Build to order: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Production approach}} |
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{{Redirect|Made to Order|the television program|Made to Order (television series)}} |
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[[File:Rue Montgallet in Paris typical computer shop.jpg|thumb|Computer shop in Paris. Advertised configurations are customizable and assembled upon order]] |
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'''Build to order''' ('''BTO''') and sometimes referred to as '''make to order''' or '''made to order''' ('''MTO'''), is a [[Mass production|production]] approach where products are not built until a confirmed order for products is received. BTO is the oldest style of [[order fulfillment]] and is the most appropriate approach used for ''highly customized'' or ''low volume'' products. |
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'''Build to Order''' ('''BTO''': sometimes referred to as '''Make to Order''' or '''Made to Order''' ('''MTO''')) is a [[Mass production|production]] approach where products are not built until a confirmed order for products is received. Thus, the end consumer determines the time and number of produced products.<ref name="auto">Leanmanufacture (2019), [http://www.leanmanufacture.net/operations/buildtoorder.aspx “Build to order - Inventory Management Model”], Retrieved June 08, 2019.</ref> The ordered product is customized, meeting the design requirements of an individual, organization or business.<ref>Techopedia (2019), [https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4239/build-to-order-bto “Build to Order (BTO)”], Retrieved June 08, 2019.</ref> Such production orders can be generated manually, or through inventory/production management programs.<ref name="auto"/> BTO is the oldest style of [[order fulfillment]] and is the most appropriate approach used for ''highly customized'' or ''low volume'' products. Industries with expensive inventory use this production approach.<ref name="auto"/> Moreover, "Made to order" products are common in the food service industry, such as at restaurants. |
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BTO can be considered a [[Just-in-time manufacturing|Just in Time (JIT)]] production system, as components or products are only delivered just in time when demanded, in order to reduce wasted time and increase efficiency.<ref name="auto"/> |
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==Overview== |
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This approach is considered good for [[Mass customization|highly configured]] products, e.g. [[automobile]]s,<ref>Holweg and Pil, 2004, pg.</ref><ref>Parry and Graves, 2008, pg.</ref> [[bicycles]], [[Server (computing)|computer servers]], or for products where holding inventories is very expensive, e.g. [[aircraft]]. |
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==Implementation== |
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| ⚫ | In an automotive context, BTO is a demand driven production approach where a product is scheduled and built in response to a confirmed order received for it from a final customer.<ref>Roehrich, J.K.; Parry, G. and Graves, A. (2011). Implementing build-to-order strategies: enablers and barriers in the European automotive industry |
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This approach is considered good for [[Mass customization|highly configured]] products, e.g. [[automobile]]s,<ref>Holweg, M. and Pil, F. (2004), [https://web.archive.org/web/20071225140248/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10750 ‘The Second Century: Reconnecting Customer and Value Chain through Build-to-Order’], Cambridge, MA and London, UK: The MIT Press.</ref><ref name="auto1">[[Glenn Parry|Parry]], G. and Graves, A., Eds. (2008), [https://www.springer.com/engineering/mechanical+eng/book/978-1-84800-224-1 'Build to Order: The Road to the 5-Day Car'], London: Springer Verlag.</ref> [[bicycles]], [[Server (computing)|computer servers]], or for products where holding inventories is very expensive, e.g. [[aircraft]]. In general, the BTO approach has become more popular in the last few years ever since high-tech companies such as Dell, BMW, Compaq and Gateway successfully implemented the system into their business operations.<ref name="auto2">Gunasekaran, A. and Ngai, E. (2009), [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377221708003366 "Modeling and analysis of build-to-order supply chains"], ''European Journal of Operational Research'', Volume 195, Issue 2, 1 June 2009, Pages 319–334.</ref> |
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==BTO in the automotive industry== |
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| ⚫ | BTS is the dominant approach used today across many industries and refers to products that are built before a final purchaser has been identified, with production volume driven by historical demand information.<ref |
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| ⚫ | In an automotive context, BTO is a demand driven production approach where a product is scheduled and built in response to a confirmed order received for it from a final customer.<ref name=Roehrich>Roehrich, J.K.; Parry, G. and Graves, A. (2011), [http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=record&rec_id=40869. Implementing build-to-order strategies: enablers and barriers in the European automotive industry], ''International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management''. 11(3): 221-235</ref> The final customer refers to a known individual owner and excludes all orders by the [[original equipment manufacturer]] (OEM), national sales companies (NSC), dealers or point of sales, bulk orders or other intermediaries in the [[supply chain]]. BTO excludes the order amendment function, whereby forecast orders in the pipeline are amended to customer requirements, as this is seen as another level of sophistication for a [[build to stock]] (BTS) system (also known as build to forecast (BTF)). |
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| ⚫ | BTS is the dominant approach used today across many industries and refers to products that are built before a final purchaser has been identified, with production volume driven by historical demand information.<ref name="auto1"/> This high stock level, endemic across the auto industry allows some dealers to find an exact or very close match to the customer's desired vehicle within the dealer networks and supplier parks. The vehicle can then be delivered as soon as transport can be arranged. This has been used to justify stock levels. Whilst providing a rapid response to customer demand, the approach is expensive, mainly in terms of stock, but also transportation as finished goods are rarely where they are required. Holding stock of such a high cash value as finished goods is a key driver of the current crisis in the automotive industry - a crisis that could be eased by implementation of a BTO system.<ref name=Roehrich /> |
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| ⚫ | A BTO system does not mean that all suppliers in the supplier chain should be producing only when a customer order has been confirmed. Clearly, it would not make economic sense for a manufacturer of low value high volume parts to employ BTO. It is appropriate that these should be identified and built to a supplier order, effectively BTS. Part of the challenge in a BTO supplier network is in the identification of which suppliers should be BTO and which BTS. The point in the supply chain when this change occurs is called the ‘decoupling point’. Currently, the majority of automotive supply chains lack a decoupling point and the dominant BTS approach has resulted in billions of dollars of capital being tied up in stock in the supply chain.<ref |
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| ⚫ | A BTO system does not mean that all suppliers in the supplier chain should be producing only when a customer order has been confirmed. Clearly, it would not make economic sense for a manufacturer of low value high volume parts to employ BTO. It is appropriate that these should be identified and built to a supplier order, effectively BTS. Part of the challenge in a BTO supplier network is in the identification of which suppliers should be BTO and which BTS. The point in the supply chain when this change occurs is called the ‘decoupling point’. Currently, the majority of automotive supply chains lack a decoupling point and the dominant BTS approach has resulted in billions of dollars of capital being tied up in stock in the supply chain.<ref name="auto1"/> |
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| ⚫ | Some firms build all their products to order while others practice (BTS). Given the widespread proliferation of products, there are a number of [[Manufacturing|manufacturers]] taking a combined approach, where some items are BTS and others are BTO, which is commonly referred to as "hybrid BTO".<ref>Holweg and Pil, 2001, |
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| ⚫ | Some firms build all their products to order while others practice (BTS). Given the widespread proliferation of products, there are a number of [[Manufacturing|manufacturers]] taking a combined approach, where some items are BTS and others are BTO, which is commonly referred to as "hybrid BTO".<ref>Holweg, M. and Pil, F. (2001), [https://web.archive.org/web/20070216112100/http://sloanreview.mit.edu/smr/issue/2001/fall/7/ ‘Successful Build-to-Order Strategies start with the Customer’], MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall issue, Vol. 43, No. 1, p. 74–83.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
==Advantages== |
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Related approaches to BTO include the Engineer to Order (ETO) approach, where after an order is received, a part of or the whole design is done, as well as the Assemble to Order (ATO). Together with the BTS approach, these strategies form the spectrum of [[order fulfillment]] strategies a firm can adopt. |
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The main advantages of the BTO approach in environments of high product variety is the ability to supply the customer with the exact product specification required, the reduction in sales discounts and finished good inventory, as well a reduction in stock obsolescence risk. |
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Additionally, flexibility and customer lead time are improved to a match changes in consumer demand. Moreover, a business’ cash flow can be increased with BTO.<ref name="auto"/> |
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==Disadvantages== |
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| ⚫ | The main disadvantage of BTO is manufacturers are susceptible to market demand fluctuations leading to a reduced capacity utilization in manufacturing. Hence, to ensure an effective use of production resources, a BTO approach should be coupled with proactive demand management. Finding the correct and appropriate balance of BTO and BTS to maintain stock levels appropriate to both the market requirement and operational stability is a current area of academic research. In Retail, an occurring problem may be customers choosing an alternative product that is available at that time and place, as they are not willing to wait for the BTO product to arrive. |
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Moreover, compared to mass production, customization of products implies higher costs. Thus, price-conscious customers may be turned away, as they do not feel a strong need for customized products and would therefore choose a more standardized product instead.<ref name="auto2"/> |
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==Related approaches== |
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Related approaches to BTO include the following: |
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===Engineer to Order (ETO) approach=== |
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In [[Engineer to order|ETO]], after an order is received, a part of or the whole design starts to be developed. Construction by general contractors and plant construction by engineering companies are categorized as ETO.<ref name="auto3">Leanmanufacture Japan (2019), [http://www.lean-manufacturing-japan.com/scm-terminology/mto-make-to-order.html “Make to Order (MTO)”], Retrieved June 08, 2019.</ref> |
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===Assemble to Order (ATO) approach=== |
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This strategy requires that basic parts of the product are already manufactured, however not yet assembled. Once a customer's order has been received, the parts of the product are quickly being assembled and sent out.<ref name="auto3"/><ref>Investopedia (2019), [https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/assemble-to-order.asp “Assemble to Order (ATO)”], Retrieved June 08, 2019.</ref> |
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Together with the BTS approach, these strategies form the spectrum of [[order fulfillment]] strategies a firm can adopt. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*[[:bg:%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F %D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0|Kabaivanova, Silvia]] (2015), [http://made-to-measure-suits.bgfashion.net/article/10282/44/Made-To-Order-the-new-fashion-formula-in-mens-suit-market "Made To Order - the new fashion formula in men's suit market"]. ''Be Global Fashion Network''. 15 January 2015. |
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*Holweg, M. and Pil, F. (2001), ‘Successful Build-to-Order Strategies start with the Customer’, MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall issue, Vol. 43, No. 1, p. 74-83 [http://sloanreview.mit.edu/smr/issue/2001/fall/7/] |
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*Continelli, A. (2017), [https://advancedmanufacturing.org/bto-or-bts/ “Build-to-Stock or Build-to-Order?”], ''AdvancedManufacuturing.org'', Retrieved June 8, 2019. |
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*Holweg, M. and Pil, F. (2004), ‘The Second Century: Reconnecting Customer and Value Chain through Build-to-Order’, Cambridge, MA and London, UK: The MIT Press. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10750] |
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*[[Glenn Parry|Parry]], G. and Graves, A., Eds. (2008), 'Build to Order: The Road to the 5-Day Car', London: Springer Verlag. [http://www.springer.com/engineering/mechanical+eng/book/978-1-84800-224-1] |
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{{Production Approaches}} |
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*Kabaivanova, S. (2015), 'Made To Order - the new fashion formula in men's suit market. [http://made-to-measure-suits.bgfashion.net/article/10282/44/Made-To-Order-the-new-fashion-formula-in-mens-suit-market] |
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[[Category:Business terms]] |
[[Category:Business terms]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Production and manufacturing]] |
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[[Category:Management]] |
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[[Category:Modes of production]] |
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[[Category:Supply chain management terms]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:55, 10 January 2023
Build to Order (BTO: sometimes referred to as Make to Order or Made to Order (MTO)) is a production approach where products are not built until a confirmed order for products is received. Thus, the end consumer determines the time and number of produced products.[1] The ordered product is customized, meeting the design requirements of an individual, organization or business.[2] Such production orders can be generated manually, or through inventory/production management programs.[1] BTO is the oldest style of order fulfillment and is the most appropriate approach used for highly customized or low volume products. Industries with expensive inventory use this production approach.[1] Moreover, "Made to order" products are common in the food service industry, such as at restaurants.
BTO can be considered a Just in Time (JIT) production system, as components or products are only delivered just in time when demanded, in order to reduce wasted time and increase efficiency.[1]
Implementation[edit]
This approach is considered good for highly configured products, e.g. automobiles,[3][4] bicycles, computer servers, or for products where holding inventories is very expensive, e.g. aircraft. In general, the BTO approach has become more popular in the last few years ever since high-tech companies such as Dell, BMW, Compaq and Gateway successfully implemented the system into their business operations.[5]
BTO in the automotive industry[edit]
In an automotive context, BTO is a demand driven production approach where a product is scheduled and built in response to a confirmed order received for it from a final customer.[6] The final customer refers to a known individual owner and excludes all orders by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM), national sales companies (NSC), dealers or point of sales, bulk orders or other intermediaries in the supply chain. BTO excludes the order amendment function, whereby forecast orders in the pipeline are amended to customer requirements, as this is seen as another level of sophistication for a build to stock (BTS) system (also known as build to forecast (BTF)).
BTS is the dominant approach used today across many industries and refers to products that are built before a final purchaser has been identified, with production volume driven by historical demand information.[4] This high stock level, endemic across the auto industry allows some dealers to find an exact or very close match to the customer's desired vehicle within the dealer networks and supplier parks. The vehicle can then be delivered as soon as transport can be arranged. This has been used to justify stock levels. Whilst providing a rapid response to customer demand, the approach is expensive, mainly in terms of stock, but also transportation as finished goods are rarely where they are required. Holding stock of such a high cash value as finished goods is a key driver of the current crisis in the automotive industry - a crisis that could be eased by implementation of a BTO system.[6]
A BTO system does not mean that all suppliers in the supplier chain should be producing only when a customer order has been confirmed. Clearly, it would not make economic sense for a manufacturer of low value high volume parts to employ BTO. It is appropriate that these should be identified and built to a supplier order, effectively BTS. Part of the challenge in a BTO supplier network is in the identification of which suppliers should be BTO and which BTS. The point in the supply chain when this change occurs is called the ‘decoupling point’. Currently, the majority of automotive supply chains lack a decoupling point and the dominant BTS approach has resulted in billions of dollars of capital being tied up in stock in the supply chain.[4]
Some firms build all their products to order while others practice (BTS). Given the widespread proliferation of products, there are a number of manufacturers taking a combined approach, where some items are BTS and others are BTO, which is commonly referred to as "hybrid BTO".[7]
Advantages[edit]
The main advantages of the BTO approach in environments of high product variety is the ability to supply the customer with the exact product specification required, the reduction in sales discounts and finished good inventory, as well a reduction in stock obsolescence risk. Additionally, flexibility and customer lead time are improved to a match changes in consumer demand. Moreover, a business’ cash flow can be increased with BTO.[1]
Disadvantages[edit]
The main disadvantage of BTO is manufacturers are susceptible to market demand fluctuations leading to a reduced capacity utilization in manufacturing. Hence, to ensure an effective use of production resources, a BTO approach should be coupled with proactive demand management. Finding the correct and appropriate balance of BTO and BTS to maintain stock levels appropriate to both the market requirement and operational stability is a current area of academic research. In Retail, an occurring problem may be customers choosing an alternative product that is available at that time and place, as they are not willing to wait for the BTO product to arrive. Moreover, compared to mass production, customization of products implies higher costs. Thus, price-conscious customers may be turned away, as they do not feel a strong need for customized products and would therefore choose a more standardized product instead.[5]
Related approaches[edit]
Related approaches to BTO include the following:
Engineer to Order (ETO) approach[edit]
In ETO, after an order is received, a part of or the whole design starts to be developed. Construction by general contractors and plant construction by engineering companies are categorized as ETO.[8]
Assemble to Order (ATO) approach[edit]
This strategy requires that basic parts of the product are already manufactured, however not yet assembled. Once a customer's order has been received, the parts of the product are quickly being assembled and sent out.[8][9]
Together with the BTS approach, these strategies form the spectrum of order fulfillment strategies a firm can adopt.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b c d e Leanmanufacture (2019), “Build to order - Inventory Management Model”, Retrieved June 08, 2019.
- ^ Techopedia (2019), “Build to Order (BTO)”, Retrieved June 08, 2019.
- ^ Holweg, M. and Pil, F. (2004), ‘The Second Century: Reconnecting Customer and Value Chain through Build-to-Order’, Cambridge, MA and London, UK: The MIT Press.
- ^ a b c Parry, G. and Graves, A., Eds. (2008), 'Build to Order: The Road to the 5-Day Car', London: Springer Verlag.
- ^ a b Gunasekaran, A. and Ngai, E. (2009), "Modeling and analysis of build-to-order supply chains", European Journal of Operational Research, Volume 195, Issue 2, 1 June 2009, Pages 319–334.
- ^ a b Roehrich, J.K.; Parry, G. and Graves, A. (2011), Implementing build-to-order strategies: enablers and barriers in the European automotive industry, International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management. 11(3): 221-235
- ^ Holweg, M. and Pil, F. (2001), ‘Successful Build-to-Order Strategies start with the Customer’, MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall issue, Vol. 43, No. 1, p. 74–83.
- ^ a b Leanmanufacture Japan (2019), “Make to Order (MTO)”, Retrieved June 08, 2019.
- ^ Investopedia (2019), “Assemble to Order (ATO)”, Retrieved June 08, 2019.
References[edit]
- Kabaivanova, Silvia (2015), "Made To Order - the new fashion formula in men's suit market". Be Global Fashion Network. 15 January 2015.
- Continelli, A. (2017), “Build-to-Stock or Build-to-Order?”, AdvancedManufacuturing.org, Retrieved June 8, 2019.