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{{Short description|Belief in superiority of black people}} |
{{Short description|Belief in superiority of black people}} |
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{{See also|Black nationalism|Black pride}} |
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{{Black Power sidebar}} |
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'''Black supremacy''' or '''black supremacism''' is a [[Supremacism#Racial|racial supremacist]] belief which maintains that [[black people]] are superior to people of other [[Race (human categorization)|races]] |
'''Black supremacy''' or '''black supremacism''' is a [[Supremacism#Racial|racial supremacist]] belief which maintains that [[black people]] are inherently superior to people of other [[Race (human categorization)|races]]. |
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==Historical usage== |
==Historical usage== |
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Black supremacy was advocated by Jamaican preacher [[Leonard Howell]] in the 1935 [[Rastafari movement]] tract ''[[The Promised Key]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sellers|first=Allison Paige|date=2015|title=The 'Black Man's Bible': The Holy Piby, Garveyism, and Black Supremacy in the Interwar Years|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325|journal=Journal of Africana Religions|volume=3|issue=3|pages=325–342|doi=10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325|jstor=10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325|s2cid=141594246|via=JSTOR}}</ref> Howell's use of "Black Supremacy" had both religious and political implications. Politically, as a direct counterpoint to [[white supremacy]], and the failure of white governments to protect black people, he advocated the destruction of white governments.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bogues |first1=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sX9ACwAAQBAJ |title=Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals |date=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-94325-3 |page=164 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> Howell had drawn upon as an influence the work of the earlier proto-Rastafari preacher [[Fitz Balintine Pettersburg]], in particular the latter's book ''[[The Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy]]''.<ref name="Price2009">{{cite book|author=Charles Price|title=Becoming Rasta: Origins of Rastafari Identity in Jamaica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OC399TZD2BwC&pg=PA49|year=2009|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-6768-9|pages=48–49}}</ref> |
Black supremacy was advocated by Jamaican preacher [[Leonard Howell]] in the 1935 [[Rastafari movement]] tract ''[[The Promised Key]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sellers|first=Allison Paige|date=2015|title=The 'Black Man's Bible': The Holy Piby, Garveyism, and Black Supremacy in the Interwar Years|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325|journal=Journal of Africana Religions|volume=3|issue=3|pages=325–342|doi=10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325|jstor=10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325|s2cid=141594246|via=JSTOR}}</ref> Howell's use of "Black Supremacy" had both religious and political implications. Politically, as a direct counterpoint to [[white supremacy]], and the failure of white governments to protect black people, he advocated the destruction of white governments.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bogues |first1=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sX9ACwAAQBAJ |title=Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals |date=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-94325-3 |page=164 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> Howell had drawn upon as an influence the work of the earlier proto-Rastafari preacher [[Fitz Balintine Pettersburg]], in particular the latter's book ''[[The Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy]]''.<ref name="Price2009">{{cite book|author=Charles Price|title=Becoming Rasta: Origins of Rastafari Identity in Jamaica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OC399TZD2BwC&pg=PA49|year=2009|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-6768-9|pages=48–49}}</ref> |
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The [[Associated Press]] described the teachings of the [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI) as having been black supremacist until 1975, when [[Warith Deen Mohammed|W. Deen Mohammed]] succeeded [[Elijah Muhammad]] (his father) as its leader.<ref name="MSNBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26630405/ns/us_news-faith/t/former-nation-islam-leader-dies/|title=Former Nation of Islam leader dies at 74|date=September 9, 2008|access-date=March 1, 2019|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Elijah Muhammad's black-supremacist doctrine acted as a counter to the supremacist paradigm established and controlled by white supremacy.<ref name="vincent">{{cite book |last1=Vincent |first1=Rickey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TTVAAAAQBAJ |
The [[Associated Press]] described the teachings of the [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI) as having been black supremacist until 1975, when [[Warith Deen Mohammed|W. Deen Mohammed]] succeeded [[Elijah Muhammad]] (his father) as its leader.<ref name="MSNBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26630405/ns/us_news-faith/t/former-nation-islam-leader-dies/|title=Former Nation of Islam leader dies at 74|date=September 9, 2008|access-date=March 1, 2019|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Elijah Muhammad's black-supremacist doctrine acted as a counter to the supremacist paradigm established and controlled by white supremacy.<ref name="vincent">{{cite book |last1=Vincent |first1=Rickey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TTVAAAAQBAJ |title=Party Music: The Inside Story of the Black Panthers' Band and How Black Power Transformed Soul Music |date=2013 |publisher=Chicago Review Press |isbn=978-1-61374-495-6 |page=180 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Theresa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZvHBQAAQBAJ |title=Teaching Malcolm X |date=1996 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-91155-9 |page=143 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> The SPLC described the group as having a "theology of innate black superiority over whites – a belief system vehemently and consistently rejected by mainstream Muslims".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|title=Nation of Islam|website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011080634/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|archive-date=2019-10-11|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> |
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== Southern Poverty Law Center abandonment of its use of the category== |
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The term Black supremacy has been used by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC), an American civil rights advocacy group, to describe several groups in the [[United States]]. However, in October 2020, the SPLC announced that they would no longer use the category of "Black Supremacy" going forward as SPLC believes: |
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1) the term "Black supremacy" creates a false equivalency between Black supremacy and White supremacy, |
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2) Black supremacy should alternatively be seen as "Black activism" against White supremacy, and |
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3) the term Black supremacy may encourage over-criminalization and over-policing of Black communities. |
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SPLC states that it will continue to track some of the groups previously in their "Black supremacist" category, but only for antisemitic, anti-LGBTQ and male supremacist views, but not for anti-White views.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hodges|first=Raven|date=October 8, 2020|title=Equity Through Accuracy: Changes to Our Hate Map|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/10/08/equity-through-accuracy-changes-our-hate-map|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-01|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|language=en}}</ref> |
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==Groups associated with black supremacist views== |
==Groups associated with black supremacist views== |
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*The [[Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ]] (ICGJC), which is headquartered in [[New York City]], was described in 2008 by the SPLC as an American "black supremacist sect" and part of the growing "black supremacist wing of the [[Black Hebrew Israelites|Hebrew Israelite movement]]". The ICGJC accepts the [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]]s and the [[Deuterocanonical books|Apocrypha]] as [[Biblical inspiration|inspired Scripture]] and has an [[Apocalypticism|apocalyptic]] view of the end of the world.<ref name=Ready>{{cite web |title=Racist Black Hebrew Israelites Becoming More Militant |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2008/racist-black-hebrew-israelites-becoming-more-militant |date=August 29, 2008 |access-date=May 29, 2016}}</ref> |
*The [[Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ]] (ICGJC), which is headquartered in [[New York City]], was described in 2008 by the SPLC as an American "black supremacist sect" and part of the growing "black supremacist wing of the [[Black Hebrew Israelites|Hebrew Israelite movement]]". The ICGJC accepts the [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]]s and the [[Deuterocanonical books|Apocrypha]] as [[Biblical inspiration|inspired Scripture]] and has an [[Apocalypticism|apocalyptic]] view of the end of the world.<ref name=Ready>{{cite web |title=Racist Black Hebrew Israelites Becoming More Militant |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2008/racist-black-hebrew-israelites-becoming-more-militant |date=August 29, 2008 |access-date=May 29, 2016}}</ref> |
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*The [[Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge]] (ISUPK), based in the [[Upper Darby Township |
*The [[Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge]] (ISUPK), based in the [[Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania|Upper Darby Township]] of Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite web |title='General Yahanna' Discusses Black Supremacist Hebrew Israelites |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2008/racist-black-hebrew-israelites-becoming-more-militant |date=August 29, 2008 |access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref> |
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*The [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI) is a religious organization founded by [[Wallace Fard Muhammad]] in the United States in 1930. They have been described by the SPLC as having "a theology of innate black superiority over whites".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nation Of Islam {{!}} Southern Poverty Law Center|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331042910/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|archive-date=March 31, 2021|access-date=March 31, 2021|website=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref> SPLC cites the NOI leaders' "deeply racist, antisemitic and anti-LGBT rhetoric" as reasons for the organization being categorized as a hate group.<ref name=":0" /> |
*The [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI) is a religious organization founded by [[Wallace Fard Muhammad]] in the United States in 1930. They have been described by the SPLC as having "a theology of innate black superiority over whites".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nation Of Islam {{!}} Southern Poverty Law Center|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331042910/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|archive-date=March 31, 2021|access-date=March 31, 2021|website=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref> SPLC cites the NOI leaders' "deeply racist, antisemitic and anti-LGBT rhetoric" as reasons for the organization being categorized as a hate group.<ref name=":0" /> |
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*The [[Nation of Yahweh]] is a religious group based in the United States described as black supremacist by the SPLC. It is an offshoot of the [[Black Hebrew Israelites|Black Hebrew Israelite]] line of thought. It was founded by American [[Yahweh ben Yahweh]] (born Hulon Mitchell Jr.), whose name means "God the Son of God" in [[Hebrew]]. The Nation of Yahweh grew rapidly throughout the 1980s and at its height had headquarters in Miami, Florida, and temples in 22 states,<ref name=SPLC1>{{cite web |author=Mark Potok |title=Popularity and Populism |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/popularity-and-populism |date=November 29, 2001 |access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref> ben Yahweh was imprisoned for 11 years for his links to nearly two dozen murders, and later released on restrictive parole.<ref name="CNN20061006">{{Cite web |last=Associated Press |date=6 October 2006 |title=Cult Leader Linked To Beheadings Asks To 'Die With Dignity' |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/LAW/10/06/cult.leader.ap/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011215618/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/LAW/10/06/cult.leader.ap/index.html |archive-date=11 October 2006 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=CNN}}</ref> |
*The [[Nation of Yahweh]] is a religious group based in the United States described as black supremacist by the SPLC. It is an offshoot of the [[Black Hebrew Israelites|Black Hebrew Israelite]] line of thought. It was founded by American [[Yahweh ben Yahweh]] (born Hulon Mitchell Jr.), whose name means "God the Son of God" in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. The Nation of Yahweh grew rapidly throughout the 1980s and at its height had headquarters in Miami, Florida, and temples in 22 states,<ref name=SPLC1>{{cite web |author=Mark Potok |title=Popularity and Populism |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/popularity-and-populism |date=November 29, 2001 |access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref> ben Yahweh was imprisoned for 11 years for his links to nearly two dozen murders, and later released on restrictive parole.<ref name="CNN20061006">{{Cite web |last=Associated Press |date=6 October 2006 |title=Cult Leader Linked To Beheadings Asks To 'Die With Dignity' |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/LAW/10/06/cult.leader.ap/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011215618/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/LAW/10/06/cult.leader.ap/index.html |archive-date=11 October 2006 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=CNN}}</ref> |
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*The [[United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors]] was founded by the American [[Dwight York]], who has been described by the SPLC as advocating the belief that black people are superior to white people. The SPLC reported that York's teachings included the belief that "whites are 'devils', devoid of both heart and soul, their color the result of [[leprosy]] and genetic inferiority".<ref name=Nuwaubian>{{cite web |author=Bob Moser |title=United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors Meets Its Match in Georgia |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/united-nuwaubian-nation-moors-meets-its-match-georgia |date=September 20, 2002 |access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref> The SPLC described the Nuwaubianism belief system as "mix[ing] black supremacist ideas with worship of the [[Egyptians]] and their [[Egyptian pyramids|pyramids]], a belief in [[Unidentified flying object|UFOs]] and various [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] related to the [[New World Order (conspiracy theory)#Illuminati|Illuminati]] and the [[Bilderberg Group#Criticism|Bilderbergers]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Nuwaubian Nation of Moors |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nuwaubian-nation-moors |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |access-date=5 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> |
*The [[United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors]] was founded by the American [[Dwight York]], who has been described by the SPLC as advocating the belief that black people are superior to [[white people]]. The SPLC reported that York's teachings included the belief that "whites are 'devils', devoid of both heart and soul, their color the result of [[leprosy]] and genetic inferiority".<ref name=Nuwaubian>{{cite web |author=Bob Moser |title=United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors Meets Its Match in Georgia |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/united-nuwaubian-nation-moors-meets-its-match-georgia |date=September 20, 2002 |access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref> The SPLC described the Nuwaubianism belief system as "mix[ing] black supremacist ideas with worship of the [[Egyptians]] and their [[Egyptian pyramids|pyramids]], a belief in [[Unidentified flying object|UFOs]] and various [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] related to the [[New World Order (conspiracy theory)#Illuminati|Illuminati]] and the [[Bilderberg Group#Criticism|Bilderbergers]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Nuwaubian Nation of Moors |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nuwaubian-nation-moors |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |access-date=5 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> |
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== Opposition from Martin Luther King Jr. == |
== Opposition from Martin Luther King Jr. == |
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During speeches given at the Freedom Rally in [[TCF Center|Cobo Hall]] on June 23, 1963,<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 January 2015|title=Address at the Freedom Rally in Cobo Hall|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/address-freedom-rally-cobo-hall|access-date=2020-06-15 |work=King Papers Project |publisher=[[Stanford University#Research centers and institutes|Stanford University {{!}} Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute]]|language=en}}</ref> at [[Oberlin College]] in June 1965,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution|url=https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/BlackHistoryMonth/MLK/CommAddress.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Electronic Oberlin Group}}</ref> and at the [[Southern Methodist University]] on March 17, 1966, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] said:<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Transcript of Dr. Martin Luther King's speech at SMU on March 17, 1966|url=https://www.smu.edu/News/2014/mlk-at-smu-transcript-17march1966|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Southern Methodist University}}</ref> |
During speeches given at the Freedom Rally in [[TCF Center|Cobo Hall]] on June 23, 1963,<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 January 2015|title=Address at the Freedom Rally in Cobo Hall|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/address-freedom-rally-cobo-hall|access-date=2020-06-15 |work=King Papers Project |publisher=[[Stanford University#Research centers and institutes|Stanford University {{!}} Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute]]|language=en}}</ref> at [[Oberlin College]] in June 1965,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution|url=https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/BlackHistoryMonth/MLK/CommAddress.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Electronic Oberlin Group}}</ref> and at the [[Southern Methodist University]] on March 17, 1966, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] said:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Civil Rights Leader Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Speaks on the DePauw Campus |url=https://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/33427/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=DePauw University |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Transcript of Dr. Martin Luther King's speech at SMU on March 17, 1966|url=https://www.smu.edu/News/2014/mlk-at-smu-transcript-17march1966|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Southern Methodist University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ogbar |first=Jeffrey O. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb-EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity |date=2019-03-19 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-2976-2 |language=en}}</ref> |
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{{Quote|text=A doctrine of black supremacy is as dangerous as a doctrine of [[white supremacy]]. God is not interested in the freedom of black men or brown men or yellow men. God is interested in the freedom of the whole human race, the creation of a society where every man will respect the dignity and worth of personality. |
{{Quote|text=A doctrine of black supremacy is as dangerous as a doctrine of [[white supremacy]]. God is not interested merely in the freedom of black men or brown men or yellow men. God is interested in the freedom of the whole human race, the creation of a society where every man will respect the dignity and worth of personality.}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Afrocentrism]] |
* [[Afrocentrism]] |
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* [[Black nationalism]] |
* [[Black nationalism]] |
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* [[Black pride]] |
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* [[Black separatism]] |
* [[Black separatism]] |
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* [[Melanin theory]] |
* [[Melanin theory]] |
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Latest revision as of 05:40, 23 May 2024
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Black supremacy or black supremacism is a racial supremacist belief which maintains that black people are inherently superior to people of other races.
Historical usage
Black supremacy was advocated by Jamaican preacher Leonard Howell in the 1935 Rastafari movement tract The Promised Key.[1] Howell's use of "Black Supremacy" had both religious and political implications. Politically, as a direct counterpoint to white supremacy, and the failure of white governments to protect black people, he advocated the destruction of white governments.[2] Howell had drawn upon as an influence the work of the earlier proto-Rastafari preacher Fitz Balintine Pettersburg, in particular the latter's book The Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy.[3]
The Associated Press described the teachings of the Nation of Islam (NOI) as having been black supremacist until 1975, when W. Deen Mohammed succeeded Elijah Muhammad (his father) as its leader.[4] Elijah Muhammad's black-supremacist doctrine acted as a counter to the supremacist paradigm established and controlled by white supremacy.[5][6] The SPLC described the group as having a "theology of innate black superiority over whites – a belief system vehemently and consistently rejected by mainstream Muslims".[7]
Groups associated with black supremacist views
Several fringe groups have been described as either holding or promoting black supremacist beliefs. A source described by historian David Mark Chalmers as being "the most extensive source on right-wing extremism" is the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), an American nonprofit organization that monitors hate groups and extremists in the United States.[8][9] Authors of the SPLC's quarterly Intelligence Reports have described the following groups as holding black supremacist views:
- The Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ (ICGJC), which is headquartered in New York City, was described in 2008 by the SPLC as an American "black supremacist sect" and part of the growing "black supremacist wing of the Hebrew Israelite movement". The ICGJC accepts the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha as inspired Scripture and has an apocalyptic view of the end of the world.[10]
- The Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge (ISUPK), based in the Upper Darby Township of Philadelphia.[11]
- The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious organization founded by Wallace Fard Muhammad in the United States in 1930. They have been described by the SPLC as having "a theology of innate black superiority over whites".[12] SPLC cites the NOI leaders' "deeply racist, antisemitic and anti-LGBT rhetoric" as reasons for the organization being categorized as a hate group.[12]
- The Nation of Yahweh is a religious group based in the United States described as black supremacist by the SPLC. It is an offshoot of the Black Hebrew Israelite line of thought. It was founded by American Yahweh ben Yahweh (born Hulon Mitchell Jr.), whose name means "God the Son of God" in Hebrew. The Nation of Yahweh grew rapidly throughout the 1980s and at its height had headquarters in Miami, Florida, and temples in 22 states,[13] ben Yahweh was imprisoned for 11 years for his links to nearly two dozen murders, and later released on restrictive parole.[14]
- The United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors was founded by the American Dwight York, who has been described by the SPLC as advocating the belief that black people are superior to white people. The SPLC reported that York's teachings included the belief that "whites are 'devils', devoid of both heart and soul, their color the result of leprosy and genetic inferiority".[15] The SPLC described the Nuwaubianism belief system as "mix[ing] black supremacist ideas with worship of the Egyptians and their pyramids, a belief in UFOs and various conspiracy theories related to the Illuminati and the Bilderbergers".[16]
Opposition from Martin Luther King Jr.
During speeches given at the Freedom Rally in Cobo Hall on June 23, 1963,[17] at Oberlin College in June 1965,[18] and at the Southern Methodist University on March 17, 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. said:[19][20][21]
A doctrine of black supremacy is as dangerous as a doctrine of white supremacy. God is not interested merely in the freedom of black men or brown men or yellow men. God is interested in the freedom of the whole human race, the creation of a society where every man will respect the dignity and worth of personality.
See also
References
- ^ Sellers, Allison Paige (2015). "The 'Black Man's Bible': The Holy Piby, Garveyism, and Black Supremacy in the Interwar Years". Journal of Africana Religions. 3 (3): 325–342. doi:10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325. JSTOR 10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325. S2CID 141594246 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Bogues, Anthony (2003). Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals. Psychology Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-415-94325-3. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
- ^ Charles Price (2009). Becoming Rasta: Origins of Rastafari Identity in Jamaica. NYU Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-8147-6768-9.
- ^ "Former Nation of Islam leader dies at 74". MSNBC. Associated Press. September 9, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
- ^ Vincent, Rickey (2013). Party Music: The Inside Story of the Black Panthers' Band and How Black Power Transformed Soul Music. Chicago Review Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-61374-495-6. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
- ^ Perry, Theresa (1996). Teaching Malcolm X. Psychology Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-415-91155-9. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
- ^ "Nation of Islam". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
- ^ David Mark Chalmers (2003). Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 188. ISBN 0-7425-2311-X.
- ^ Brett A. Barnett (2007). Untangling the web of hate: are online "hate sites" deserving of First Amendment Protection?. Cambria Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-934043-91-2.
- ^ "Racist Black Hebrew Israelites Becoming More Militant". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. August 29, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
- ^ "'General Yahanna' Discusses Black Supremacist Hebrew Israelites". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. August 29, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
- ^ a b "Nation Of Islam | Southern Poverty Law Center". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
- ^ Mark Potok (November 29, 2001). "Popularity and Populism". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
- ^ Associated Press (October 6, 2006). "Cult Leader Linked To Beheadings Asks To 'Die With Dignity'". CNN. Archived from the original on October 11, 2006. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
- ^ Bob Moser (September 20, 2002). "United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors Meets Its Match in Georgia". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
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- ^ "Address at the Freedom Rally in Cobo Hall". King Papers Project. Stanford University | Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. January 13, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
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