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{{short description|Professor of obstetrics and gynecology}}
{{short description|Professor of obstetrics and gynecology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox medical person
{{Infobox medical person
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Benjamin Philip Watson
| name = Benjamin Philip Watson
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRCSEd|FACS|LLD|}}
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRCSEd|FACS|LLD|}}
| image =
| image = Benjamin_Philip_Watson.tif
| image_size =
| image_size =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption = Benjamin P. Watson
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1880|1|4|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1880|1|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Anstruther]], Scotland
| birth_place = [[Anstruther]], Scotland
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1976|08|07|1880|1|4|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1976|08|07|1880|1|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Danbury]], Connecticut
| death_place = [[Danbury]], Connecticut, U.S.
| death_cause =
| death_cause =
| nationality =
| nationality =
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}}
}}


'''Benjamin Philip Watson''' [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]], [[FRCSEd]], [[FRCOG]], [[Fellow of the American College of Surgeons|FACS]], [[LLD]] (4 January 1880 {{ndash}} 7 August 1976) was a Scottish born obstetrician and gynaecologist who was the head of academic departments in three different countries. He was professor and departmental head successively in Toronto, Canada, in Edinburgh Scotland and in New York in the United States. In each of these posts he made undergraduate teaching a priority and reformed training in the speciality.
'''Benjamin Philip Watson''' [[FRCSEd]], [[FRCOG]], [[Fellow of the American College of Surgeons|FACS]] (4 January 1880 {{ndash}} 7 August 1976) was a Scottish obstetrician and gynaecologist who was the head of academic departments in three countries. He was professor and departmental head successively in Canada, Scotland and the United States. In each of these posts he made undergraduate teaching a priority and reformed training in the speciality.


== Early life and training ==
== Early life and training ==
He was born in [[Anstruther|Anstruthe]]<nowiki/>r, Scotland on 4 January 1880,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Berkow|first=Sam|date=1957|title=A Visit with Dr. Benjamin P. Watson|url=https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Citation/1957/07000/A_Visit_with_Dr__Benjamin_P__Watson.18.aspx|journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology|language=en-US|volume=10|issue=1|pages=105–111|issn=0029-7844|via=}}</ref> the son of David Watson and his wife Elizabeth Clark Watson (née Philp) and was baptised at Anstruther Easter Church on 5 March 1880.<ref>"Scotland Church Records and Kirk Session Records, 1658-1919," database, ''FamilySearch'' (<nowiki>https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2HR-9CST</nowiki> : 12 November 2017), Benjamin Philp Watson, 05 Mar 1880; citing Baptism, Anstruther, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom,</ref> He attended the local school [[Waid Academy]] and then entered the [[University of Edinburgh Medical School|University of Edinburgh]] to study medicine. In 1902 he graduated [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MB ChB]] with first class honours and the award of the Ettles and Buchanan Scholarships as top student in his year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Watson|first=Benjamin P.|date=1957|title=Observations of an Obstetrician and Gynecologist|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025712516344091|journal=Medical Clinics of North America|language=en|volume=41|issue=4|pages=1077–1094|doi=10.1016/S0025-7125(16)34409-1|issn=0025-7125|via=}}</ref>
He was born in [[Anstruther]], Scotland on 4 January 1880,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Berkow|first=Sam|date=1957|title=A Visit with Dr. Benjamin P. Watson|url=https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Citation/1957/07000/A_Visit_with_Dr__Benjamin_P__Watson.18.aspx|journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology|language=en-US|volume=10|issue=1|pages=105–111|pmid=13441230|issn=0029-7844}}</ref> the son of David Watson and his wife Elizabeth Clark Watson (née Philp) and was baptised at Anstruther Easter Church on 5 March 1880.<ref>"Scotland Church Records and Kirk Session Records, 1658–1919," database, ''FamilySearch'' (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2HR-9CST : 12 November 2017), Benjamin Philp Watson, 5 March 1880; citing Baptism, Anstruther, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom,</ref> He attended the local school [[Waid Academy]] and then entered the [[University of Edinburgh Medical School|University of Edinburgh]] to study medicine. In 1902 he graduated [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MB ChB]] with first class honours and the award of the Ettles and Buchanan Scholarships as top student in his year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Watson|first=Benjamin P.|date=1957|title=Observations of an Obstetrician and Gynecologist|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025712516344091|journal=Medical Clinics of North America|language=en|volume=41|issue=4|pages=1077–1094|doi=10.1016/S0025-7125(16)34409-1|pmid=13440250|issn=0025-7125}}</ref>


Three years later he graduated with the degree of [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD) and was awarded a gold medal for his thesis on amniotic fluid and changes in the placenta following foetal death. In the same year he passed the examinations to became a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]] (FRCSEd). One of his examiners was [[Joseph Bell]], the Edinburgh surgeon whom [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] (who had been Bell's assistant), used as the model for [[Sherlock Holmes]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Gane|first=Kristen|date=|title=Watson: Inaugural Chair of a Combined Department|url=https://www.obgyn.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/018-004%20UofT%20History%20Book%2010x10%20r10%20LowRes.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 December 2020|website=University of Toronto. 175 Years: A History of the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology.}}</ref> Later that year he was appointed University of Edinburgh tutor in Diseases of Women a post which he held until 1912.  For the last two years of this appointment he was a Lecturer at the [[Extramural medical education in Edinburgh|extramural School of Medicine]] of the Edinburgh Royal Colleges. During this time he wrote ''Gynaecological Pathology and Diagnosis'' in collaboration with [[Alexander Hugh Freeland Barbour|Alexander H. Freeland Barbour,]] one of the earliest English-language textbooks devoted exclusively to this subject.<ref name="Barbour1913">{{cite book|author1=Alexander Hugh Freeland Barbour|author2=Benjamin Philip Watson|title=Gynecological diagnosis and pathology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kW9N3HD-0IoC|year=1913|publisher=W. Green & Sons|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>
Three years later he graduated with the degree of [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD) and was awarded a gold medal for his thesis on amniotic fluid and changes in the placenta following foetal death.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Watson |first=Benjamin Philp |date=1905 |title=Withdrawal of the liquor amnii and yolk sac fluid from the rabbit's uterus: its effects on foetus and placenta |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/34354 |language=en}}</ref> In the same year he passed the examinations to become a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]] (FRCSEd). One of his examiners was [[Joseph Bell]], the Edinburgh surgeon whom [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] (who had been Bell's assistant), used as the model for [[Sherlock Holmes]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Gane|first=Kristen|date=|title=Watson: Inaugural Chair of a Combined Department|url=https://www.obgyn.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/018-004%20UofT%20History%20Book%2010x10%20r10%20LowRes.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 December 2020|website=University of Toronto. 175 Years: A History of the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology.|pages=39–40}}</ref> Later that year, he was appointed University of Edinburgh tutor in Diseases of Women, a post which he held until 1912.  For the last two years of this appointment, he was a lecturer at the extramural [[School of Medicine of the Royal Colleges of Edinburgh]]. During this time he wrote ''Gynaecological Pathology and Diagnosis'' in collaboration with [[Alexander Hugh Freeland Barbour|Alexander H. Freeland Barbour]], one of the earliest English-language textbooks devoted exclusively to this subject.<ref name="Barbour1913">{{cite book|author1=Alexander Hugh Freeland Barbour|author2=Benjamin Philip Watson|title=Gynecological diagnosis and pathology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kW9N3HD-0IoC|year=1913|publisher=W. Green & Sons|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>


== Career ==
== Career ==
n 1912 Watson accepted an invitation to become Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|University of Toronto]], Canada and Director of both of these departments in the [[Toronto General Hospital]] – the first time they had been united under one chief. Here he established Toronto's first dedicated postgraduate program in Obstetrics and Gynaecology and is credited with modernising the residency system at Toronto General Hospital.<ref name=":3" />
In 1912 Watson accepted an invitation to become Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|University of Toronto]], Canada and Director of both of these departments in the [[Toronto General Hospital]] – the first time they had been united under one chief. Here he established Toronto's first dedicated postgraduate program in Obstetrics and Gynaecology and is credited with modernising the residency system at Toronto General Hospital.<ref name=":3" />


During World War I he held the rank of Captain in the [[Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps]] and served in England, Salonika and Egypt.<ref name=":4" />
During World War I he held the rank of captain in the [[Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps]] and served in England, Salonika and Egypt.<ref name=":4" />


Following the retirement of [[John Halliday Croom|Sir John Halliday Croom]] from the Edinburgh Chair of Midwifery in 1921, the University of Edinburgh decided to amalgamate its departments of Midwifery and Diseases of Women. Watson was invited to become professor of the combined disciplines and in 1922 he returned to his [[alma mater]]. He had gynaecological beds at the [[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh]] and obstetric beds at the [[Edinburgh Royal Maternity Hospital and Simpson Memorial Maternity Pavilion|Simpson Memorial Maternity Hospital]].<ref name=":0" /> He radically reorganised the academic department and the teaching of obstetrics and gynaecology but soon found that 'long-established tradition was very hard to fight against' <ref name=":1">{{cite book|author1=Iain Macintyre|author2=Iain MacLaren|title=Surgeons Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kW9N3HD-0IoC|year=2005|publisher=Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh|location=Edinburgh|isbn=0950362093|pages=177–178}}</ref> and became frustrated with resistance to his proposals. Four years later he resigned.<ref name=":4" />
Following the retirement of [[John Halliday Croom|Sir John Halliday Croom]] from the Edinburgh Chair of Midwifery in 1921, the University of Edinburgh decided to amalgamate its departments of Midwifery and Diseases of Women. Watson was invited to become professor of the combined disciplines and in 1922 he returned to his [[alma mater]]. He had gynaecological beds at the [[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh]] and obstetric beds at the [[Edinburgh Royal Maternity Hospital and Simpson Memorial Maternity Pavilion|Simpson Memorial Maternity Hospital]].<ref name=":0" /> He radically reorganised the academic department and the teaching of obstetrics and gynaecology but soon found that 'long-established tradition was very hard to fight against' <ref name=":1">{{cite book|author1=Iain Macintyre|author2=Iain MacLaren|title=Surgeons Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kW9N3HD-0IoC|year=2005|publisher=Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh|location=Edinburgh|isbn=0950362093|pages=177–178}}</ref> and became frustrated with resistance to his proposals. Four years later he resigned.<ref name=":4" />


 In 1926 Watson again crossed the Atlantic, having accepted an invitation to become Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at [[Columbia University]], New York and Director of the [[Sloane Hospital for Women]] in New York City.  He held these appointments for the next 20 years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Speert|first=Harold|date=2006|title=Memorable Medical Mentors: XVI: Benjamin P. Watson (1880???1976)|url=http://journals.lww.com/00006254-200605000-00001|journal=Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey|language=en|volume=61|issue=5|pages=287–292|doi=10.1097/01.ogx.0000216643.63353.37|issn=0029-7828|via=}}</ref>
 In 1926 Watson again crossed the Atlantic, having accepted an invitation to become Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at [[Columbia University]], New York and Director of the [[Sloane Hospital for Women]] in New York City.  He held these appointments for the next 20 years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Speert|first=Harold|date=2006|title=Memorable Medical Mentors: XVI: Benjamin P. Watson (1880???1976)|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F01.ogx.0000216643.63353.37|journal=Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey|language=en|volume=61|issue=5|pages=287–292|doi=10.1097/01.ogx.0000216643.63353.37|pmid=16635272|issn=0029-7828}}</ref>


His department became known for its academic training, so much so that nine of his pupils and assistants went on to occupy university chairs in Great Britain, in Canada and the United States.<ref name=":1" />
His department became known for its academic training, such that nine of his pupils and assistants went on to occupy university chairs in Great Britain, in Canada and the United States.<ref name=":1" />


== Honours and distinctions ==
== Honours and distinctions ==
During his time as professor in Edinburgh he was president of the [[Edinburgh Obstetrical Society]].<ref name=":4" /> He was a Fellow of the [[American College of Surgeons]], a foundation Fellow of the [[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]] and in 1936 was elected President of the American Gynecological Society (since 1981 American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Edward Stewart|date=1985|title=HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN GYNECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1876-1981|url=https://agosonline.org/public/PDF/Taylor_AGOS_history.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 December 2020|website=}}</ref> In 1948 he was elected to President of the [[New York Academy of Medicine]]. The University of Edinburgh in 1951 awarded him the Honorary [[Doctor of Law|Doctorate of Laws]] (LLD). <ref name=":1" /> 
During his time as professor in Edinburgh he was president of the [[Edinburgh Obstetrical Society]].<ref name=":4" /> He was a Fellow of the [[American College of Surgeons]], a foundation Fellow of the [[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]] and in 1936 was elected President of the American Gynecological Society (since 1981 American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Edward Stewart|date=1985|title=HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN GYNECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1876–1981|url=https://agosonline.org/public/PDF/Taylor_AGOS_history.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203101502/http://www.agosonline.org:80/public/PDF/Taylor_AGOS_history.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2020|website=|at=Appendix II}}</ref> In 1948 he was elected to President of the [[New York Academy of Medicine]]. The University of Edinburgh in 1951 awarded him the Honorary [[Doctor of Law|Doctorate of Laws]] (LLD).<ref name=":1" /> 


== Family and later life ==
== Family and later life ==
He married Angele Celestine Hamendt on 16 June 1917 in [[Toronto]], Ontario.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Benjamin Philp Watson. Ontario Marriages, 1917. no 3418-4039|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:278V-PZ6|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=3 December 2020|website=Family Search}}</ref> They had two children.<ref name=":0" /> He died at his home in [[Danbury, Connecticut|Danbury]], Connecticut on 7 August 1976.<ref name=":2" />
He married Angele Celestine Hamendt on 16 June 1917 in [[Toronto]], Ontario.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Benjamin Philp Watson. Ontario Marriages, 1917. no 3418-4039|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:278V-PZ6|access-date=3 December 2020|website=Family Search}}</ref> They had two children.<ref name=":0" /> He died at his home in [[Danbury, Connecticut|Danbury]], Connecticut on 7 August 1976.<ref name=":2" />


== References ==
== References ==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Watson, Benjamin Philip}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Watson, Benjamin Philip}}

[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Waid Academy]]
[[Category:People educated at Waid Academy]]
[[Category:People from Anstruther]]
[[Category:People from Anstruther]]
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[[Category:Scottish obstetricians]]
[[Category:Scottish obstetricians]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish medical doctors]]

[[Category:20th-century surgeons]]
[[Category:20th-century surgeons]]
[[Category:University of Toronto faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Toronto]]
[[Category:Columbia Medical School faculty]]
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[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force officers]]

Latest revision as of 04:36, 2 July 2024

Benjamin Philip Watson
FACS
Benjamin P. Watson
Born(1880-01-04)4 January 1880
Anstruther, Scotland
Died7 August 1976(1976-08-07) (aged 96)
Danbury, Connecticut, U.S.
EducationWaid Academy
University of Edinburgh
Occupation(s)Professor of obstetrics and gynecology
Medical career
InstitutionsUniversity of Edinburgh
University of Toronto
Columbia University
AwardsEttles Scholarship

Benjamin Philip Watson FRCSEd, FRCOG, FACS (4 January 1880 – 7 August 1976) was a Scottish obstetrician and gynaecologist who was the head of academic departments in three countries. He was professor and departmental head successively in Canada, Scotland and the United States. In each of these posts he made undergraduate teaching a priority and reformed training in the speciality.

Early life and training

[edit]

He was born in Anstruther, Scotland on 4 January 1880,[1] the son of David Watson and his wife Elizabeth Clark Watson (née Philp) and was baptised at Anstruther Easter Church on 5 March 1880.[2] He attended the local school Waid Academy and then entered the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. In 1902 he graduated MB ChB with first class honours and the award of the Ettles and Buchanan Scholarships as top student in his year.[3]

Three years later he graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine (MD) and was awarded a gold medal for his thesis on amniotic fluid and changes in the placenta following foetal death.[4] In the same year he passed the examinations to become a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (FRCSEd). One of his examiners was Joseph Bell, the Edinburgh surgeon whom Arthur Conan Doyle (who had been Bell's assistant), used as the model for Sherlock Holmes.[1][5] Later that year, he was appointed University of Edinburgh tutor in Diseases of Women, a post which he held until 1912.  For the last two years of this appointment, he was a lecturer at the extramural School of Medicine of the Royal Colleges of Edinburgh. During this time he wrote Gynaecological Pathology and Diagnosis in collaboration with Alexander H. Freeland Barbour, one of the earliest English-language textbooks devoted exclusively to this subject.[6]

Career

[edit]

In 1912 Watson accepted an invitation to become Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in the University of Toronto, Canada and Director of both of these departments in the Toronto General Hospital – the first time they had been united under one chief. Here he established Toronto's first dedicated postgraduate program in Obstetrics and Gynaecology and is credited with modernising the residency system at Toronto General Hospital.[5]

During World War I he held the rank of captain in the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps and served in England, Salonika and Egypt.[1]

Following the retirement of Sir John Halliday Croom from the Edinburgh Chair of Midwifery in 1921, the University of Edinburgh decided to amalgamate its departments of Midwifery and Diseases of Women. Watson was invited to become professor of the combined disciplines and in 1922 he returned to his alma mater. He had gynaecological beds at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and obstetric beds at the Simpson Memorial Maternity Hospital.[3] He radically reorganised the academic department and the teaching of obstetrics and gynaecology but soon found that 'long-established tradition was very hard to fight against' [7] and became frustrated with resistance to his proposals. Four years later he resigned.[1]

 In 1926 Watson again crossed the Atlantic, having accepted an invitation to become Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Columbia University, New York and Director of the Sloane Hospital for Women in New York City.  He held these appointments for the next 20 years.[8]

His department became known for its academic training, such that nine of his pupils and assistants went on to occupy university chairs in Great Britain, in Canada and the United States.[7]

Honours and distinctions

[edit]

During his time as professor in Edinburgh he was president of the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society.[1] He was a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons, a foundation Fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and in 1936 was elected President of the American Gynecological Society (since 1981 American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society).[9] In 1948 he was elected to President of the New York Academy of Medicine. The University of Edinburgh in 1951 awarded him the Honorary Doctorate of Laws (LLD).[7] 

Family and later life

[edit]

He married Angele Celestine Hamendt on 16 June 1917 in Toronto, Ontario.[10] They had two children.[3] He died at his home in Danbury, Connecticut on 7 August 1976.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Berkow, Sam (1957). "A Visit with Dr. Benjamin P. Watson". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 10 (1): 105–111. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 13441230.
  2. ^ "Scotland Church Records and Kirk Session Records, 1658–1919," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2HR-9CST  : 12 November 2017), Benjamin Philp Watson, 5 March 1880; citing Baptism, Anstruther, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom,
  3. ^ a b c Watson, Benjamin P. (1957). "Observations of an Obstetrician and Gynecologist". Medical Clinics of North America. 41 (4): 1077–1094. doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(16)34409-1. ISSN 0025-7125. PMID 13440250.
  4. ^ Watson, Benjamin Philp (1905). "Withdrawal of the liquor amnii and yolk sac fluid from the rabbit's uterus: its effects on foetus and placenta".
  5. ^ a b Gane, Kristen. "Watson: Inaugural Chair of a Combined Department" (PDF). University of Toronto. 175 Years: A History of the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. pp. 39–40. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  6. ^ Alexander Hugh Freeland Barbour; Benjamin Philip Watson (1913). Gynecological diagnosis and pathology. Edinburgh: W. Green & Sons.
  7. ^ a b c Iain Macintyre; Iain MacLaren (2005). Surgeons Lives. Edinburgh: Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. pp. 177–178. ISBN 0950362093.
  8. ^ a b Speert, Harold (2006). "Memorable Medical Mentors: XVI: Benjamin P. Watson (1880???1976)". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 61 (5): 287–292. doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000216643.63353.37. ISSN 0029-7828. PMID 16635272.
  9. ^ Taylor, Edward Stewart (1985). "HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN GYNECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1876–1981" (PDF). Appendix II. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  10. ^ "Benjamin Philp Watson. Ontario Marriages, 1917. no 3418-4039". Family Search. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
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