
50. (destroyed)
51. [ \ssd[\
51. [...]ssḏ[...] = unknown
52. destroyed
52. (destroyed)


'''Row V'''
'''Row V'''
53. [p]nir = Penuel
53. [p]nwjrw = [[Penuel]]
54. ꜣḥꜣdšꜣt = Hadashah?
54. hdSt
55. pktṯ / pꜣ-wr-ktṯ = unknown / "The great ''ktṯ''{{px2}}"
55. pktt / pi-wr-ktt
56. idmi = Adam
56. jdmjꜣ = [[City of Adam|Adam]]
57. dmrm = Zemaraim
57. ḏꜣ[m]rwmmꜣ = Zemaraim
58. [ ]&lt;/r = Migdol
58. [...]drw = [[Migdol]]
59. [ ]/tf/ = Tirzah
59. [...]rwḏꜣjꜣ = [[Tirzah (ancient city)|Tirzah]]
60. [ ]/ir
60. [...]nꜣrw = unknown
61. [ l/[]
61. [...]j = unknown
62. destroyed
62. (destroyed)
63. destroyed
63. (destroyed)
64. [ ]#m
64. [...]gꜣpn = unknown
65. pi- r mq = The Valley
65. pꜣ-ꜥmq = "The valley"
</poem>
</poem>


Line 107: Line 108:
<poem>
<poem>
'''Row VI'''
'''Row VI'''
66. r W/ = Ezem / Umm el-Azam
66. ꜥꜣjꜣḏꜣj = [[Ezem]]
67. jnꜣrw = unknown
67. inr
68. pihqri = the fort
68. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = "the fort"
69. ftiSi = Photis
69. ftjywšꜣj = [[Ofakim|Photis]]
70. irhrr = Jehallel / El-Hallal
70. jrhrwrw = Jehallel / El-Hallal
71. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = "the fort"
71. plhqri
72. mrbꜣrmj = unknown
72. ibrm
73. Sbrt = stream
73. šꜣbꜣrwṯ = "stream"
74. ngbry = of (Ezion-)Geber
74. ngbꜣrwy = of [[Ezion-Geber|(Ezion-)Geber]]
75. Sbrt = stream
75. šꜣbꜣrwṯ = "stream"
76. wꜣꜣrkytj = unknown
76. wrkt
77. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = "the fort"
77. pihqri
78. n c dyt
78. nꜥḏꜣytj = unknown
79. dd[ ]/
79. dd[ ]j = unknown
80. dpqi = Sapek
80. ḏꜣpꜣqj = Sapek
81. m[Vl 1
81. mj[]j[] = unknown
82. tp[ ]
82. tꜣp[...] = unknown


'''Row VII'''
'''Row VII'''
83. gꜣnꜣt = unknown
83. gnit
84. /?4ng6 = TheNegev
84. pꜣ nꜣgbw = "The [[Negev]]"
85. ꜥꜣḏꜣḥꜥṯ = unknown
85. r dht
86. tꜣšdnꜣw = unknown
86. tSdnw
87. pi hqr[t]
87. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrw[t] = "the fort"
88. šꜣnꜣyj = unknown
88. Snyi
89. hꜣqꜣ = unknown
89. he/
90. pi ng[b] = The Neg[ev]
90. pꜣ ng[bw] = "The Neg[ev]"
91. wꜣhṯrwwꜣk[...] = unknown
91. whtwrk[ ]
92. pi ngb = The Negev
92. pꜣ nꜣgbw = "The Negev"
93. jšꜣḥtjw[t] = [[Shuah#1_Chronicles_4|Shuhah]]?
93. tfM'l
94. pꜣ ꜣḥgrwj = "the fort"
94. plhgri
95. ꜣḥꜣnnj = (Ben-)Hanan
95. hnnl
96. pꜣ ꜣḥgrwj = "the fort"
96. pihgri
97. irqd = El-Gad
97. jrwqꜣd = El-Gad
98. jdꜣmꜣmt = unknown
98. [id\mmt
99. ꜣḥꜣnꜣny = (Ben-)Hanan
99. hnni


'''Row VIII'''
'''Row VIII'''
100. Wr/ = Adar
100. jdrj = Adar
101. pꜣ ꜣḥgrw = "the fort"
101. plhgri
102. [trw]n
102. [ṯrwꜣ]ꜣn = Tilon?
103. hydbi = Highlands/Hilltop
103. ꜣḥydbsꜣ = "Highlands"?
104. 5rnrm = Shaaraim
104. šꜣrwnrwjm = [[Shaaraim]]
105. [ ]y[ ] = Highlands/Hilltop
105. []y[...] = "Highlands"?
106. djwtי = Juttah
106. dwꜣꜣṯ = unknown
107. hqrm
107. ꜣḥqrwjm = "forts"
108. r rd/r = Arad
108. ꜥꜣrwdjꜣt = [[Tel Arad|Arad]]
109. [rbt] = Great
109. [rwbꜣṯ] = "Great"
110. r r&lt;// = Arad
110. ꜥꜣrwdjt = Arad (Tel Malhata?)
111. nbꜣpꜣttṯ = unknown
111. nbtr
112. yrhm = Yeroham
112. yꜣrẖjm = [[Yeruham|Yeroham]]
113. [ 1/
113. [...]j = unknown
114. destroyed
114. (destroyed)
115. destroyed
115. (destroyed)
116. /rf[r]/
116. jd[...] = unknown


'''Row IX'''
'''Row IX'''
117. [idr ] = Addar
117. [jdr...] = Adar
118. [bi\
118. [...bꜣyj] = unknown
119. [M
119. [...ḥgj] = unknown
120. [ ]ryk
120. []ꜣrywk = unknown
121. frwtjmjj = [[Cherethites and Pelethites|Peleth]]?
121. frtmi = Peleth
122. [ꜥ]tbꜣr = unknown
122. \i\br
123. bpꜣjrwrḏꜣ = unknown
123. brrd
124. bfnt = Beth-Anath
124. bꜣṯꜥnṯ = [[Beth-Anath]]
125. Srhn = Sharuhen
125. šꜣrꜣḥꜣn = [[Sharuhen]]
126. irmtn = El-mattan
126. jrmꜥṯn = El-mattan
127. g/ri = Goren
127. grwn = "threshing floor"?
128. jdꜣmꜣm = unknown
128. idmm
129. [ lr/j/
129. [...]rꜣḥṯ = unknown
130. [ ]r
130. [...]r = unknown
131. mr[ ]
131. mꜥrw[...] = unknown
132. irr[ ]
132. jrwr[...] = unknown
133. ywrwꜣ[...] = [[Yursa|Yurza]]
133. yd 1


'''Row X'''
'''Row X'''
134. destroyed
134. (destroyed)
135. destroyed
135. (destroyed)
136. destroyed
136. (destroyed)
137. destroyed
137. (destroyed)
138. destroyed
138. (destroyed)
139. yrhm = Yehoram
139. ywrḥm = Yehoram
140. /&lt;rt = Onam
140. jwnn = Onam
141. destroyed
141. (destroyed)
142. [ ]g[ ]
142. ꜣg[...] = Unknown
143. destroyed
143. (destroyed)
144. destroyed
144. (destroyed)
145. m[k ]
145. mꜥ[...] = unknown
146. i[]d[r ]
146. j[]d[...] = unknown
147. destroyed
147. (destroyed)
148. destroyed
148. (destroyed)
149. [ ]3
149. [...]ꜣ = unknown
150. yrdn
150. ywrwdn = uncertain


'''Row X extension'''
'''Row X extension'''
1a. šꜣrwdd = unknown
la. Srdd
2a. rph = Raphiah
2a. rpꜣḥ = Raphiah
3a. r&n = Laban
3a. rwbn = Laban
4a. c ngrn
4a. ꜥngrwn = unknown
5a. hm
5a. hꜣm = unknown
</poem>
</poem>


Line 213: Line 214:


<blockquote> In the fifth year of King [[Rehoboam]], because they had been unfaithful to the LORD, [[Shishaq]] king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem with 1,200 chariots and 60,000 horsemen. And the people were without number who came with him from Egypt— Libyans, Sukkiim, and Ethiopians. And he took the fortified cities of Judah and came as far as [[Jerusalem]]. Then [[Shemaiah (prophet)|Shemaiah]] the prophet came to Rehoboam and to the princes of Judah, who had gathered at Jerusalem because of Shishak, and said to them, "Thus says the LORD, 'You abandoned me, so I have abandoned you to the hand of Shishaq.'" Then the princes of Israel and the king humbled themselves and said, "The LORD is righteous." When the LORD saw that they humbled themselves, the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah: "They have humbled themselves. I will not destroy them, but I will grant them some deliverance, and my wrath shall not be poured out on Jerusalem by the hand of Shishaq. Nevertheless, they shall be servants to him, that they may know my service and the service of the kingdoms of the countries."
<blockquote> In the fifth year of King [[Rehoboam]], because they had been unfaithful to the LORD, [[Shishaq]] king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem with 1,200 chariots and 60,000 horsemen. And the people were without number who came with him from Egypt— Libyans, Sukkiim, and Ethiopians. And he took the fortified cities of Judah and came as far as [[Jerusalem]]. Then [[Shemaiah (prophet)|Shemaiah]] the prophet came to Rehoboam and to the princes of Judah, who had gathered at Jerusalem because of Shishak, and said to them, "Thus says the LORD, 'You abandoned me, so I have abandoned you to the hand of Shishaq.'" Then the princes of Israel and the king humbled themselves and said, "The LORD is righteous." When the LORD saw that they humbled themselves, the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah: "They have humbled themselves. I will not destroy them, but I will grant them some deliverance, and my wrath shall not be poured out on Jerusalem by the hand of Shishaq. Nevertheless, they shall be servants to him, that they may know my service and the service of the kingdoms of the countries."
So Shishaq king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem. He took away the treasures of the house of the LORD and the treasures of the king’s house. He took away everything. He also took away the shields of gold that Solomon had made, and King Rehoboam made in their place shields of bronze and committed them to the hands of the officers of the guard, who kept the door of the king’s house. And as often as the king went into the house of the LORD, the guard came and carried them and brought them back to the guardroom. And when he humbled himself the wrath of the LORD turned from him, so as not to make a complete destruction. Moreover, conditions were good in Judah.<ref>modified{{Clarification needed|date=January 2016}} after http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%2010-12;&version=47;</ref></blockquote>
So Shishaq king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem. He took away the treasures of the house of the LORD and the treasures of the king’s house. He took away everything. He also took away the shields of gold that Solomon had made, and King Rehoboam made in their place shields of bronze and committed them to the hands of the officers of the guard, who kept the door of the king’s house. And as often as the king went into the house of the LORD, the guard came and carried them and brought them back to the guardroom. And when he humbled himself the wrath of the LORD turned from him, so as not to make a complete destruction. Moreover, conditions were good in Judah.<ref>modified{{Clarify|date=January 2016}} after http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%2010-12;&version=47;</ref></blockquote>


The account of Shishak carrying off treasures from Jerusalem is thought by some scholars to be of dubious historicity;<ref name="finkelstein">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |author-link=Israel Finkelstein |editor1-last=Amit |editor1-first=Yairah |editor2-first=Ehud |editor2-last=Ben Zvi |editor3-last=Finkelstein |editor3-first=Israel |editor4-first=Oded |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Lipschits |encyclopedia=Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Naʼaman |title=The Last Labayu: King Saul and the Expansion of the First North Israelite Territorial Entity |url=https://www.academia.edu/1070440/The_Last_Labayu_King_Saul_and_the_Expansion_of_the_First_North_Israelite_Territorial_Entity |year=2006 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=9781575061283 |pages=171 ff.}}</ref>{{rp|175}} see {{Slink|Shishak|Biblical narrative}}.
The account of Shishak carrying off treasures from Jerusalem is thought by some scholars to be of dubious historicity;<ref name="finkelstein">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |author-link=Israel Finkelstein |editor1-last=Amit |editor1-first=Yairah |editor2-first=Ehud |editor2-last=Ben Zvi |editor3-last=Finkelstein |editor3-first=Israel |editor4-first=Oded |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Lipschits |encyclopedia=Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Naʼaman |title=The Last Labayu: King Saul and the Expansion of the First North Israelite Territorial Entity |url=https://www.academia.edu/1070440 |year=2006 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=9781575061283 |pages=171 ff}}</ref>{{rp|175}} see {{Slink|Shishak|Biblical narrative}}.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 224: Line 225:


==External links==
==External links==
*[https://archive.org/stream/KevinA.Wilson.......TheCampaignOfPharaohShoshenqIIntoPalestineByHouseOfBooks/Kevin%20A.%20Wilson.......The%20Campaign%20of%20Pharaoh%20Shoshenq%20I%20Into%20Palestine%20(By%20House%20of%20Books)#page/n10/mode/1up Kevin A. Wilson....... The Campaign Of Pharaoh Shoshenq I Into Palestine]
*[https://archive.org/stream/KevinA.Wilson.......TheCampaignOfPharaohShoshenqIIntoPalestineByHouseOfBooks/Kevin%20A.%20Wilson.......The%20Campaign%20of%20Pharaoh%20Shoshenq%20I%20Into%20Palestine%20(By%20House%20of%20Books)#page/n10/mode/1up Kevin A. Wilson....... The Campaign Of Pharaoh Shoshenq I Into Palestine] {{dead link|date=January 2022|fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/oip/oip74.html University of Chicago Oriental Institute Epigraphic Survey (1954), Reliefs and inscriptions at Karnak: The Bubastite portal, vol. III. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.]
* [http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/oip/oip74.html University of Chicago Oriental Institute Epigraphic Survey (1954), Reliefs and inscriptions at Karnak: The Bubastite portal, vol. III. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115164524/http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/oip/oip74.html |date=2013-11-15 }}


{{Karnak Temple Navigation}}
{{Karnak Temple Navigation}}


[[Category:10th century BC in Egypt]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 10th century BC]]
[[Category:10th-century BC inscriptions]]
[[Category:Gates in Egypt]]
[[Category:Karnak temple complex]]
[[Category:Karnak temple complex]]
[[Category:Shoshenq I]]
[[Category:Shoshenq I]]

Revision as of 15:21, 2 July 2024

25°43′07″N 32°39′27″E / 25.71874°N 32.6574°E / 25.71874; 32.6574

The temple wall depicts a list of city states conquered by Shoshenq I in his Near Eastern military campaigns.

The Bubastite Portal gate is located in Karnak, within the Precinct of Amun-Re temple complex, between the temple of Ramesses III and the second pylon. It records the conquests and military campaigns c. 925 BC of Shoshenq I, of the Twenty-second Dynasty.[1] Shoshenq has been identified with the biblical Shishaq, such that the relief is also known as the Shishak Inscription or Shishaq Relief.[2]

History

Champollion's 1829 drawing of a cartouche showing the name "ydhmrk". Champollion's 1829 read of this name as "King of Judah" has been discredited by modern scholars, who generally accept that the phrase refers to "Yad Hemmelek" ("Hand of the King"), although it has also been interpreted as "Juttah of the King"[3]

This gate was erected by the kings of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt, also known as the "Bubastite Dynasty". It is located to the south-east side of the Temple of Ramesses III.

Although Karnak had been known to Europeans since the end of the Middle Ages, the possible significance of the Bubastite Portal was not apparent prior to the decipherment of hieroglyphs. Jean-François Champollion visited Karnak in 1828, six years after his publication of the Rosetta Stone translation. In his letters he wrote:

"In this wonderful palace, I have contemplated the portraits of most of the old Pharaohs known for their great deeds, and these are true portraits.... one sees Mandoueï fighting the enemies of Egypt, and returning as triumphator to his homeland; farther along [in the series of images, one sees] the campaigns of Ramses-Sesostris; elsewhere, [one sees] Sésonchis hanging about at the feet of the Theban trinity (Amun, Mut and Khonsu), [and] the chiefs of more than thirty conquered nations, among which I found, as it should have been, fully spelled out, Ioudahamalek, "the kingdom of the Jews," or "[the kingdom] of Judah". There is in that [inscription] a commentary to connect to chapter 14 of the third book of Kings, which recounts in effect the arrival of Sésonchis (Sheshonq) at Jerusalem and his success [there]: thus, the identity that we have established between the Egyptian Sheschonck, the Sésonchis of Manetho and the Shishak or Scheschôk of the Bible is confirmed in the most satisfactory manner."

— Jean-François Champollion, Lettres ecrites d'Egypte et de Nubie en 1828 et 1829[4]

Description

Portal showing cartouches of Shoshenq I

One facade shows King Shoshenq I, Takelot I, and Osorkon I of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt making offerings to the gods and goddesses. Another scene shows Shoshenq grasping a group of captives by the hair and smiting them by his mace. Behind and below him are the names of Canaanite towns in several rows. Many of these are lost, but initially, there were 156 names, and one of the most exciting names mentioned is 'The Field of Abram.' The inscriptions give no details about this expedition and mention only the victory over the Asiatics (ꜥꜣm.w).[citation needed]

Transliterations and translations

Below is a translation of the one hundred fifty-five names on the inscription.[5]

Section One

Row I - Listing of the Nine bows
1. tꜣ rsy - Southern Land (i.e. Upper Egypt)
2. tꜣ mḥw = Northern Land (i.e. Lower Egypt)
3. jwn.tjw = Tribesmen
4. ṯhnw = Tjehenu
5. sḫt[-jꜣmw] - Field [of tents]
6. mn[.tjw] = Bedouin
7. pḏ[.tjw swt] = Bow[men of the feather]
8. šꜣt = Swamp (Upper Nubia)
9. ḥꜣ[.w-n]b.w = Northerners

Section Two - Coastal plain, Shephelah, Meggido plain and Jezreel plain

10. mj.tj ꜥ[r.t] = Copy of the [scroll]
11. g[...] = unknown
12. m[]ꜣ[] = Makkedah
13. rwbꜣ = Rubate

Row II
14. tꜣꜥnkj = Taanach
15. šꜣnmꜥ = Shunem
16. bꜣtšꜣn swr = Beth-Shean
17. rwꜣḫbꜣ = Rehob
18. ꜣḫpwrwm = Hapharaim
19. jdrw[m] = Adoraim (unknown locality in Israelite Kingdom, different from Adoraim in Judah) [6][7]
20. (destroyed)
21. šꜣꜣwꜣd = unknown
22. mjꜣḥꜣnjmꜥ - Mahanaim
23. qbꜣꜥꜣnꜣ = Gibeon
24. bꜣtꜣḥwꜣrwn = Beth-Horon
25. qꜣdṯm = Kiriath-jearim or Gath-Gittaim
26. jywrwn = Aijalon

Row III
27. mjkdjw = Megiddo
28. jdrw = (Ataroth-)Addar
29. ywd-hꜥmrwk = Yad Hammelek ("hand of the king")
30. []rwt = unknown
31. ḥꜣjꜣnm = Henam
32. ꜥꜣrn = Aruna
33. bꜣrwmꜣꜥ = Borim
34. ḏꜣdpṯrw = Giti-Padalla
35. y[]hꜣ[]mꜣ = Yehem
36. bꜣtꜥꜣrwmmꜣ = Beth 'Olam
37. kꜣꜥqꜣrw = unknown
38. šꜣjwkꜣ = Socoh
39. bꜣttꜣpw = Beth-Tappuah

Row IV
40. jbꜣrjꜣ = unknown
41. [...]ḥtp = unknown
42. (destroyed)
43. (destroyed)
44. (destroyed)
45. bꜣtḏb[...] = unknown
46. nbk[...] = unknown
47. [...]i[...] = unknown
48. (destroyed)
49. (destroyed)
50. (destroyed)
51. [...]ssḏ[...] = unknown
52. (destroyed)

Row V
53. [p]nwjrw = Penuel
54. ꜣḥꜣdšꜣt = Hadashah?
55. pktṯ / pꜣ-wr-ktṯ = unknown / "The great ktṯ‍"
56. jdmjꜣ = Adam
57. ḏꜣ[m]rwmmꜣ = Zemaraim
58. [...]drw = Migdol
59. [...]rwḏꜣjꜣ = Tirzah
60. [...]nꜣrw = unknown
61. [...]j = unknown
62. (destroyed)
63. (destroyed)
64. [...]gꜣpn = unknown
65. pꜣ-ꜥmq = "The valley"

Section Three - Negev area

Row VI
66. ꜥꜣjꜣḏꜣj = Ezem
67. jnꜣrw = unknown
68. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = "the fort"
69. ftjywšꜣj = Photis
70. jrhrwrw = Jehallel / El-Hallal
71. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = "the fort"
72. mrbꜣrmj = unknown
73. šꜣbꜣrwṯ = "stream"
74. ngbꜣrwy = of (Ezion-)Geber
75. šꜣbꜣrwṯ = "stream"
76. wꜣꜣrkytj = unknown
77. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = "the fort"
78. nꜥḏꜣytj = unknown
79. dd[ ]j = unknown
80. ḏꜣpꜣqj = Sapek
81. mj[]j[] = unknown
82. tꜣp[...] = unknown

Row VII
83. gꜣnꜣt = unknown
84. pꜣ nꜣgbw = "The Negev"
85. ꜥꜣḏꜣḥꜥṯ = unknown
86. tꜣšdnꜣw = unknown
87. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrw[t] = "the fort"
88. šꜣnꜣyj = unknown
89. hꜣqꜣ = unknown
90. pꜣ ng[bw] = "The Neg[ev]"
91. wꜣhṯrwwꜣk[...] = unknown
92. pꜣ nꜣgbw = "The Negev"
93. jšꜣḥtjw[t] = Shuhah?
94. pꜣ ꜣḥgrwj = "the fort"
95. ꜣḥꜣnnj = (Ben-)Hanan
96. pꜣ ꜣḥgrwj = "the fort"
97. jrwqꜣd = El-Gad
98. jdꜣmꜣmt = unknown
99. ꜣḥꜣnꜣny = (Ben-)Hanan

Row VIII
100. jdrj = Adar
101. pꜣ ꜣḥgrw = "the fort"
102. [ṯrwꜣ]ꜣn = Tilon?
103. ꜣḥydbsꜣ = "Highlands"?
104. šꜣrwnrwjm = Shaaraim
105. []y[...] = "Highlands"?
106. dwꜣꜣṯ = unknown
107. ꜣḥqrwjm = "forts"
108. ꜥꜣrwdjꜣt = Arad
109. [rwbꜣṯ] = "Great"
110. ꜥꜣrwdjt = Arad (Tel Malhata?)
111. nbꜣpꜣttṯ = unknown
112. yꜣrẖjm = Yeroham
113. [...]j = unknown
114. (destroyed)
115. (destroyed)
116. jd[...] = unknown

Row IX
117. [jdr...] = Adar
118. [...bꜣyj] = unknown
119. [...ḥgj] = unknown
120. []ꜣrywk = unknown
121. frwtjmjj = Peleth?
122. [ꜥ]tbꜣr = unknown
123. bpꜣjrwrḏꜣ = unknown
124. bꜣṯꜥnṯ = Beth-Anath
125. šꜣrꜣḥꜣn = Sharuhen
126. jrmꜥṯn = El-mattan
127. grwn = "threshing floor"?
128. jdꜣmꜣm = unknown
129. [...]rꜣḥṯ = unknown
130. [...]r = unknown
131. mꜥrw[...] = unknown
132. jrwr[...] = unknown
133. ywrwꜣ[...] = Yurza

Row X
134. (destroyed)
135. (destroyed)
136. (destroyed)
137. (destroyed)
138. (destroyed)
139. ywrḥm = Yehoram
140. jwnn = Onam
141. (destroyed)
142. ꜣg[...] = Unknown
143. (destroyed)
144. (destroyed)
145. mꜥ[...] = unknown
146. j[]d[...] = unknown
147. (destroyed)
148. (destroyed)
149. [...]ꜣ = unknown
150. ywrwdn = uncertain

Row X extension
1a. šꜣrwdd = unknown
2a. rpꜣḥ = Raphiah
3a. rwbn = Laban
4a. ꜥngrwn = unknown
5a. hꜣm = unknown

Biblical narrative

The Biblical narrative recounts:

In the fifth year of King Rehoboam, because they had been unfaithful to the LORD, Shishaq king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem with 1,200 chariots and 60,000 horsemen. And the people were without number who came with him from Egypt— Libyans, Sukkiim, and Ethiopians. And he took the fortified cities of Judah and came as far as Jerusalem. Then Shemaiah the prophet came to Rehoboam and to the princes of Judah, who had gathered at Jerusalem because of Shishak, and said to them, "Thus says the LORD, 'You abandoned me, so I have abandoned you to the hand of Shishaq.'" Then the princes of Israel and the king humbled themselves and said, "The LORD is righteous." When the LORD saw that they humbled themselves, the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah: "They have humbled themselves. I will not destroy them, but I will grant them some deliverance, and my wrath shall not be poured out on Jerusalem by the hand of Shishaq. Nevertheless, they shall be servants to him, that they may know my service and the service of the kingdoms of the countries." So Shishaq king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem. He took away the treasures of the house of the LORD and the treasures of the king’s house. He took away everything. He also took away the shields of gold that Solomon had made, and King Rehoboam made in their place shields of bronze and committed them to the hands of the officers of the guard, who kept the door of the king’s house. And as often as the king went into the house of the LORD, the guard came and carried them and brought them back to the guardroom. And when he humbled himself the wrath of the LORD turned from him, so as not to make a complete destruction. Moreover, conditions were good in Judah.[8]

The account of Shishak carrying off treasures from Jerusalem is thought by some scholars to be of dubious historicity;[9]: 175  see Shishak § Biblical narrative.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-09-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Relief_and_Stelae_of_Pharaoh_Shoshenq_I:_Rehoboam’s_Tribute,_c._925_BCE [permanent dead link]
  3. ^ Kevin A. Wilson (2001). The Campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I Into Palestine. UMI. pp. 162–163.
  4. ^ Lettres ecrites d'Egypte et de Nubie en 1828 et 1829 In the original French: "Dans ce palais merveilleux, j'ai contemplé les portraits de la plupart des vieux Pharaons connus par leurs grandes actions, et ce sont des portraits véritables; représentés cent fois dans les bas-reliefs des murs intérieurs et extérieurs, chacun conserve une physionomie propre et qui n'a aucun rapport avec celle de ses prédécesseurs ou successeurs; là, dans des tableaux colossals, d'une sculpture véritablement grande et tout héroïque, plus parfaite qu'on ne peut le croire en Europe, on voit Mandoueï combattant les peuples ennemis de l'Égypte, et rentrant en triomphateur dans sa patrie; plus loin, les campagnes de Rhamsès-Sésostris; ailleurs, Sésonchis traînant aux pieds de la Trinité thébaine (Ammon, Mouth et Khons) les chefs de plus de trente nations vaincues, parmi lesquelles j'ai retrouvé, comme cela devait être, en toutes lettres, Ioudahamalek, le royaume des Juifs ou de Juda (Pl. 2.) C'est là un commentaire à joindre au chapitre XIV du troisième livre des Rois, qui raconte en effet l'arrivée de Sésonchis à Jérusalem et ses succès: ainsi l'identité que nous avons établie entre le Sheschonck égyptien, le Sésonchis de Manéthon et le Sésac ou Scheschôk de la Bible, est confirmée de la manière la plus satisfaisante. J'ai trouvé autour des palais de Karnac une foule d'édifices de toutes les époques, et lorsque, au retour de la seconde cataracte vers laquelle je fais voile demain, je viendrai m'établir pour cinq ou six mois à Thèbes, je m'attends à une récolte immense de faits historiques, puisque, en courant Thèbes comme je l'ai fait pendant quatre jours, sans voir même un seul des milliers d'hypogées qui criblent la montagne libyque, j'ai déjà recueilli des documents fort importants."
  5. ^ Kevin A. Wilson (2001). The Campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I Into Palestine. UMI.
  6. ^ Junkkaala, Eero. "Three conquests of Canaan: a comparative study of two Egyptian military campaigns and Joshua 10-12 in the light of recent archaeological evidence." (2006).
  7. ^ Yohanan Aharoni (1 January 1979). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-664-24266-4.
  8. ^ modified[clarification needed] after http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%2010-12;&version=47;
  9. ^ Finkelstein, Israel (2006). "The Last Labayu: King Saul and the Expansion of the First North Israelite Territorial Entity". In Amit, Yairah; Ben Zvi, Ehud; Finkelstein, Israel; et al. (eds.). Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Naʼaman. Eisenbrauns. pp. 171 ff. ISBN 9781575061283.
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