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{{Short description|Glass container used in laboratories}}
{{Infobox laboratory equipment
{{Infobox laboratory equipment
|name = Beaker
|name = Beaker
Line 6: Line 7:
|uses = Liquid volume containment<br/>and measurement
|uses = Liquid volume containment<br/>and measurement
|related = [[Laboratory flask]]
|related = [[Laboratory flask]]
}}In [[laboratory equipment]], a '''beaker''' is generally a [[Cylinder (geometry)|cylindrical]] container with a flat bottom.<ref name=OED>Oxford English Dictionary 1989 edition</ref> Most also have a small spout (or "beak") to aid pouring, as shown in the picture. Beakers are available in a wide range of sizes, from one [[milliliter]] up to several [[liters]]. A beaker is distinguished from a [[Laboratory flask|flask]] by having straight rather than sloping sides. The exception to this definition is a slightly conical-sided beaker called a Philips beaker. The [[beaker (drinkware)|beaker shape in general drinkware]] is similar.
}}In [[laboratory equipment]], a beaker is generally a [[Cylinder (geometry)|cylindrical]] container with a flat bottom.<ref name=OED>Oxford English Dictionary 1989 edition</ref> Most also have a small spout (or "beak") to aid pouring, as shown in the picture. Beakers are available in a wide range of sizes, from one [[milliliter]] up to several [[liters]]. A beaker is distinguished from a [[Laboratory flask|flask]] by having straight rather than sloping sides.<ref>https://www.scienceequip.com.au/blogs/news/understanding-lab-beakers-a-comprehensive-exploration</ref> The exception to this definition is a slightly conical-sided beaker called a Philips beaker. The [[beaker (drinkware)|beaker shape in general drinkware]] is similar.


Beakers are commonly made of glass (today usually [[borosilicate glass]]<ref name="BS6523" />), but can also be in metal (such as [[stainless steel]] or [[aluminum]]) or certain plastics (notably [[polythene]], [[polypropylene]], [[PTFE]]). A common use for polypropylene beakers is gamma spectral analysis of liquid and solid samples.
Beakers are commonly made of glass (today usually [[borosilicate glass]]<ref name="BS6523" />), but can also be in metal (such as [[stainless steel]] or [[aluminum]]) or certain plastics (notably [[polythene]], [[polypropylene]], [[PTFE]]). A common use for polypropylene beakers is gamma spectral analysis of liquid and solid samples.


[[File:Glassware-_Beaker.jpg|thumb|right|Beakers of different sizes]]
[[File:Glassware-_Beaker.jpg|thumb|right|Beakers of different sizes]]

{{external media
| topic = Safety
| video1 = [http://youtube.com/watch?v=tGqVMbAQhBs I had to break all my beakers.], NileBlue, Jan 2020. <p>''{{small|An account of beakers exposed to high temperatures, introducing new internal stresses, and heedlessly mixing them back to the collection without [[annealing (glass)|annealing]], creating the risk that was deemed to high for reasons of safety and of potentially ruining projects.}}''</p>
}}


==Construction and use==
==Construction and use==
[[File:Beakers diagrams.svg|thumb|left|(A) A low-form or Griffin form beaker<br/>(B) A tall-form or Berzelius beaker<br/>(C) A flat beaker or crystallizer]]Standard or "low-form" (A) beakers typically have a height about 1.4 times the diameter.<ref name=BS6523>British Standard 6523 (1984) ''Glass beakers for original experiments use''</ref> The common low form with a spout was devised by [[John Joseph Griffin]] and is therefore sometimes called a Griffin beaker.<ref name=Vogel>A. I. Vogel (1974) ''Practical Organic Chemistry'' Third edition (Longman, London) page 46 {{ISBN|0-582-44245-1}}</ref><ref name=rsc>[http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2011/August/GriffinsBeaker.asp Chemistry World August 2011] Classic kit: Griffin's Beaker</ref> These are the most universal character and are used for various purposes—from preparing solutions and decanting supernatant fluids to holding waste fluids prior to disposal to performing simple reactions. Low form beakers are likely to be used in some way when performing a chemical experiment. "Tall-form" (B) beakers have a height about twice their diameter.<ref name="BS6523" /> These are sometimes called [[Berzelius]] beakers and are mostly used for [[titration]].<ref name="rsc" /> Flat beakers (C) are often called "crystallizers" because most are used to perform crystallization, but they are also often used as a vessel for use in hot-bath heating. These beakers usually do not have a flat scale.
[[File:Beakers diagrams.svg|thumb|left|(A) A low-form or Griffin form beaker<br/>(B) A tall-form or Berzelius beaker<br/>(C) A flat beaker or crystallizer]]
[[File:Philipsbecher in Farbe.svg|thumb|left|Philips beaker which can be swirled like a conical flask]]
Standard or "low-form" (A) beakers typically have a height about 1.4 times the diameter.<ref name=BS6523>British Standard 6523 (1984) ''Glass beakers for original experiments use''</ref> The common low form with a spout was devised by [[John Joseph Griffin]] and is therefore sometimes called a Griffin beaker.<ref name=Vogel>A. I. Vogel (1974) ''Practical Organic Chemistry'' Third edition (Longman, London) page 46 {{ISBN|0-582-44245-1}}</ref><ref name=rsc>[http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2011/August/GriffinsBeaker.asp Chemistry World August 2011] Classic kit: Griffin's Beaker</ref> These are the most universal character and are used for various purposes—from preparing solutions and decanting [[Precipitation (chemistry)|supernatant]] fluids to holding waste fluids prior to disposal to performing simple reactions. Low form beakers are likely to be used in some way when performing a chemical experiment. "Tall-form" (B) beakers have a height about twice their diameter.<ref name="BS6523" /> These are sometimes called Berzelius beakers, after [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]], and are mostly used for [[titration]].<ref name="rsc" /> Flat beakers (C) are often called "crystallizers" because most are used to perform crystallization, but they are also often used as a vessel for use in hot-bath heating. These beakers usually do not have a flat scale.


The presence of a spout means that the beaker cannot have a lid. However, when in use, beakers may be covered by a [[watch glass]] to prevent contamination or loss of the contents, but allowing venting via the spout. Alternatively, a beaker may be covered with another larger beaker that has been inverted, though a watch glass is preferable.
The presence of a spout means that the beaker cannot have a lid. However, when in use, beakers may be covered by a [[watch glass]] to prevent contamination or loss of the contents, but allowing venting via the spout. Alternatively, a beaker may be covered with another larger beaker that has been inverted, though a watch glass is preferable.


Beakers are often ''graduated'', that is, marked on the side with lines indicating the volume contained. For instance, a 250 mL beaker might be marked with lines to indicate 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mL of volume. These marks are not intended for obtaining a precise measurement of volume (a [[graduated cylinder]] or a [[volumetric flask]] would be a more appropriate instrument for such a task), but rather an estimation. Most beakers are accurate to within ~10%.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistrylabexperiments/ig/Chemistry-Laboratory-Glassware/Beakers.htm|title = Beakers|access-date = October 20, 2014}}</ref>
Beakers are often ''graduated'', that is, marked on the side with lines indicating the volume contained. For instance, a 250 mL beaker might be marked with lines to indicate 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mL of volume. These marks are not intended for obtaining a precise measurement of volume (a [[graduated cylinder]] or a [[volumetric flask]] would be a more appropriate instrument for such a task), but rather an estimation. Most beakers are accurate to within ~10%.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistrylabexperiments/ig/Chemistry-Laboratory-Glassware/Beakers.htm|title = Beakers|access-date = October 20, 2014|archive-date = April 17, 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120417120723/http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistrylabexperiments/ig/Chemistry-Laboratory-Glassware/Beakers.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref>


== Standards ==
== Standards ==
DIN EN ISO 3819:2015-12 defines the following types and sizes:<ref>[http://www.beuth.de/de/norm/iso-3819/247698066 ISO 3819:2015-12]</ref>
DIN EN ISO 3819:2015-12 defines the following types and sizes:<ref>[http://www.beuth.de/de/norm/iso-3819/247698066 ISO 3819:2015-12].</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Type !! Nominal volume<br>(ml)<br> !!Outer diameter<br>(mm)<br>+/- 5 %!! Overall height<br>(mm)<br>max. !! Wall thickness<br>(mm)<br>min.
! Type !! Nominal volume<br/>(ml) !! Outer diameter<br/>(mm)<br/>±5% !! Overall height<br/>(mm)<br/>max. !! Wall thickness<br/>(mm)<br/>min.
|-
|-
| '''Low high beaker''' || 5 || 22 || 32 || 0.7
| '''Low high beaker''' || 5 || 22 || 32 || 0.7
|-
|-
| || 10 || 26 || 37 || 0.7
| || 10 || 26 || 37 || 0.7
Line 91: Line 89:
| '''Thick wall type''' || 150 || 60 || 82 || 1.11
| '''Thick wall type''' || 150 || 60 || 82 || 1.11
|-
|-
| || 250 || 70 || 97 || 1.2
|
|250
|70
|97
|1.2
|-
|-
| || 400 || 80 || 111 || 1.4
| || 400 || 80 || 111 || 1.4
Line 114: Line 108:
* [[Beaker (disambiguation)|Beaker]] (disambiguation)
* [[Beaker (disambiguation)|Beaker]] (disambiguation)
* [[Volumetric flask]]
* [[Volumetric flask]]
* [[Schott bottle]]
* [[Stirring rod]]
* [[Stirring rod]]
* [[Test tube]]
* [[Test tube]]

Latest revision as of 20:35, 28 June 2024

Beaker
Beakers of several sizes
UsesLiquid volume containment
and measurement
Related itemsLaboratory flask

In laboratory equipment, a beaker is generally a cylindrical container with a flat bottom.[1] Most also have a small spout (or "beak") to aid pouring, as shown in the picture. Beakers are available in a wide range of sizes, from one milliliter up to several liters. A beaker is distinguished from a flask by having straight rather than sloping sides.[2] The exception to this definition is a slightly conical-sided beaker called a Philips beaker. The beaker shape in general drinkware is similar.

Beakers are commonly made of glass (today usually borosilicate glass[3]), but can also be in metal (such as stainless steel or aluminum) or certain plastics (notably polythene, polypropylene, PTFE). A common use for polypropylene beakers is gamma spectral analysis of liquid and solid samples.

Beakers of different sizes

Construction and use[edit]

(A) A low-form or Griffin form beaker
(B) A tall-form or Berzelius beaker
(C) A flat beaker or crystallizer
Philips beaker which can be swirled like a conical flask

Standard or "low-form" (A) beakers typically have a height about 1.4 times the diameter.[3] The common low form with a spout was devised by John Joseph Griffin and is therefore sometimes called a Griffin beaker.[4][5] These are the most universal character and are used for various purposes—from preparing solutions and decanting supernatant fluids to holding waste fluids prior to disposal to performing simple reactions. Low form beakers are likely to be used in some way when performing a chemical experiment. "Tall-form" (B) beakers have a height about twice their diameter.[3] These are sometimes called Berzelius beakers, after Jöns Jacob Berzelius, and are mostly used for titration.[5] Flat beakers (C) are often called "crystallizers" because most are used to perform crystallization, but they are also often used as a vessel for use in hot-bath heating. These beakers usually do not have a flat scale.

The presence of a spout means that the beaker cannot have a lid. However, when in use, beakers may be covered by a watch glass to prevent contamination or loss of the contents, but allowing venting via the spout. Alternatively, a beaker may be covered with another larger beaker that has been inverted, though a watch glass is preferable.

Beakers are often graduated, that is, marked on the side with lines indicating the volume contained. For instance, a 250 mL beaker might be marked with lines to indicate 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mL of volume. These marks are not intended for obtaining a precise measurement of volume (a graduated cylinder or a volumetric flask would be a more appropriate instrument for such a task), but rather an estimation. Most beakers are accurate to within ~10%.[6]

Standards[edit]

DIN EN ISO 3819:2015-12 defines the following types and sizes:[7]

Type Nominal volume
(ml)		 Outer diameter
(mm)
±5%		 Overall height
(mm)
max.		 Wall thickness
(mm)
min.
Low high beaker 5 22 32 0.7
10 26 37 0.7
25 34 52 0.7
50 42 62 0.8
100 50 72 0.9
150 60 82 1.0
250 70 97 1.1
400 80 113 1.2
500 85 118 1.3
600 90 128 1.3
800 100 138 1.3
1000 105 148 1.3
2000 130 188 1.4
3000 150 214 1.7
5000 170 274 2.0
10000 220 360 2.0
High beaker 50 38 72 0.8
100 48 82 0.9
150 54 97 1.0
250 60 123 1.1
400 70 133 1.2
500 79 140 1.3
600 80 153 1.3
800 90 178 1.3
1000 95 183 1.3
2000 120 244 1.4
3000 135 284 1.7
5000 160 324 2.0
Thick wall type 150 60 82 1.11
250 70 97 1.2
400 80 111 1.4
600 90 127 1.4
1000 105 147 1.4
2000 132 187 1.5
5000 170 275 2.5

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 1989 edition
  2. ^ https://www.scienceequip.com.au/blogs/news/understanding-lab-beakers-a-comprehensive-exploration
  3. ^ a b c British Standard 6523 (1984) Glass beakers for original experiments use
  4. ^ A. I. Vogel (1974) Practical Organic Chemistry Third edition (Longman, London) page 46 ISBN 0-582-44245-1
  5. ^ a b Chemistry World August 2011 Classic kit: Griffin's Beaker
  6. ^ "Beakers". Archived from the original on April 17, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  7. ^ ISO 3819:2015-12.

Further reading[edit]

  • ASTM E960 - 93 (2008) Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Beakers

External links[edit]

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