Babrra massacre: Difference between revisions

Babrra incident
د بابړې خونړۍ پېښه
Babrra incident; د بابړې خونړۍ پېښه
	Babrra ground Babrra ground (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
Location	Babrra ground, Hashtnagar region, Charsadda District, North-West Frontier Province (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Pakistan
Coordinates	34°08′35″N 71°43′39″E / 34.14306°N 71.72750°E
Date	12 August 1948; 76 years ago
Target	Supporters of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement
Attack type	murder, mass shooting, drowning
Deaths	15 (official figure); 150 (Khudai Khidmatgar claim)
Injured	50 (official figures); 400 (Khudai Khidmatgar claim)
Perpetrators	C.M. Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri, State police

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The Babrra Massacre (or Babara Massacre; Pashto: د بابړې خونړۍ پېښه) was a mass shooting on 12 August 1948 in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan (now called as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). According to official figures, around 15 protestors were killed while around 40 were injured. However, Khudai Khidmatgar sources maintained that around 150 were killed and 400 were injured.^[1]

It happened on Babrra ground in Charsadda District on the order of the chief minister of the NWFP, Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri (not to be confused with Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan, NWFP's first chief minister during the British Raj).^[2]

Background

The Khudai Khidmatgar was a non-violent peaceful Pashtun movement which was led by Abdul Ghaffar Khan (Bacha Khan), a leader in the Indian Independence Movement.^[3]

The movement was initially focused on reform to the status of the Pashtuns under the British Raj and later focused on the independence of Colonial India from British rule.^[4] The movement's leader, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, was a supporter of a United India and wanted North-West Frontier Province (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) to join United India.^[5]

Until 1930, the Pashtuns were not very involved in politics. In the 1937 Indian provincial elections, the movement won the elections for the North-West Frontier Province in alliance with the Congress Party, as Bacha Khan's brother, Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (Dr. Khan Sahib), became the provincial chief minister.^[6]

The movement also won an absolute majority in the 1946 Indian provincial elections.^[7] Despite the Bannu Resolution in which the Khudai Khidmatgars demanded that the province should become Pashtunistan or join Afghanistan, the British refused and had only offered two choices, to join an independent India or to join the new nation of Pakistan. The NWFP joined the Dominion of Pakistan as a result of the 1947 NWFP referendum which had been boycotted by the Khudai Khidmatgar.^[8]

Massacre

Before the Babrra Massacre, the elected provincial government of Dr. Khan Sahib in the North-West Frontier Province was terminated by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Governor-General of Pakistan. A Muslim League leader, Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri, was appointed as the new chief minister of the NWFP on 23 August 1947.^[9]

The new provincial government imprisoned the Khudai Khidmatgar’s anti-Pakistan movement's leader Bacha Khan, as well as the deposed chief minister Dr. Khan Sahib, and some other notable figures of the region. In July 1948, the governor of the NWFP, Ambrose Flux Dundas promulgated an ordinance, authorizing the provincial government to detain anyone and confiscate their property without giving a reason.^[10]

On 12 August 1948, supporters of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement protested against the arrest of their leaders and the new ordinance enforced by the government. The protesters marched from Charsadda to Babrra ground. However, when they reached Babrra ground, Abdul Qayyum Khan ordered the police to open fire on protesters. According to official figures, around 15 protestors were killed while around 40 were injured. However, Khudai Khidmatgar sources maintained that around 150 were killed and 400 were injured.^[1]

Aftermath

In mid-September 1948, the central government of Pakistan banned the Khudai Khidmatgar movement and many of its supporters were arrested. The provincial government destroyed the centre of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement at Sardaryab, Charsadda District.^[2]^[11]

In July 1950, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, president of the All Pakistan Awami Muslim League (which later evolved into the Awami League and later Prime Minister of Pakistan, said at a large gathering in Dhaka, East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh): “The barbarous massacre of the Red Shirts (Khudai Khidmatgars) committed at Charsadda in 1948 surpassed the Jallianwala Bagh massacre committed by the British in 1919.”^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rajmohan Gandhi (2004). Ghaffar Khan, Nonviolent Badshah of the Pakhtuns. Penguin Books India. p. 210. ISBN 978-0143065197. Official figures mentioned fifteen dead fifty injured, but KK (Khudai Khidmatgar) sources maintained that 150 had been killed and 400 wounded
^ ^a ^b M. Rafique Afzal (2002). Pakistan: History and Politics, 1947–1971. p. 38 OUP Pakistan. ISBN 0-19-579634-9.
^ Masaeli, Mahmoud; Sneller, Rico (2020). Responses of Mysticism to Religious Terrorism: Sufism and Beyond. Gompel & Svacina. p. 123. ISBN 978-94-6371-190-6.
^ Stephan, M. (2009). Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East. Springer. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-230-10175-3. It later developed into a disciplined nonviolent army to fight for the independence of India from the British.
^ "Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 98, a Follower of Gandhi". New York Times. 21 January 1998.
^ "Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qatyum's Ministry in NWFP (KPK) April – September 1937" (PDF). Pakistan Annual Research Journal: 196.
^ "Historical aspect of Pashtun nationalism". The Nation. 19 January 2020.
^ Bazai, Sher Khan (18 December 2022). "Why Pashtun Nationalism Is Considered A Major Fault Line In Pakistan: Glimpses of History (Part II) – OpEd". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
^ The Dawn of New Era in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Abdul Qaiyum Khan Chief Ministership 1947–53. National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 14. ISBN 978-969-415-111-3.
^ "Babara massacre of 1948". The Express Tribune. 14 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
^ ^a ^b August 12, 1948: Remembering Pakistan's forgotten massacre at Babrra. The Nation.

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 | date             = {{date and age|df=yes|1948|8|12}}
 | type             = [[murder]], [[mass shooting]], [[drowning]]
-| fatalities       = 15 (official figure)<ref name=badshah/><br> 150 (Khudai Khidmatgar claim)<ref name=badshah>{{cite book|title=Ghaffar Khan, Nonviolent Badshah of the Pakhtuns|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnTtQrRVNKAC|publisher=Penguin Books India|page=210|date=1 January 2004|isbn=9780143065197|quote=Official figures mentioned fifteen dead fifty injured, but KK (Khudai Khidmatgar) sources maintained that 150 had been killed and 400 wounded}}</ref>
+| fatalities       = 15 (official figure)<ref name=badshah/><br> 150 (Khudai Khidmatgar claim)<ref name=badshah>{{cite book|title=Ghaffar Khan, Nonviolent Badshah of the Pakhtuns|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnTtQrRVNKAC|publisher=Penguin Books India|page=210|date=2004|isbn=978-0143065197|quote=Official figures mentioned fifteen dead fifty injured, but KK (Khudai Khidmatgar) sources maintained that 150 had been killed and 400 wounded}}</ref>
 | injuries         = 50 (official figures)<ref name=badshah/><br>400 (Khudai Khidmatgar claim)<ref name=badshah/>
-| perps            = [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police|police]]
+| perps            = [[Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|C.M.]] [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police|State police]]
 | dfens            =
 }}
-The '''Babrra Massacre''' (or '''Babara Massacre'''; {{lang-ps|د بابړې خونړۍ پېښه}}) was a mass shooting on 12 August 1948 in the [[North-West Frontier Province]] (NWFP) of [[Pakistan]] (now called as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) . According to official figures, around 15 protestors were killed while around 40 were injured. However, [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] sources maintained that around 150 were killed and 400 were injured.<ref name=badshah/>
+The '''Babrra Massacre''' (or '''Babara Massacre'''; {{lang-ps|د بابړې خونړۍ پېښه}}) was a mass shooting on 12 August 1948 in the [[North-West Frontier Province]] (NWFP) of [[Pakistan]] (now called as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). According to official figures, around 15 protestors were killed while around 40 were injured. However, [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] sources maintained that around 150 were killed and 400 were injured.<ref name=badshah/>
-It happened on Babrra ground in [[Charsadda District, Pakistan|Charsadda District]] on the order of the chief minister of the NWFP, [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri]] (not to be confused with [[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum|Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan]], NWFP's first chief minister during the British Raj).<ref name="Afzal">M. Rafique Afzal (April 1, 2002). Pakistan: History and Politics, 1947–1971. p. 38 OUP Pakistan. {{ISBN|0-19-579634-9}}.</ref>
+It happened on Babrra ground in [[Charsadda District, Pakistan|Charsadda District]] on the order of the chief minister of the NWFP, [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri]] (not to be confused with [[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum|Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan]], NWFP's first chief minister during the British Raj).<ref name="Afzal">M. Rafique Afzal (2002). ''Pakistan: History and Politics, 1947–1971''. p. 38 OUP Pakistan. {{ISBN|0-19-579634-9}}.</ref>
 ==Background==
-The [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] was a non-violent peaceful [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] movement which was led by [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] (Bacha Khan), a leader in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="MasaeliSneller">{{cite book |last1=Masaeli |first1=Mahmoud |last2=Sneller |first2=Rico |title=Responses of Mysticism to Religious Terrorism: Sufism and Beyond |date=2 January 2020 |publisher=Gompel & Svacina |isbn=978-94-6371-190-6 |page=123 |language=en}}</ref>
+The [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] was a non-violent peaceful [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] movement which was led by [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] (Bacha Khan), a leader in the [[Indian Independence Movement]].<ref name="MasaeliSneller">{{cite book |last1=Masaeli |first1=Mahmoud |last2=Sneller |first2=Rico |title=Responses of Mysticism to Religious Terrorism: Sufism and Beyond |year= 2020 |publisher=Gompel & Svacina |isbn=978-94-6371-190-6 |page=123 |language=en}}</ref>
-The movement was initially focused on reform to the status of the [[Pashtuns]] under the [[British Raj]] and later focused on the independence of [[colonial India]] from British rule.<ref name="Stephan2009">{{cite book |last1=Stephan |first1=M. |title=Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-10175-3 |page=109 |language=en |quote=It later developed into a disciplined nonviolent army to fight for the independence of India from the British.}}</ref> The movement's leader, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, was a supporter of a [[opposition to the partition of India|United India]] and wanted [[North-West Frontier Province]] (present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) to join United India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/21/obituaries/abdul-ghaffar-khan-98-a-follower-of-gandhi.html|title=Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 98, a Follower of Gandhi|date=21 January 1998|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref>
+The movement was initially focused on reform to the status of the [[Pashtuns]] under the [[British Raj]] and later focused on the independence of [[Colonial India]] from British rule.<ref name="Stephan2009">{{cite book |last1=Stephan |first1=M. |title=Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-10175-3 |page=109 |language=en |quote=It later developed into a disciplined nonviolent army to fight for the independence of India from the British.}}</ref> The movement's leader, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, was a supporter of a [[opposition to the partition of India|United India]] and wanted [[North-West Frontier Province]] (present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) to join United India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/21/obituaries/abdul-ghaffar-khan-98-a-follower-of-gandhi.html|title=Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 98, a Follower of Gandhi|date=21 January 1998|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref>
-Until 1930, the Pashtuns were not very involved in politics. In the [[1937 Indian provincial elections]], the movement won the elections for the North-West Frontier Province in alliance with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]], as Bacha Khan's brother, [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]] (Dr. Khan Sahib), became the provincial chief minister.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
+Until 1930, the Pashtuns were not very involved in politics. In the [[1937 Indian provincial elections]], the movement won the elections for the North-West Frontier Province in alliance with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]], as Bacha Khan's brother, [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]] (Dr. Khan Sahib), became the provincial chief minister.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qatyum's Ministry in NWFP (KPK) April – September  1937 |url=https://pscpesh.org/PDFs/PJ/Volume_50/13_Sir.pdf |journal=Pakistan Annual Research Journal |page=196}}</ref>
-The movement also won an absolute majority in the [[1946 Indian provincial elections]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/19-Jan-2020/historical-aspect-of-pashtun-nationalism|title=Historical aspect of Pashtun nationalism|date=19 January 2020|newspaper=The Nation}}</ref> Despite the [[Bannu Resolution]] in which the Khudai Khidmatgars demanded that the province should become [[Pashtunistan]] or join Afghanistan, the British refused and had only offered two choices, to join an independent India or to join the new nation of [[Pakistan]]. The NWFP joined the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] as a result of the [[1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum|1947 NWFP referendum]] which had been boycotted by the Khudai Khidmatgar.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
+The movement also won an absolute majority in the [[1946 Indian provincial elections]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/19-Jan-2020/historical-aspect-of-pashtun-nationalism|title=Historical aspect of Pashtun nationalism|date=19 January 2020|newspaper=The Nation}}</ref> Despite the [[Bannu Resolution]] in which the Khudai Khidmatgars demanded that the province should become [[Pashtunistan]] or join Afghanistan, the British refused and had only offered two choices, to join an independent India or to join the new nation of [[Pakistan]]. The NWFP joined the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] as a result of the [[1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum|1947 NWFP referendum]] which had been boycotted by the Khudai Khidmatgar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bazai |first=Sher Khan |date=2022-12-18 |title=Why Pashtun Nationalism Is Considered A Major Fault Line In Pakistan: Glimpses of History (Part II) – OpEd |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/18122022-why-pashtun-nationalism-is-considered-a-major-fault-line-in-pakistan-glimpses-of-history-part-ii-oped/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Eurasia Review |language=en-US}}</ref>
 ==Massacre==
-Before the Babrra Massacre, the elected [[Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|provincial government]] of Dr. Khan Sahib in the North-West Frontier Province was terminated by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the [[Governor-General of Pakistan]]. A [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] leader, [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri]], was appointed as the new [[List of Chief Ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|chief minister]] of the NWFP on 23 August 1947.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
+Before the Babrra Massacre, the elected [[Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|provincial government]] of Dr. Khan Sahib in the North-West Frontier Province was terminated by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the [[Governor-General of Pakistan]]. A [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] leader, [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri]], was appointed as the new [[List of Chief Ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|chief minister]] of the NWFP on 23 August 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Dawn of New Era in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Abdul Qaiyum Khan Chief Ministership 1947–53 |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University |isbn=978-969-415-111-3 |page=14}}</ref>
-The new provincial government imprisoned the Khudai Khidmatgar’s anti-Pakistan movement's leader Bacha Khan, as well as the deposed chief minister Dr. Khan Sahib, and some other notable figures of the region. In July 1948, the [[Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|governor of the NWFP]], [[Ambrose Flux Dundas]] promulgated an ordinance, authorizing the provincial government to detain anyone and confiscate their property without giving a reason.{{fact|date=August 2021}}
+The new provincial government imprisoned the Khudai Khidmatgar’s anti-Pakistan movement's leader Bacha Khan, as well as the deposed chief minister Dr. Khan Sahib, and some other notable figures of the region. In July 1948, the [[Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|governor of the NWFP]], [[Ambrose Flux Dundas]] promulgated an ordinance, authorizing the provincial government to detain anyone and confiscate their property without giving a reason.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-08-14 |title=Babara massacre of 1948 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2033419/babara-massacre-1948 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
 On 12 August 1948, supporters of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement protested against the arrest of their leaders and the new ordinance enforced by the government. The protesters marched from [[Charsadda]] to Babrra ground. However, when they reached Babrra ground, Abdul Qayyum Khan ordered the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police|police]] to open fire on protesters. According to official figures, around 15 protestors were killed while around 40 were injured. However, Khudai Khidmatgar sources maintained that around 150 were killed and 400 were injured.<ref name=badshah/>
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 ==See also==
-* [[2010 Abbottabad police killings]]
+* [[List of massacres in Pakistan]]
-* [[Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre]]
-* [[Takkar massacre]]
-* [[Hathikhel massacre]]
 == References ==
@@ Line 60: / Line 57: @@
 == Further reading ==
-* Gandhi, Rajmohan (2004) Ghaffar Khan: Nonviolent Badshah of the Pakhtuns, Penguin Books India, New Delhi
+* Gandhi, Rajmohan (2004) ''Ghaffar Khan: Nonviolent Badshah of the Pakhtuns'', Penguin Books India, New Delhi {{ISBN?}}
-* Khan, Khan Abdul Ghaffar  (1969), My Life and Struggle, Hind Pocket Books, Delhi
+* Khan, Khan Abdul Ghaffar  (1969), ''My Life and Struggle'', Hind Pocket Books, Delhi {{ISBN?}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
-[[Category:Mass murder in 1948]]
 [[Category:August 1948 events in Asia]]
 [[Category:Massacres in 1948]]
@@ Line 73: / Line 68: @@
 [[Category:Charsadda District, Pakistan]]
 [[Category:Government of Liaquat Ali Khan]]
-[[Category:Protest-related deaths]]
+[[Category:Massacres of protesters in Asia]]
 [[Category:Crimes committed by law enforcement]]
+[[Category:Muslim League (1947–1958)]]