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{{Short description|Asteroid mpact, Kirovohrad Oblast, Ukraine}}
{{Infobox terrestrial impact site
{{Infobox terrestrial impact site
| name = Boltysh crater
| name = Boltysh crater
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| location = Location in Ukraine
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[[File:Boltysh crater location map.png|thumb|right|250px|Location of the Boltysh crater]]
[[File:Boltysh crater location map.png|thumb|right|250px|Location of the Boltysh crater]]
The '''Boltysh crater''' or '''Bovtyshka crater''' is a buried [[impact crater]] in the [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] of [[Ukraine]],<ref name=EIDBoltysh>[http://www.passc.net/EarthImpactDatabase/New%20website_05-2018/Boltysh.html Boltysh at EID]</ref> near the village of Bovtyshka. The crater is {{convert|24|km|mi}} in [[diameter]] and its age of 65.39 ± 0.14/0.16 million years, based on [[Argon–argon dating|argon-argon dating]] techniques, less than 1 million years younger than [[Chicxulub crater]] in [[Mexico]] and the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary]] (K–Pg boundary). The Chicxulub impact is believed to have caused the [[mass extinction]] at the end of the [[Cretaceous]] period, which included the extinction of the non-avian [[dinosaur]]s. The Boltysh crater is currently thought to be unrelated to the Chicxulub impact, and to have not generated major global environmental effects.<ref name="mystery">{{cite web|title=A Mysterious Crater's Age May Add Clues to the Dinosaur Extinction |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/18/science/boltysh-crater-dinosaurs.html}}</ref>
The '''Boltysh crater''' or '''Bovtyshka crater''' is a buried [[impact crater]] in the [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] of [[Ukraine]],<ref name=EIDBoltysh>[http://www.passc.net/EarthImpactDatabase/New%20website_05-2018/Boltysh.html Boltysh at EID]</ref> near the village of Bovtyshka. The crater is {{convert|24|km|mi}} in [[diameter]] and its age of 65.39 ± 0.14/0.16 million years, based on [[Argon–argon dating|argon-argon dating]] techniques, occurring less than 1 million years after that of [[Chicxulub crater]] in Mexico and of the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary]] (K–Pg boundary). The Chicxulub impact is believed to have caused the [[mass extinction]] at the end of the [[Cretaceous]] period, which included the extinction of the non-avian [[dinosaur]]s. The Boltysh impact likely occurred several thousand years after Chicxulub, suggesting the extinction event may have been driven by multiple meteor strikes over an extended period of time about 65 million years ago.<ref name="doublestrike">{{cite web|title=Double meteorite strike 'caused dinosaur extinction|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11112417 |work= [[BBC News]]|date = 2010-08-27|access-date=2010-08-27}}</ref> A 2021 study, however, "indicated that the strike crater did not factor into the apocalyptic die-off of the dinosaurs."<ref name="mystery">{{cite web|title=A Mysterious Craters Age May Add Clues to the Dinosaur Extinction |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/a-mysterious-craters-age-may-add-clues-to-the-dinosaur-extinction/ar-AALbXEk?li=BBnb7Kz}}</ref>


== Overview ==
== Overview ==
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== Age ==
== Age ==
The Boltysh depression was identified as a fossil meteorite crater by 1975.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Yurk YuYu)), Yeremko GK, ((Polkanov YuA)) |title=The Boltysh depression-a fossil meteorite crater |journal=Sov Geol |date=1975 |volume=2 |page=138-144}}</ref> By 1987, it was dated to 100 ± 12 million years old.<ref name="Grieve et al.">{{cite journal |last1=Grieve |first1=R.A.F. |last2=Reny |first2=G. |last3=Gurov |first3=E.P. |last4=Ryabenko |first4=Z. |title=The melt rocks of the Boltysh impact crater, Ukraine, USSR |journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology |date=1987 |volume=96 |page=56 |doi=10.1007/BF00375525|s2cid=140563900 }}</ref> Early age estimates could only be roughly constrained between the age of the impacted rocks (the target) and the age of overlying sediments. The target rocks date from the [[Cenomanian]] (98.9 to 93.5 million years ago) and [[Turonian]] (93.5 to 89 million years ago) epochs. Bore samples of sediments overlying the crater contain fossils dating from the [[Paleocene]] epoch, 66 to 54.8 million years ago. The age of the crater was thus constrained to between 54 and 98 million years.
When first identified, the age of the crater could only be roughly constrained between the age of the impacted rocks (the target) and the age of overlying sediments. The target rocks date from the [[Cenomanian]] (98.9 to 93.5 million years ago) and [[Turonian]] (93.5 to 89 million years ago) epochs. Bore samples of sediments overlying the crater contain fossils dating from the [[Paleocene]] epoch, 66 to 54.8 million years ago. The age of the crater was thus constrained to between 54 and 98 million years.


Subsequent [[radiometric dating]] reduced the uncertainty. The concentration of {{chem|U|238|link=uranium-238}} decay products in impact glasses from the crater were used to derive an age of 65.04 ± 1.10 million years. A 2002 [[Argon-argon dating|analysis of argon radioactive decay products]] yielded an age of 65.17 ± 0.64 million years.<ref name=Kelley-2002>{{Cite journal |last1=Kelley|first1=Simon P.|last2=Gurov|first2=Eugene|date=August 2002 |title=Boltysh, another end-Cretaceous impact|journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science|volume=37|issue=8|pages=1031–1043|doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2002.tb00875.x|bibcode=2002M&PS...37.1031K|issn=1086-9379|doi-access=free}}</ref> While these radiometric dating measurements place the Boltysh crater hundreds of thousands of years after the Chicxulub crater, a 2010 radiometric and [[palynological]] study of fern spore ([[fern spike]]s) abundance suggested the Boltysh impact may have occurred several thousand years before Chicxulub.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jolley|first1=David|last2=Gilmour|first2=Iain|last3=Gurov|first3=Eugene|last4=Kelley|first4=Simon|last5=Watson|first5=Jonathan|date=September 2010|title=Two large meteorite impacts at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary|url=http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/38/9/835/130359/Two-large-meteorite-impacts-at-the|journal=Geology|language=en|volume=38|issue=9|pages=835–838|doi=10.1130/G31034.1|bibcode=2010Geo....38..835J|s2cid=120172960 |issn=1943-2682}}</ref> However, in response, a follow-up study in 2021 estimated using argon–argon dating that Boltysh formed about 65.39 ± 0.14/0.16 million years ago, 650,000 years after the Chicxulub catastrophe, and suggested that the fern spike was plausibly a result of the impact itself. The authors of the paper suggested that the impact may have disrupted recovery after the K/Pg extinction.<ref name="Pickerg-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Pickersgill|first1=Annemarie E. |last2=Mark|first2=Darren F. |last3=Lee|first3=Martin R. |last4=Kelley|first4=Simon P. |last5=Jolley|first5=David W. |date=2021-06-01 |title=The Boltysh impact structure: An early Danian impact event during recovery from the K-Pg mass extinction|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=25|pages=eabe6530|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abe6530|issn=2375-2548|pmid=34144979|pmc=8213223|bibcode=2021SciA....7.6530P|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Subsequent [[radiometric dating]] reduced the uncertainty. The concentration of {{chem|U|238|link=uranium-238}} decay products in impact glasses from the crater were used to derive an age of 65.04 ± 1.10 million years. Analysis of [[argon]] radioactive decay products yielded an age of 65.17 ± 0.64 million years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelley|first=Simon P.|last2=Gurov|first2=Eugene|date=2002-08|title=Boltysh, another end-Cretaceous impact|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2002.tb00875.x|journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science|volume=37|issue=8|pages=1031–1043|doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2002.tb00875.x|issn=1086-9379}}</ref> These ages are similar to that of Chicxulub Crater which argon dating yielded an age of 66.043 ± 0.011 million years.
Radiometric dating places the Boltysh crater thousands of years after the Chicxulub crater, but an August 2010 study of ancient [[fern]] spikes suggests the Boltysh impact may have occurred several thousand years before Chicxulub.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jolley|first=David|last2=Gilmour|first2=Iain|last3=Gurov|first3=Eugene|last4=Kelley|first4=Simon|last5=Watson|first5=Jonathan|date=2010-09|title=Two large meteorite impacts at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary|url=http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/38/9/835/130359/Two-large-meteorite-impacts-at-the|journal=Geology|language=en|volume=38|issue=9|pages=835–838|doi=10.1130/G31034.1|issn=1943-2682}}</ref>
In June 2021, a new study estimated that Boltysh formed about 65.39 ± 0.14/0.16 million years ago, 650,000 years after the Chicxulub catastrophe, contradicting the conclusions of the 2010 study.<ref name="mystery" /> The authors of the paper suggested that the impact may have disrupted recovery after the K/Pg extinction<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pickersgill|first=Annemarie E.|last2=Mark|first2=Darren F.|last3=Lee|first3=Martin R.|last4=Kelley|first4=Simon P.|last5=Jolley|first5=David W.|date=2021-06-01|title=The Boltysh impact structure: An early Danian impact event during recovery from the K-Pg mass extinction|url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/25/eabe6530|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=25|pages=eabe6530|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abe6530|issn=2375-2548|pmid=34144979}}</ref>

== Likelihood of multiple impact ==
[[File:Boltysh IMR shocked quartz XPL.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Shocked quartz from the Boltysh impact]]
A [[List of possible impact structures on Earth|probable impact crater]]<ref>[http://labmpg.sscc.ru/a633.html Shiva]</ref> called [[Shiva crater]] is claimed to have formed around the same time, but its status as an impact crater is disputed.


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}{{reflist}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
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{{commons category|Boltysh crater}}
{{commons category|Boltysh crater}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Geology|Ukraine}}
{{KT boundary}}
{{KT boundary}}
{{Impact cratering on Earth}}
{{Impact cratering on Earth}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Boltysh Crater}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boltysh Crater}}
[[Category:Impact craters of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Impact craters of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Geography of Kirovohrad Oblast]]
[[Category:Paleocene impact craters]]
[[Category:Paleocene impact craters]]
[[Category:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary]]
[[Category:Geography of Kirovohrad Oblast]]
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